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This document provides an overview of the contents of a psychology textbook. It includes chapter summaries on topics like the scientific method, biological psychology, consciousness, human development, learning, memory, thinking and intelligence, motivation and emotion, sex and gender, health and well-being, social psychology, self and personality, and psychological disorders. The document contains information on the learning objectives and key concepts covered in each chapter.

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Open Bookmarks Panel Open Notes Panel Copyright 2016 W.W. Norton and Co. Table of contents Check off the sections of the book to read offline on your current device, then click “Apply.” To learn more about offline
reading, visit the Help Notes.Front MatterCoverHalf Titlei Titleii Copyrightiv Dedicationv Meet the Authorsvi Contents in Briefvii Mission of Psychology in Your Lifeviii Introducing the Third Editionxvi Appreciation for Contributors and Reviewersxvii Contentsxxi Chapter 1: Introducing the World of PsychologyWhy Is Psychology Important to You?5 1.1 Psychology Explains Your Mental Activity and Behavior6 1.2 Psychology Teaches You to Think Critically7 1.3 Psychology Improves Your Life11 What Do Psychologists Investigate?12 1.4 Psychology Originated in Philosophical Questions13 1.5 Psychologists Investigate the Conscious Mind and the Unconscious Mind15 1.6 Psychologists Explore Behavior and Mental Activity18 1.7 Psychologists Today Investigate Many Different Topics20 How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?22 1.8 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method23 1.9 Descriptive Methods Describe What Is Happening28 1.10 Correlational Methods Study Relationships31 1.11 Experimental Methods Test Causation33 1.12 Psychologists Today Follow Strict Ethical Guidelines38 Big Picture39 Putting Psychology to Work: What Can You Do with a Degree in Psychology?42 Chapter 2: The Role of Biology in Psychology44 How Does Your Nervous System Affect You?46 2.1 Your Nervous System Is the Basis of Your Mental Activity and Behavior47 2.2 Neurons Communicate with Each Other in Your Nervous System50
2.3 Neurotransmitters Influence Your Mental Activity and Behavior55 How Do the Parts of Your Brain Function?58 2.4 Understanding of the Brain Has Developed over Time59 2.5 The Hindbrain and Midbrain House Basic Programs for Your Survival62 2.6 Forebrain Subcortical Structures Control Your Motivations and Emotions64 2.7 The Cerebral Cortex of the Forebrain Processes Your Complex Mental Activity66 How Does Your Brain Communicate with Your Body?71 2.8 Your Somatic Nervous System Detects Sensory Input and Responds72 2.9 Your Autonomic Nervous System Regulates the Body Automatically73 2.10 The Endocrine System Affects Your Behavior Through Hormones74 How Do Nature and Nurture Affect Your Brain?76 2.11 Your Genes Affect Your Mental Activity and Behavior77 2.12 Your Genes Interact with Your Environment to Influence You78 2.13 Your Environment Changes Your Brain80 Big Picture82 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Biological Psychology Help You in Your Job?85 Chapter 3: Consciousness86 What Does It Mean to Be Conscious?88 3.1 Consciousness Is Your Subjective Experience89 3.2 Consciousness Results from Brain Activity91 3.3 Consciousness Involves Attention94 3.4 Unconscious Processing Sometimes Affects Behavior95 How Does Sleep Affect Consciousness?100 3.5 Consciousness Changes During Sleep101 3.6 People Dream While Sleeping103 3.7 Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior106 3.8 Sleep Disorders Are Relatively Common Throughout
Life108 How Do Hypnosis, Meditation, and Flow Alter Consciousness?110 3.9 Attention to Suggestions May Alter Consciousness in Hypnosis111 3.10 Meditation Alters Consciousness and Brain Functioning113 3.11 People Can Lose Themselves in Enjoyable Activities114 How Do Drugs Alter Consciousness?116 3.12 Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Brain117 3.13 Addiction Has Physical and Psychological Aspects123 Big Picture124 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Consciousness Help You in Your Job?127 Chapter 4: Development Across the Life Span128 How Does Development Happen in the Womb?130 4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains131 4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical Growth133 4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three Domains135 How Do Infants and Children Develop?137 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically138 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally141 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively144 4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way150 How Do Adolescents Develop?151 4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically152 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally1 53 4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively156 How Do Adults Develop?158 4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood159 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds160 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline164 Big Picture166 Putting Psychology to Work: How Does Knowledge of Human Development Help in Educational Settings?169
