ADVANCED GERUND & INFINITIVE GRAMMAR .pptx

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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
What are conditional sentences?
Conditional sentences are types of complex sentences which are
used to express a condition or criteria that has to be fulfilled or
achieved so that a certain result is true or happens. They always
refer to real and unreal / hypothetical situations. In short; a
conditional sentence describes hypothetical situation or condition
and its potential consequence / result.
• Conditional sentences are introduced by ( IF CLAUSE )
PARTS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
• They are made up of two main parts:
1. Conditional Clause / If Clause: It expresses a condition.
2. Result Clause / Independent clause: It shows the result.

IF CLAUSE
IF Clause is also called:
Adverb Clause / Dependent Clause / Subordinate Clause
IF Clause or Conditional Clause describes a condition or criteria
that has to be met or achieved for a specific result to be true or
happen. It means; that one thing depends on something else. If
the condition in (IF CLAUSE) is achieved or true then the result
in main or independent clause will / would happen or be true.
EXAMPLES:
If I save money, I can buy a new model car.
If Clause + Result Clause = Conditional Sentence
If I were the president, I would fix the system.
If Clause + Result Clause = Conditional Sentence

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
1) Real Conditional Clause
2) Unreal Conditional Clause
1. REAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSE: It is also called fulfilled
conditional clause. It is a type of conditional clause which
describes real-life situations. The real conditionals clauses
refer to the actual situation which has the possibility of
occurring in the present or future. It has two main structures.
1. Zero Conditional Clause:
If + sub + simple present +,+ sub + simple present + ROTS
+.
2. Type 1 (First) Conditional Clause:
If + sub + simple present +,+ sub + simple future + ROTS +.

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REMEMBER: Conditional clause is introduced by (IF) and there
are six structures which are explained as below:
TYPES OF REAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
1. ZERO CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
It is used to express universal and general facts or truths or real
life’s situation. It is always real and possible not imaginary.
STRUCTURE
If + Sub + Simple Present + ,+ Sub + Simple Present + ROTS
EXAMPLE:
• If we heat water, it boils.
• If it rains, we get wet.
• If you don’t eat, you get angry.
• She goes to doctor if Mina is sick.
• If you press this button, the car unlocks.

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NOTE: We can use “Whenever / Every Time / When” instead of
(IF) with the same meaning.
EXAMPLES:
- When you heat water to 100ºC, it boils
- Every time you heat water to 100ºC, it boils.
- Whenever you heat water to 100ºC, it boils.
The situation and result are scientifically proven:
EXAMPLES:
- If you put oil in water, it floats.
- If you heat water to 100ºC, it boils.
- If you freeze water 0 ºC, it turns to ice.

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2. TYPE 1 / OPEN CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
It is used to express a possible condition and probable results in
present or future where the situation is real not hypothetical and
something may or may not be true or happen. Or it expresses a
likely future consequence.
STRUCTURE:
If + Sub + Simple Present + ,+ Sub + Simple Future + ROTS
EXAMPLES:
• If you don’t hurry, we will miss the train.
• Zuhal will get first position if she studies hard.
• If he works, we will earn more money.
• If you take some medicine, you will feel better.
NOTE: We cannot use “Future Tense” in conditional clause
because (If + Simple Present Tense) refers to future itself.
EX: If she will come, we will go to the park.

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COMMON STRUCTURES OF TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
1. If + sub + simple present + ,+ sub + will + V1+ ROTS +.
• If he works hard, he will earn more money.
2. If + sub + simple present + ,+ sub + may/might + V1+ ROTS
• If I arrive early, I may/might go to the party.
3. If + sub + simple present + ,+ sub + can/could + V1+ ROTS
• If you study hard, you can get first position.
4. If + sub + simple present + ,+ sub + should + V1+ ROTS
• If you are sick, you should go to the doctor.
5. If + sub + simple present + ,+ sub + must + V1+ ROTS
• If he is broke, he must work to earn money.
6. If + sub + simple present + ,+ imperative sentence+ ROTS
• If it rains, take an umbrella.
• If you are hungry, eat something.
• Watch English movies if you want to improve your English.

2. UNREAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSE: It is also called
imaginary clause, hypothetical clause or unfulfilled. It is used to
talk about unreal or hypothetical conditions which have no
probability or possibility to happen in the past, present or future,
but express what could/ might have happened. The unreal
conditional clause has 3 types which are divided to 4 structures.
TYPES OF UNREAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Type 2 Conditional Clause:
If + sub + simple past + , + sub + would + V1 + ROTS +.
Type 3 Conditional Clause:
If + Sub + Past Perfect + , + Sub + would + have + V3+ ROTS
Mixed Type Conditional Clause (It has two structures)
If + sub + past perfect + , + sub + would + V1 + ROTS +.
If + sub + simple past + , + sub + would + have + V3 + ROTS

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3. TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
It is used to express present unreal, imaginary, impossible or
hypothetical situation. In other words, it expresses an unrealistic
or unlikely future or present situations. The following structure
gives present unreal meaning.
STRUCTURE:
If + sub + simple past + , + sub + would + V1+ ROTS +.
Examples:
• If I had money, I would buy a car.
Meaning: I don’t have money, I can’t buy a car.
• If she studied hard, she wouldn’t fail the test.
Meaning: She doesn’t study hard, she may / can not pass the test.)
• If she called, I would help her.
Meaning: She doesn’t call, I can’t or may not help her.)
NOTE:
Similarly, we cannot use (would) in if clause.
• If she would call, she would help her.

