Adaptive position update for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks
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The document proposes an Adaptive Position Update (APU) strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks. APU dynamically adjusts the frequency at which nodes broadcast updates about their position based on their mobility and proximity to packet forwarding paths. This reduces update costs and improves routing performance compared to periodic broadcasting or other updating schemes. APU incorporates rules where nodes with less predictable movement or near forwarding paths update more frequently. Simulations show APU generates similar or less overhead than other schemes but achieves better delivery ratios and delays.
Adaptive position update for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks
- 1. Adaptive Position Update for Geographic Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ABSTRACT: In geographic routing, nodes need to maintain up-to-date positions of their immediate neighbors for making effective forwarding decisions. Periodic broadcasting of beacon packets that contain the geographic location coordinates of the nodes is a popular method used by most geographic routing protocols to maintain neighbor positions. We contend and demonstrate that periodic beaconing regardless of the node mobility and traffic patterns in the network is not attractive from both update cost and routing performance points of view. We propose the Adaptive Position Update (APU) strategy for geographic routing, which dynamically adjusts the frequency of position updates based on the mobility dynamics of the nodes and the forwarding patterns in the network. APU is based on two simple principles: 1) nodes whose movements are harder to predict update their positions more frequently (and vice versa), and (ii) nodes closer to forwarding paths update their positions more frequently (and vice versa). Our theoretical analysis, which is validated by NS2 simulations of a well- known geographic routing protocol, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing
- 2. Protocol (GPSR), shows that APU can significantly reduce the update cost and improve the routing performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay in comparison with periodic beaconing and other recently proposed updating schemes. The benefits of APU are further confirmed by undertaking evaluations in realistic network scenarios, which account for localization error, realistic radio propagation, and sparse network. EXISTING SYSTEM: In geographic routing, the forwarding decision at each node is based on the locations of the node’s one-hop neighbors and location of the packet destination as well. A forwarding nodes therefore needs to maintain these two types of locations. Many works, e.g., GLS, Quorum System, have been proposed to discover and maintain the location of destination. However, the maintenance of one-hop neighbors’ location has been often neglected. Some geographic routing schemes, simply assume that a forwarding node knows the location of its neighbors. While others use periodical beacon broadcasting to exchange neighbors’ locations.
- 3. In the periodic beaconing scheme, each node broadcasts a beacon with a fixed beacon interval. If a node does not hear any beacon from a neighbor for a certain time interval, called neighbor time-out interval, the node considers this neighbor has moved out of the radio range and removes the outdated neighbor from its neighbor list. The neighbor time-out interval often is multiple times of the beacon interval. DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM: Position updates are costly in many ways. Each update consumes node energy, wireless bandwidth, and increases the risk of packet collision at the medium access control (MAC) layer. Packet collisions cause packet loss which in turn affects the routing performance due to decreased accuracy in determining the correct local topology (a lost beacon broadcast is not retransmitted). A lost data packet does get retransmitted, but at the expense of increased end-to-end delay. Clearly, given the cost associated with transmitting beacons, it makes sense to adapt the frequency of beacon updates to the node
- 4. mobility and the traffic conditions within the network, rather than employing a static periodic update policy. For example, if certain nodes are frequently changing their mobility characteristics (speed and/or heading), it makes sense to frequently broadcast their updated position. However, for nodes that do not exhibit significant dynamism, periodic broadcasting of beacons is wasteful. Further, if only a small percentage of the nodes are involved in forwarding packets, it is unnecessary for nodes which are located far away from the forwarding path to employ periodic beaconing because these updates are not useful for forwarding the current traffic. PROPOSED SYSTEM: In this paper, we propose a novel beaconing strategy for geographic routing protocols called Adaptive Position Updates strategy (APU). APU incorporates two rules for triggering the beacon update process. The first rule, referred as Mobility Prediction (MP), uses a simple mobility prediction scheme to estimate when the location information broadcast in the previous beacon becomes inaccurate. The next beacon is broadcast only if
- 5. the predicted error in the location estimate is greater than a certain threshold, thus tuning the update frequency to the dynamism inherent in the node’s motion. The second rule, referred as On-Demand Learning (ODL), aims at improving the accuracy of the topology along the routing paths between the communicating nodes. ODL uses an on-demand learning strategy, whereby a node broadcasts beacons when it overhears the transmission of a data packet from a new neighbor in its vicinity. This ensures that nodes involved in forwarding data packets maintain a more up-to date view of the local topology. On the contrary, nodes that are not in the vicinity of the forwarding path are unaffected by this rule and do not broadcast beacons very frequently. ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM: Our scheme eliminates the drawbacks of periodic beaconing by adapting to the system variations. The simulation results show that APU can adapt to mobility and traffic load well. For each dynamic case, APU generates less or similar amount of
- 6. beacon overhead as other beaconing schemes but achieve better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and energy consumption. In the second set of simulations, we evaluate the performance of APU under the consideration of several real-world effects such as a realistic radio propagation model and localization errors. The extensive simulation results confirm the superiority of our proposed scheme over other schemes. The main reason for all these improvements in APU is that beacons generated in APU are more concentrated along the routing paths, while the beacons in all other schemes are more scattered in the whole network. As a result, in APU, the nodes located in the hotspots, which are responsible for forwarding most of the data traffic in the network have an up-to-date view of their local topology, thus resulting in improved performance. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz. Hard Disk : 40 GB. Monitor : 15 inch VGA Colour. Mouse : Logitech Mouse.
- 7. Ram : 512 MB Keyboard : Standard Keyboard SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: Operating System : Windows XP. Coding Language : ASP.NET, C#.Net. Database : SQL Server 2005 REFERENCE: Quanjun Chen, Member, IEEE, Salil S. Kanhere, Senior Member, IEEE, and Mahbub Hassan, Senior Member, IEEE, “Adaptive Position Update for Geographic Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 12, NO. 3, MARCH 2013.