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception170 How Do Sensation and Perception Affect You?172 5.1 Your Senses Detect Physical Stimuli, and Your Brain Processes Perception173 5.2 There Must Be a Certain Amount of a Stimulus for You to Detect It176 How Do You See?177 5.3 Sensory Receptors in Your Eyes Detect Light178 5.4 You Perceive Color Based on Physical Aspects of Light181 5.5 You Perceive Objects by Organizing Visual Information184 5.6 When You Perceive Depth, You Can Locate Objects in Space186 5.7 Cues in Your Brain and in the World Let You Perceive Motion188 5.8 You Understand That Objects Remain Constant Even When Cues Change189 How Do You Hear?190 5.9 Receptors in Your Ears Detect Sound Waves191 5.10 You Perceive Sound Based on Physical Aspects of Sound Waves193 How Are You Able to Taste and Smell?197 5.11 Receptors in Your Taste Buds Detect Chemical Molecules198 5.12 Your Olfactory Receptors Detect Odorants201 How Do You Feel Touch and Pain?203 5.13 Receptors in Your Skin Detect Temperature and Pressure204 5.14 You Detect Pain in Your Skin and Throughout Your Body205 Big Picture208 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Sensation and Perception Help You in Your Career?211 Chapter 6: Learning212 How Do You Learn?214 6.1 You Learn from Experience215 6.2 You Learn in Three Ways216
6.3 Your Brain Changes During Learning217 How Do You Learn Through Classical Conditioning?218 6.4 Through Classical Conditioning, You Learn That Stimuli Are Related219 6.5 Learning Varies in Classical Conditioning222 6.6 You Can Learn Fear Responses Through Classical Conditioning225 6.7 Adaptation and Cognition Influence Classical Conditioning226 How Do You Learn Through Operant Conditioning?228 6.8 Through Operant Conditioning, You Learn the Consequences of Your Actions229 6.9 Learning Varies in Operant Conditioning230 6.10 Both Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Operant Conditioning232 6.11 Operant Conditioning Affects Your Life236 6.12 Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning238 How Do You Learn by Watching Others?241 6.13 There Are Three Ways You Learn by Watching Others242 6.14 Biology Influences Observational Learning245 Big Picture246 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding the Principles of Learning Help You Work with Animals?249 Chapter 7: Memory250 How Do You Create Memories?252 7.1 You Create Memories by Processing Information253 7.2 Your Memories Are Unique255 How Do You Maintain Memories over Time?257 7.3 You Maintain Information in Three Memory Stores258 7.4 Sensory Storage Lets You Maintain Information Very Briefly260 7.5 Working Memory Lets You Actively Maintain Information in Short-Term Storage262 7.6 Long-Term Storage Lets You Maintain Memories Relatively Permanently264 7.7 Your Long-Term Storage Is Organized Based on
Meaning266 What Are Your Different Long-Term Storage Systems?268 7.8 Amnesia Reveals Different Long-Term Stores269 7.9 Your Explicit Memories Involve Conscious Effort270 7.10 Your Implicit Memories Function Without Conscious Effort272 7.11 Prospective Memory Lets You Remember to Do Something274 7.12 Memory Is Processed by Several Regions of Your Brain275 How Do You Retrieve Memories?278 7.13 Retrieval Cues Help You Access Your Memories279 7.14 You Forget Some of Your Memories281 7.15 Your Unwanted Memories May Persist283 7.16 Your Memories Can Be Distorted284 Big Picture288 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Memory Help You Succeed at Your Job?291 Chapter 8: Thinking and Intelligence29 2 What Is Thinking?294 8.1 Thinking Is the Mental Manipulation of Representations295 8.2 Schemas Are the Basis of Thinking297 8.3 Schemas Are the Basis of Stereotypes300 How Do You Use Thinking?301 8.4 You Use Thinking in Three Ways302 8.5 How You Think Biases Decision Making304 8.6 You Solve Problems to Achieve Goals308 8.7 You Overcome Obstacles to Solve Problems311 What Is Intelligence?312 8.8 One General Factor May Underlie Intelligence313 8.9 There May Be Multiple Aspects of Intelligence315 8.10 Intelligence Is a Result of Genes and Environment318 How Is Intelligence Measured?319 8.11 Intelligence Is Assessed with Psychometric Tests320 8.12 Intelligence Is Associated with Cognitive Performance326 8.13 Many Factors Determine Group Differences in Intelligence327
Big Picture330 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Thinking Help You Succeed in Your Career?333 Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion334 What Motivates Your Behavior?336 9.1 Many Factors Influence Motivation337 9.2 Some Behaviors Are Motivated for Their Own Sake343 What Are Your Most Important Motivated Behaviors?344 9.3 Motivation to Eat Is Affected by Biology345 9.4 Motivation to Eat Is Also Influenced by Learning348 9.5 People Have a Need to Belong349 9.6 People Have a Need to Achieve Long-Term Goals351 How Do You Experience Emotions?353 9.7 Emotions Are Personal but Labeled and Described Consistently354 9.8 Three Major Theories Explain Your Emotions356 9.9 Your Body and Brain Influence Your Emotions360 9.10 Most People Try to Regulate Their Emotional States364 How Do Emotions Affect You?366 9.11 You Use Facial Expressions to Interpret Emotions367 9.12 Your Display of Emotion Varies369 9.13 Emotions Influence Your Thoughts370 9.14 Emotions Strengthen Your Interpersonal Relations371 Big Picture372 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Motivation and Emotion Help You Work with Customers?375 Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality376 How Does Biology Make People More Male or Female?378 10.1 Genetics and Hormones Influence Biological Sex379 10.2 Biological Sex Is Not Always Clear384 Why Do People Act Masculine or Feminine?386 10.3 People Have Mental Categories of What Is Masculine and What Is Feminine387 10.4 Gender Roles Affect How People Act389 10.5 Gender Identity Also Affects How People Act391 10.6 People Vary in Gender Identity393
