ADVANCE SEPARATION PROCESS
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The document discusses lyophilization, a drying process based on sublimation, highlighting its advantages such as preserving heat-sensitive products and enhancing shelf life, alongside its disadvantages like high cost and lengthy processing time. It also covers pervaporation, a membrane-based separation technique, detailing its energy-saving advantages and applications in environmental and chemical industries. Both processes are emphasized for their roles in preserving and processing pharmaceuticals and food products.
ADVANCE SEPARATION PROCESS
- 1. ADVANCE SEPARATION PROCESS (ASP) PRESENTED BY:- RAHUL JARARIYA M.E & B.E. in Chemical Engineering MITS VGEC
- 2. SEPARATION OF LYOPHILISATION Principle of Lyophilisation: Lyophilization is based on a simple principle of physics called “SUBLIMATION”. Sublimation is the process of transition of a substance from solid to the vapor state without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
- 3. Sublimation of ICE : Figure 1- Phase diagram showing the triple point of water at 0.01°C, 0.00603 atm. Lyophilization is take place below the triple point. Figure 2. Important Steps involved in lyophilization process from sample preparation to final product formation. Annealing is an another optional step, occasionally used to crystalline substance.
- 4. Advantages of lyophilization:Lyophilization process has various important advantages are: 1.) It is a ideal drying technique for heat sensitive products. 2.) It can be stored at ambient temperature over a 2 year shelf life, enhanced product stability in a dry state. 3.) Easy reconstitution greatly reduces weight and makes the products easier to transport, maintains food/biochemical and chemical reagent quality. 4.) Reconstitution of the dried product facilitates use in emergency medicine and safe application in hospitals. 5.) It is not limited to products for parenteral use, but can also be used for fast dissolving sublingual tablets. Tablets can have very low disintegration time and have great mouth feel due to fast melting effect. 6.) It is much easier to achieve sterility assurance and freedom of particles than using other drying methods or handling of dry powders. 7.) lyophilized products sensitive to oxidation can be stoppered and sealed within an inert atmosphere (i.e. nitrogen) to minimize detrimental effects.
- 5. Disadvantages: Although lyophilization has many advantages compared to other drying and preserving techniques it has quite a few disadvantages. It is a long and cost intensive process, requires sterile diluents for reconstitution, it should only be used when product is unstable and heat-liable and the limited amount of vials processed in each run restricts the overall production capacity.
- 6. Applications: Pharmaceutical:Food Industry: 1.Freeze- drying is use to preserve for light weight. 2.This process is popularized for dried ice- cream. 1. Pharmaceutical Companies often use of freeze – drying to increase the self life of products such as vaccines and other injectables. 2. By removing the water from the material sealing the material in the vail, the material can be easily stored, shipped and reconstituted to its original form for injection.
- 7. MATERIAL THAT CAN BE LYOPHILIZED Non- Living Bio Products foodstuffs Antibiotics Industrially useful bio- products. Bone and Body Tissues
- 8. Pervaporation • Pervaporation is a membrane process comparable to distillation, and combines permeation and vaporisation. Pervaporation is used to separate liquid mixes. • The used membrane is a dense non-porous membrane or a very finely-porous ceramic membrane that displays an affinity towards the component one wants to remove. • Specifically for this process, the permeating component is converted into an evaporation phase, due to the low (partial) vapour pressure on the permeate-side. • This low vapour pressure is normally achieved by placing a (slight) vacuum on the permeate-side of the membrane. In most cases, the permeate is re-condensed. The pervaporation process contains 3 steps: •Selective sorption in the membrane on the influent-side; •Selective diffusion through the membrane; •Desorption in the gas phase on the permeate-side. • Pervaporation is not based on a liquid-vapour balance like distillation, but is based on differences in sorption and diffusion in the various components in the supply.
- 12. Factors affecting Pervaporation 1. Feed composition and concentration: A change in feed composition may directly affect the sorption phenomena and degree of swelling at the liquid membrane interface. 2. Separation of water and acetic acid mixture and separation of ethylene glycol and water mixture:
- 13. Specific advantages and disadvantages: • The main advantage of pervaporation is the major potential to save energy. Savings of above 50% are easy to realize. However, the membranes and membrane installations, (incl. need for vacuum) are currently relatively expensive. Thanks to considerable energy saving, the investment is still economically viable for complex distillations. • Further, pervaporation avoids contamination of the required flow, in contrast to, for example, azeotropic distillation where entrainers or extra components are used to eradicate the azeotrope. • If the supply contains suspended matter or dissolved salts, then membrane pollution may be encountered. In this case, an effective pre-treatment or vapor permeation can be implemented.
- 14. Applications of Pervaporation: Application Include: Environmental application: Removal of organic solvents from industrial waste water. Pollution Control: Removal of small quantities of VOCs (Volatile organic components) from contaminated water. Chemical Industry : Removal of water from organic solvents and solvents mixture – to obtain pure organic solvents. Concentration and recovery of flavor and fragrance. Removal of VOCs from water. Pervaporation is very mild process and hence very effective for separations for those mixtures which cannot survive the harsh conditions of distillations.
Editor's Notes
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- #6: Once you find your sources, you will want to evaluate your sources using the following questions: Author: Who is the author? Why should I believe what he or she has to say on the topic? Is the author seen as an expert on the topic? How do you know? Current: How current is the information in the source? When was the source published? Is the information out-of-date? Accuracy: Is the content accurate? Is the information presented objectively? Do they share the pros and cons?
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- #9: Now, that you have narrowed your topic, you will want to organize your research in a structure that works. There are some common organizational patterns based on the kind of research you are doing. Organizational Structures: Cause and Effect- this kind of structure is great for explaining the causes and effects of a topic Compare and Contrast- in this pattern you highlight the similarities and differences of the topic Explain process- this structure is great for outlining a series of steps to follow; Definition- if you want to make sure your audience understands what something is using illustrations, meanings, clarifying misconceptions, you may want to use this structure Classification- a common organizational structure is grouping like topics or facts from the research together. For instance, in the internet safety about social media apps, you may organize the research where you look at each social media app one at a time
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- #16: You can use this slide as your opening or closing slide. Should you choose to use it as a closing, make sure you review the main points of your presentation. One creative way to do that is by adding animations to the various graphics on a slide. This slide has 4 different graphics, and, when you view the slideshow, you will see that you can click to reveal the next graphic. Similarly, as you review the main topics in your presentation, you may want each point to show up when you are addressing that topic. Add animation to images and graphics: Select your image or graphic. Click on the Animations tab. Choose from the options. The animation for this slide is “Split”. The drop-down menu in the Animation section gives even more animations you can use. If you have multiple graphics or images, you will see a number appear next to it that notes the order of the animations. Note: You will want to choose the animations carefully. You do not want to make your audience dizzy from your presentation.