How Do People Vary in Sexual Orientation?396 10.7 Variations in Sexual Orientation Are Normal397 10.8 Biology Influences the Development of Sexual Orientation400 What Motivates People to Have Sexual Relations (or Not To)?404 10.9 Biology Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity405 10.10 Environmental Context Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity410 10.11 Individual Differences Influence the Motivation for Sexual Activity412 Big Picture415 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Lead to a Career Supporting People with Variations in Sex, Gender, and Sexuality?419 Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being420 What Affects Your Health?422 11.1 Biology, Psychology, and Social Factors Influence Your Health423 11.2 Obesity and Disordered Eating Have Many Health Consequences425 11.3 Exercise Benefits You Physically, Cognitively, and Emotionally432 11.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections Can Be Prevented by Practicing Safer Sex433 11.5 Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health437 How Does Stress Affect Your Health?439 11.6 Stress Has a Negative Impact on Your Health440 11.7 You Can Have Several Responses to Stress443 How Do Mediating Factors Affect Your Stress?446 11.8 Personality Influences the Impact of Stress on Heart Disease447 11.9 Coping Mediates the Impact of Stress448 Can a Positive Attitude Keep You Healthy?451 11.10 Positive Psychology Emphasizes Well-Being452 11.11 Social Support Is Associated with Good Health455
11.12 Several Strategies Can Help You Stay Healthy456 Big Picture458 Putting Psychology to Work: Can Psychology Help You Be Successful in a Career in Fitness?461 Chapter 12: Social Psychology462 How Do You Think About Other People?464 12.1 You Tend to Make Snap Judgments About Other People465 12.2 You Make Attributions About Other People466 12.3 You Tend to Stereotype Other People468 12.4 Stereotypes Can Have Negative Effects469 How Do Your Attitudes Affect You?472 12.5 You Form Attitudes Through Experience and Socialization473 12.6 Discrepancies Between Attitudes and Behavior Lead to Dissonance476 12.7 Your Attitudes Can Be Changed Through Persuasion477 How Do Other People Influence You?478 12.8 Groups Affect Your Behavior479 12.9 You Conform to and Comply with Others482 12.10 You Probably Obey People Who Have Authority485 12.11 You May Hurt or Help Other People487 How Can You Develop Strong Relationships?491 12.12 Situations and Personalities Affect Your Relationships492 12.13 Love Is a Key Part of Romantic Relationships495 Big Picture497 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Help You Succeed in a Career in Advertising and Marketing?501 Chapter 13: Self and Personality502 How Do You Know Yourself?504 13.1 Your Sense of Self Is Who You Believe You Are505 13.2 Self-Esteem Is How You Feel About Your Sense of Self507 13.3 You Try to Create a Positive Sense of Self511 13.4 Your Sense of Self Is Influenced by Cultural Factors513 How Can You Understand Personality?514 13.5 Psychodynamic Theory Emphasizes Unconscious Conflicts515
13.6 Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Goodness in People519 13.7 Social Cognitive Approaches Focus on How Thoughts Shape Personality520 13.8 Trait Approaches Describe Characteristics523 How Does Biology Affect Personality?526 13.9 Personality Has a Biological Basis526 13.10 Personality Is Influenced by Genes527 13.11 Temperament Is Innate529 13.12 Personality Stability Is Influenced by Biology and Situation531 How Can Personality Be Assessed?533 13.13 Several Methods Are Used to Assess Personality534 13.14 Behavior Is Influenced by Personality and Situation537 13.15 Assessment Can Reveal Cultural and Gender Differences in Personality538 Big Picture540 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding People’s Personalities Become a Career?543 Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders544 What Is a Psychological Disorder?546 14.1 Disorders Interfere with Our Lives547 14.2 There Are Two General Ways to View the Causes of Disorders550 14.3 Disordered Thoughts, Emotions, and/or Behaviors Can Be Assessed and Categorized553 How Do People Experience Disorders of Emotion?555 14.4 Anxiety Disorders Make People Fearful and Tense556 14.5 Some Disorders Have Unwanted and Intrusive Thoughts that Increase Anxiety559 14.6 Depressive Disorders Consist of Sad, Empty, or Irritable Mood562 14.7 Many Factors Influence the Development of Depressive Disorders564 14.8 Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania567 How Do People Experience Disorders of Thought?569 14.9 Schizophrenia Involves a Disconnection from Reality570
14.10 Schizophrenia Is Caused by Biological and Environmental Factors572 How Do People Experience Disorders of Self?574 14.11 Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating to the World575 14.12 Dissociative Disorders Involve Disruptions in the Sense of Self579 What Disorders Affect Children?581 14.13 Children May Experience Neurodevelopmental Disorders581 14.14 Autism Spectrum Disorder Involves Social Deficits and Restricted Interests582 14.15 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive Impulse Control Disorder585 Big Picture587 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Psychological Disorders Become a Career?591 Chapter 15: Psychological Treatments592 How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?595 15.1 Some Types of Psychotherapy Focus on Providing Insight596 15.2 Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments Aim to Change Behavior, Emotion, and/or Thought Directly598 15.3 The Context of Therapy Matters600 15.4 Biological Therapies Are Effective for Certain Disorders602 15.5 Scientific Evidence Indicates Which Treatments Are Safe and Effective604 15.6 Various Providers Assist in Treatment for Psychological Disorders606 What Are the Most Effective Treatments?608 15.7 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Are Best Treated with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy609 15.8 Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depressive Disorders614 15.9 Psychotropic Medications Are Most Effective for Bipolar
Disorders618 15.10 Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Are the Best Treatment for Schizophrenia619 Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?620 15.11 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is the Best Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder621 15.12 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Extremely Difficult to Treat623 How Can Disorders Be Treated in Children and Adolescents?624 15.13 Using Medication to Treat Depressive Disorders in Adolescents Is Controversial625 15.14 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Benefit from Structured Behavior Therapy627 15.15 Children with ADHD Can Benefit from Various Approaches629 Big Picture631 Putting Psychology to Work: Do You Want to Become a Counselor or Clinical Psychologist?635 Appendix A: How Do Psychologists Analyze Research Data?A- 1 A.1 Descriptive Statistics Summarize the DataA-2 A.2 Inferential Statistics Rule Out Chance FindingsA-7 Big PictureA-8 Appendix B: Answers to Red Q Questions and Self-Quiz QuestionsB-1 GlossaryG-1 ReferencesR-1 Permissions AcknowledgmentsP-1 Name IndexN-1 Subject IndexS-1
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.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-title { float: left; margin: 0.1em 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 90%; overflow: hidden; text- overflow: ellipsis; } .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close { position: absolute; right: 0.3em; top: 50%; width: 20px; margin: -10px 0px 0px; padding: 1px; height: 20px; } .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-content { position: relative; border: 0px; padding: 0.5em 1em; background: 0px 0px; overflow: auto; } .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane { text-align: left; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; background-image: none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0.3em 1em 0.5em 0.4em; } .ui-dialog … Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment TitleTotal PointsPSY-102PSY-102-O501Mini Brain Project110.0CriteriaPercentageUnsatisfactory (0.00%)Less than Satisfactory (65.00%)Satisfactory (75.00%)Good (85.00%)Excellent (100.00%)CommentsPoints EarnedContent85.0%Conduct scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question45.0%Project omits or incompletely describes scholarly research with solid academic
writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words.Project does not demonstrate understanding of the topic.Project inadequately describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words. Description is vague and missing evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates a poor understanding of the topic.Project adequately describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, but description is limited and lacks some evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates a basic understanding of the topic.Project clearly describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, and description has sound analysis with some evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates an understanding that extends beyond the surface of the topic.Project expertly describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, and description is comprehensive and insightful with relevant evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates an exceptional understanding of the topic.Creation of activity, including picture of activity with student.40.0%Project omits or incompletely creates an activity including a picture of the activity with student present.Project does not demonstrate understanding of the topic.Project inadequately creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. Project demonstrates a poor understanding of the topic.Project adequately creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. Project demonstrates a basic understanding of the topic.Project clearly creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. Project demonstrates an understanding that extends beyond the surface of the topic.Project expertly creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. The project is comprehensive, insightful, and relevant. Project demonstrates an exceptional understanding of the topic.Organization and Effectiveness5.0%Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language
use)5.0%Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience- appropriate language are employed.Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.Format10.0%Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)1.0%Format is rarely followed correctly.Some format elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.There are virtually no errors in formatting style.All format elements are correct.Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)9.0%Sources are not documented.Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.Total Weightage100%

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Add yourself to a student set request supporthelpchange your em

  • 1. Add yourself to a Student SetRequest SupportHelp Change Your EmailChange passwordSign out Add bookmarkRead aloud (text-to-speech)Print this section Skip to page text Close Book Menu Open Table of Contents Panel Open Search Panel
  • 2. Open Bookmarks Panel Open Notes Panel Copyright 2016 W.W. Norton and Co. Table of contents Check off the sections of the book to read offline on your current device, then click “Apply.” To learn more about offline
  • 3. reading, visit the Help Notes.Front MatterCoverHalf Titlei Titleii Copyrightiv Dedicationv Meet the Authorsvi Contents in Briefvii Mission of Psychology in Your Lifeviii Introducing the Third Editionxvi Appreciation for Contributors and Reviewersxvii Contentsxxi Chapter 1: Introducing the World of PsychologyWhy Is Psychology Important to You?5 1.1 Psychology Explains Your Mental Activity and Behavior6 1.2 Psychology Teaches You to Think Critically7 1.3 Psychology Improves Your Life11 What Do Psychologists Investigate?12 1.4 Psychology Originated in Philosophical Questions13 1.5 Psychologists Investigate the Conscious Mind and the Unconscious Mind15 1.6 Psychologists Explore Behavior and Mental Activity18 1.7 Psychologists Today Investigate Many Different Topics20 How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?22 1.8 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method23 1.9 Descriptive Methods Describe What Is Happening28 1.10 Correlational Methods Study Relationships31 1.11 Experimental Methods Test Causation33 1.12 Psychologists Today Follow Strict Ethical Guidelines38 Big Picture39 Putting Psychology to Work: What Can You Do with a Degree in Psychology?42 Chapter 2: The Role of Biology in Psychology44 How Does Your Nervous System Affect You?46 2.1 Your Nervous System Is the Basis of Your Mental Activity and Behavior47 2.2 Neurons Communicate with Each Other in Your Nervous System50
  • 4. 2.3 Neurotransmitters Influence Your Mental Activity and Behavior55 How Do the Parts of Your Brain Function?58 2.4 Understanding of the Brain Has Developed over Time59 2.5 The Hindbrain and Midbrain House Basic Programs for Your Survival62 2.6 Forebrain Subcortical Structures Control Your Motivations and Emotions64 2.7 The Cerebral Cortex of the Forebrain Processes Your Complex Mental Activity66 How Does Your Brain Communicate with Your Body?71 2.8 Your Somatic Nervous System Detects Sensory Input and Responds72 2.9 Your Autonomic Nervous System Regulates the Body Automatically73 2.10 The Endocrine System Affects Your Behavior Through Hormones74 How Do Nature and Nurture Affect Your Brain?76 2.11 Your Genes Affect Your Mental Activity and Behavior77 2.12 Your Genes Interact with Your Environment to Influence You78 2.13 Your Environment Changes Your Brain80 Big Picture82 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Biological Psychology Help You in Your Job?85 Chapter 3: Consciousness86 What Does It Mean to Be Conscious?88 3.1 Consciousness Is Your Subjective Experience89 3.2 Consciousness Results from Brain Activity91 3.3 Consciousness Involves Attention94 3.4 Unconscious Processing Sometimes Affects Behavior95 How Does Sleep Affect Consciousness?100 3.5 Consciousness Changes During Sleep101 3.6 People Dream While Sleeping103 3.7 Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior106 3.8 Sleep Disorders Are Relatively Common Throughout
  • 5. Life108 How Do Hypnosis, Meditation, and Flow Alter Consciousness?110 3.9 Attention to Suggestions May Alter Consciousness in Hypnosis111 3.10 Meditation Alters Consciousness and Brain Functioning113 3.11 People Can Lose Themselves in Enjoyable Activities114 How Do Drugs Alter Consciousness?116 3.12 Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Brain117 3.13 Addiction Has Physical and Psychological Aspects123 Big Picture124 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Consciousness Help You in Your Job?127 Chapter 4: Development Across the Life Span128 How Does Development Happen in the Womb?130 4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains131 4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical Growth133 4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three Domains135 How Do Infants and Children Develop?137 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically138 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally141 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively144 4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way150 How Do Adolescents Develop?151 4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically152 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally1 53 4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively156 How Do Adults Develop?158 4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood159 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds160 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline164 Big Picture166 Putting Psychology to Work: How Does Knowledge of Human Development Help in Educational Settings?169
  • 6. Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception170 How Do Sensation and Perception Affect You?172 5.1 Your Senses Detect Physical Stimuli, and Your Brain Processes Perception173 5.2 There Must Be a Certain Amount of a Stimulus for You to Detect It176 How Do You See?177 5.3 Sensory Receptors in Your Eyes Detect Light178 5.4 You Perceive Color Based on Physical Aspects of Light181 5.5 You Perceive Objects by Organizing Visual Information184 5.6 When You Perceive Depth, You Can Locate Objects in Space186 5.7 Cues in Your Brain and in the World Let You Perceive Motion188 5.8 You Understand That Objects Remain Constant Even When Cues Change189 How Do You Hear?190 5.9 Receptors in Your Ears Detect Sound Waves191 5.10 You Perceive Sound Based on Physical Aspects of Sound Waves193 How Are You Able to Taste and Smell?197 5.11 Receptors in Your Taste Buds Detect Chemical Molecules198 5.12 Your Olfactory Receptors Detect Odorants201 How Do You Feel Touch and Pain?203 5.13 Receptors in Your Skin Detect Temperature and Pressure204 5.14 You Detect Pain in Your Skin and Throughout Your Body205 Big Picture208 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Sensation and Perception Help You in Your Career?211 Chapter 6: Learning212 How Do You Learn?214 6.1 You Learn from Experience215 6.2 You Learn in Three Ways216
  • 7. 6.3 Your Brain Changes During Learning217 How Do You Learn Through Classical Conditioning?218 6.4 Through Classical Conditioning, You Learn That Stimuli Are Related219 6.5 Learning Varies in Classical Conditioning222 6.6 You Can Learn Fear Responses Through Classical Conditioning225 6.7 Adaptation and Cognition Influence Classical Conditioning226 How Do You Learn Through Operant Conditioning?228 6.8 Through Operant Conditioning, You Learn the Consequences of Your Actions229 6.9 Learning Varies in Operant Conditioning230 6.10 Both Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Operant Conditioning232 6.11 Operant Conditioning Affects Your Life236 6.12 Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning238 How Do You Learn by Watching Others?241 6.13 There Are Three Ways You Learn by Watching Others242 6.14 Biology Influences Observational Learning245 Big Picture246 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding the Principles of Learning Help You Work with Animals?249 Chapter 7: Memory250 How Do You Create Memories?252 7.1 You Create Memories by Processing Information253 7.2 Your Memories Are Unique255 How Do You Maintain Memories over Time?257 7.3 You Maintain Information in Three Memory Stores258 7.4 Sensory Storage Lets You Maintain Information Very Briefly260 7.5 Working Memory Lets You Actively Maintain Information in Short-Term Storage262 7.6 Long-Term Storage Lets You Maintain Memories Relatively Permanently264 7.7 Your Long-Term Storage Is Organized Based on
  • 8. Meaning266 What Are Your Different Long-Term Storage Systems?268 7.8 Amnesia Reveals Different Long-Term Stores269 7.9 Your Explicit Memories Involve Conscious Effort270 7.10 Your Implicit Memories Function Without Conscious Effort272 7.11 Prospective Memory Lets You Remember to Do Something274 7.12 Memory Is Processed by Several Regions of Your Brain275 How Do You Retrieve Memories?278 7.13 Retrieval Cues Help You Access Your Memories279 7.14 You Forget Some of Your Memories281 7.15 Your Unwanted Memories May Persist283 7.16 Your Memories Can Be Distorted284 Big Picture288 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Memory Help You Succeed at Your Job?291 Chapter 8: Thinking and Intelligence29 2 What Is Thinking?294 8.1 Thinking Is the Mental Manipulation of Representations295 8.2 Schemas Are the Basis of Thinking297 8.3 Schemas Are the Basis of Stereotypes300 How Do You Use Thinking?301 8.4 You Use Thinking in Three Ways302 8.5 How You Think Biases Decision Making304 8.6 You Solve Problems to Achieve Goals308 8.7 You Overcome Obstacles to Solve Problems311 What Is Intelligence?312 8.8 One General Factor May Underlie Intelligence313 8.9 There May Be Multiple Aspects of Intelligence315 8.10 Intelligence Is a Result of Genes and Environment318 How Is Intelligence Measured?319 8.11 Intelligence Is Assessed with Psychometric Tests320 8.12 Intelligence Is Associated with Cognitive Performance326 8.13 Many Factors Determine Group Differences in Intelligence327
  • 9. Big Picture330 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Thinking Help You Succeed in Your Career?333 Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion334 What Motivates Your Behavior?336 9.1 Many Factors Influence Motivation337 9.2 Some Behaviors Are Motivated for Their Own Sake343 What Are Your Most Important Motivated Behaviors?344 9.3 Motivation to Eat Is Affected by Biology345 9.4 Motivation to Eat Is Also Influenced by Learning348 9.5 People Have a Need to Belong349 9.6 People Have a Need to Achieve Long-Term Goals351 How Do You Experience Emotions?353 9.7 Emotions Are Personal but Labeled and Described Consistently354 9.8 Three Major Theories Explain Your Emotions356 9.9 Your Body and Brain Influence Your Emotions360 9.10 Most People Try to Regulate Their Emotional States364 How Do Emotions Affect You?366 9.11 You Use Facial Expressions to Interpret Emotions367 9.12 Your Display of Emotion Varies369 9.13 Emotions Influence Your Thoughts370 9.14 Emotions Strengthen Your Interpersonal Relations371 Big Picture372 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Motivation and Emotion Help You Work with Customers?375 Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality376 How Does Biology Make People More Male or Female?378 10.1 Genetics and Hormones Influence Biological Sex379 10.2 Biological Sex Is Not Always Clear384 Why Do People Act Masculine or Feminine?386 10.3 People Have Mental Categories of What Is Masculine and What Is Feminine387 10.4 Gender Roles Affect How People Act389 10.5 Gender Identity Also Affects How People Act391 10.6 People Vary in Gender Identity393
  • 10. How Do People Vary in Sexual Orientation?396 10.7 Variations in Sexual Orientation Are Normal397 10.8 Biology Influences the Development of Sexual Orientation400 What Motivates People to Have Sexual Relations (or Not To)?404 10.9 Biology Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity405 10.10 Environmental Context Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity410 10.11 Individual Differences Influence the Motivation for Sexual Activity412 Big Picture415 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Lead to a Career Supporting People with Variations in Sex, Gender, and Sexuality?419 Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being420 What Affects Your Health?422 11.1 Biology, Psychology, and Social Factors Influence Your Health423 11.2 Obesity and Disordered Eating Have Many Health Consequences425 11.3 Exercise Benefits You Physically, Cognitively, and Emotionally432 11.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections Can Be Prevented by Practicing Safer Sex433 11.5 Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health437 How Does Stress Affect Your Health?439 11.6 Stress Has a Negative Impact on Your Health440 11.7 You Can Have Several Responses to Stress443 How Do Mediating Factors Affect Your Stress?446 11.8 Personality Influences the Impact of Stress on Heart Disease447 11.9 Coping Mediates the Impact of Stress448 Can a Positive Attitude Keep You Healthy?451 11.10 Positive Psychology Emphasizes Well-Being452 11.11 Social Support Is Associated with Good Health455
  • 11. 11.12 Several Strategies Can Help You Stay Healthy456 Big Picture458 Putting Psychology to Work: Can Psychology Help You Be Successful in a Career in Fitness?461 Chapter 12: Social Psychology462 How Do You Think About Other People?464 12.1 You Tend to Make Snap Judgments About Other People465 12.2 You Make Attributions About Other People466 12.3 You Tend to Stereotype Other People468 12.4 Stereotypes Can Have Negative Effects469 How Do Your Attitudes Affect You?472 12.5 You Form Attitudes Through Experience and Socialization473 12.6 Discrepancies Between Attitudes and Behavior Lead to Dissonance476 12.7 Your Attitudes Can Be Changed Through Persuasion477 How Do Other People Influence You?478 12.8 Groups Affect Your Behavior479 12.9 You Conform to and Comply with Others482 12.10 You Probably Obey People Who Have Authority485 12.11 You May Hurt or Help Other People487 How Can You Develop Strong Relationships?491 12.12 Situations and Personalities Affect Your Relationships492 12.13 Love Is a Key Part of Romantic Relationships495 Big Picture497 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Help You Succeed in a Career in Advertising and Marketing?501 Chapter 13: Self and Personality502 How Do You Know Yourself?504 13.1 Your Sense of Self Is Who You Believe You Are505 13.2 Self-Esteem Is How You Feel About Your Sense of Self507 13.3 You Try to Create a Positive Sense of Self511 13.4 Your Sense of Self Is Influenced by Cultural Factors513 How Can You Understand Personality?514 13.5 Psychodynamic Theory Emphasizes Unconscious Conflicts515
  • 12. 13.6 Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Goodness in People519 13.7 Social Cognitive Approaches Focus on How Thoughts Shape Personality520 13.8 Trait Approaches Describe Characteristics523 How Does Biology Affect Personality?526 13.9 Personality Has a Biological Basis526 13.10 Personality Is Influenced by Genes527 13.11 Temperament Is Innate529 13.12 Personality Stability Is Influenced by Biology and Situation531 How Can Personality Be Assessed?533 13.13 Several Methods Are Used to Assess Personality534 13.14 Behavior Is Influenced by Personality and Situation537 13.15 Assessment Can Reveal Cultural and Gender Differences in Personality538 Big Picture540 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding People’s Personalities Become a Career?543 Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders544 What Is a Psychological Disorder?546 14.1 Disorders Interfere with Our Lives547 14.2 There Are Two General Ways to View the Causes of Disorders550 14.3 Disordered Thoughts, Emotions, and/or Behaviors Can Be Assessed and Categorized553 How Do People Experience Disorders of Emotion?555 14.4 Anxiety Disorders Make People Fearful and Tense556 14.5 Some Disorders Have Unwanted and Intrusive Thoughts that Increase Anxiety559 14.6 Depressive Disorders Consist of Sad, Empty, or Irritable Mood562 14.7 Many Factors Influence the Development of Depressive Disorders564 14.8 Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania567 How Do People Experience Disorders of Thought?569 14.9 Schizophrenia Involves a Disconnection from Reality570
  • 13. 14.10 Schizophrenia Is Caused by Biological and Environmental Factors572 How Do People Experience Disorders of Self?574 14.11 Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating to the World575 14.12 Dissociative Disorders Involve Disruptions in the Sense of Self579 What Disorders Affect Children?581 14.13 Children May Experience Neurodevelopmental Disorders581 14.14 Autism Spectrum Disorder Involves Social Deficits and Restricted Interests582 14.15 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive Impulse Control Disorder585 Big Picture587 Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Psychological Disorders Become a Career?591 Chapter 15: Psychological Treatments592 How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?595 15.1 Some Types of Psychotherapy Focus on Providing Insight596 15.2 Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments Aim to Change Behavior, Emotion, and/or Thought Directly598 15.3 The Context of Therapy Matters600 15.4 Biological Therapies Are Effective for Certain Disorders602 15.5 Scientific Evidence Indicates Which Treatments Are Safe and Effective604 15.6 Various Providers Assist in Treatment for Psychological Disorders606 What Are the Most Effective Treatments?608 15.7 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Are Best Treated with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy609 15.8 Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depressive Disorders614 15.9 Psychotropic Medications Are Most Effective for Bipolar
  • 14. Disorders618 15.10 Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Are the Best Treatment for Schizophrenia619 Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?620 15.11 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is the Best Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder621 15.12 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Extremely Difficult to Treat623 How Can Disorders Be Treated in Children and Adolescents?624 15.13 Using Medication to Treat Depressive Disorders in Adolescents Is Controversial625 15.14 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Benefit from Structured Behavior Therapy627 15.15 Children with ADHD Can Benefit from Various Approaches629 Big Picture631 Putting Psychology to Work: Do You Want to Become a Counselor or Clinical Psychologist?635 Appendix A: How Do Psychologists Analyze Research Data?A- 1 A.1 Descriptive Statistics Summarize the DataA-2 A.2 Inferential Statistics Rule Out Chance FindingsA-7 Big PictureA-8 Appendix B: Answers to Red Q Questions and Self-Quiz QuestionsB-1 GlossaryG-1 ReferencesR-1 Permissions AcknowledgmentsP-1 Name IndexN-1 Subject IndexS-1
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  • 33. .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-title { float: left; margin: 0.1em 0px; white-space: nowrap; width: 90%; overflow: hidden; text- overflow: ellipsis; } .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close { position: absolute; right: 0.3em; top: 50%; width: 20px; margin: -10px 0px 0px; padding: 1px; height: 20px; } .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-content { position: relative; border: 0px; padding: 0.5em 1em; background: 0px 0px; overflow: auto; } .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane { text-align: left; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; background-image: none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding: 0.3em 1em 0.5em 0.4em; } .ui-dialog … Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment TitleTotal PointsPSY-102PSY-102-O501Mini Brain Project110.0CriteriaPercentageUnsatisfactory (0.00%)Less than Satisfactory (65.00%)Satisfactory (75.00%)Good (85.00%)Excellent (100.00%)CommentsPoints EarnedContent85.0%Conduct scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question45.0%Project omits or incompletely describes scholarly research with solid academic
  • 34. writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words.Project does not demonstrate understanding of the topic.Project inadequately describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words. Description is vague and missing evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates a poor understanding of the topic.Project adequately describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, but description is limited and lacks some evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates a basic understanding of the topic.Project clearly describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, and description has sound analysis with some evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates an understanding that extends beyond the surface of the topic.Project expertly describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, and description is comprehensive and insightful with relevant evidence to support claims. Project demonstrates an exceptional understanding of the topic.Creation of activity, including picture of activity with student.40.0%Project omits or incompletely creates an activity including a picture of the activity with student present.Project does not demonstrate understanding of the topic.Project inadequately creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. Project demonstrates a poor understanding of the topic.Project adequately creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. Project demonstrates a basic understanding of the topic.Project clearly creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. Project demonstrates an understanding that extends beyond the surface of the topic.Project expertly creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the student present. The project is comprehensive, insightful, and relevant. Project demonstrates an exceptional understanding of the topic.Organization and Effectiveness5.0%Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language
  • 35. use)5.0%Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience- appropriate language are employed.Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.Format10.0%Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)1.0%Format is rarely followed correctly.Some format elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.There are virtually no errors in formatting style.All format elements are correct.Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)9.0%Sources are not documented.Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.Total Weightage100%