IF I WERE
In Type 2 Conditional, we usually use “Were" instead of "Was" in
(IF CLAUSE) even if the subject is singular I, he, she or it. The be
form (WERE) is more formal and (WAS) is informal.
Structure:
If + sub + were + ROTS +,+ sub + would + V1 + ROTS
EXAMPLES:
 If I were not in debt, I would quit my job.
 I would go to the party if I were you.
 If Safa were a millionaire, she would buy a castle.
 If he were taller, he would be accepted into the team.
 If I were you, I would accept the offer.
 He would not leave tonight if he were you,

1. If + sub + simple past tense + ,+ sub + would + V1+ ROTS
+.
• If she had money, she would help poor people.
2. If + sub + simple past + ,+ sub + might + V1+ ROTS +.
• If she had money, she might help poor people.
3. If + sub+ could + V1 +, + sub + would + V1+ ROTS+.
• If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go?
Answer: I would go to Paris.
4. If + sub + simple past + ,+ sub + could + V1+ ROTS +
• If he had a million dollars, he could do anything.
Would: The result is more definite or certain.
Might: The result might or might not happen, we are not sure.
Could: It talks about possible results or ability.

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4. TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
It is used to express past unreal, imaginary, impossible or
hypothetical situation and its result. The sentences are not based
on fact. It means something did not happen or fulfill in the past
and the result was also unreal or imaginary.
STRUCTURE:
If + sub + past perfect +,+ sub + would + have + V3 + ROTS
Examples:
• If I had had money, I would have bought a car.
Meaning: I didn’t have money, I couldn’t buy a car.
• If he had studied hard, he wouldn’t have failed the test.
Meaning: He didn’t study hard, he failed the test.
• If she had called, I would have helped her.
Meaning: She didn’t call , I didn’t / couldn’t help her.
• If you had listened to me, you would not missed the train.
NOTE:
Similarly, we cannot use (would) in if clause.
• If she would have called, I would have helped her.

1. If + sub + past perfect + ,+ sub + might + have + V3+ ROTS
• If he had read the book, he might have known the answers.
2. If + sub + past perfect + ,+ sub + could+ have + V3+ ROTS
• If he had had enough time, he could have visited his mother.
OTHER EXAMPLES
 Lila would/might have bought that dress if she had had taller.
 If I had known where she lived, I would’ve gone and seen her.
 If Ali had been 16, he could have gotten driving license.
 We might have bought a large house if we had had money.
 If I had met him, I would’ve told him to open girls’ schools.
 They could/might have come if they hadn’t missed the train.

5. MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
It refers to unreal past and present condition and its probable
result in the present and past. It expresses a situation which is
contrary or opposite to reality both in the past and in the present.
It is the combination of TYPE 2 AND TYPE 3.
In short;
We can use mixed conditionals when we imagine a past change
with a result in the present or a present change with a result in
the past. It has two main structures.
1. If + sub + past perfect +,+ sub + would + V1 + ROTS +.
2. If + sub + simple past +,+ sub + would + have + V3 +ROTS+.

FIRST STRUCTURE OF MIXED CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
PAST (CONDITION) / WITH PRESENT (RESULT)
1. STRUCTURE:
If + sub + past perfect +,+ sub+ would + V1 + ROTS
This structure refers to unreal past condition and its probable
result in the present. It means; a change or situation in the past
would have a result in the present.
EXAMPLES:
If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
(It means, I didn’t work harder, so I don’t have a better job now)
If we had looked at the map, we wouldn't be lost.
(It means, I didn’t look at the map, so we are lost now)
He could be a millionaire now if he had invested at Kabul Bank.
(It means, I didn’t invest at bank, so he is not a millionaire.)
If I had been elected, I would be the president now.
If he had won the lottery, he would be rich.

SECOND STRUCTURE MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
PRESENT (CONDITION) WITH / PAST (RESULT)
2. STRUCTURE:
If + sub + simple past +,+ sub + would + have + V3+ ROTS +.
This structure refers to unreal present condition or situation and
its probable result in the past. It means; a different situation in the
present would mean that the past was different.
EXAMPLES:
• If he had money, he would have bought that car.
Meaning: He doesn’t have money why he didn’t buy a car in the past.
• If she were busy , she wouldn’t have been to market.
Meaning: She is not busy because she went to the part an hour ago.
• If I were afraid of snakes, I wouldn’t have picked it up.
• If he weren’t injured, he would have played.
• If she were intelligent, she would have passed the test.
• Lila would have gone to the party if she didn’t have much work.

OTHER STRUCTURES OF MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL
CLAUSE
PAST (RESULT) WITH FUTURE (ACTION)
3. STRUCTURE:
If + sub + past continuous +,+ sub + would + have + V3+ ROTS +.
This structure refers to unreal future condition or situation and its
probable result in the past.
EXAMPLES:
• If she were coming, she would have called me.
Meaning: She doesn’t come because she didn’t call me.
• If Ali weren’t visiting this weekend, he would’ve come with us.
Meaning: Ali comes/visits this weekend, therefore, he didn’t come with us.
• If I weren’t going on my trip next week, I would have accepted that new job.
• If my parents weren’t coming this weekend, I would have planned a party.

OTHER STRUCTURES OF MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL
CLAUSE
FUTURE CONDITION WITH PRESENT RESULT
4. STRUCTURE:
If + sub + past continuous +,+ sub + would + V1+ ROTS +.
This structure refers to unreal future condition or situation and its
probable result in the present.
EXAMPLES:
• If I were going to the concert tonight, I would be very happy.
Meaning: I won’t go because I am not happy.
• If Ali weren’t visiting this weekend, he would come with us.
Meaning: Ali comes/visits this weekend, therefore, he doesn’t come with us.
• If I weren’t going on my trip next week, I would accept that job offer.
• If my parents weren’t coming this weekend, I would plan a party.

POINTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT UNREAL CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
• In unreal conditional sentences:
A. Positive sentences give negative meaning.
E.G. If I had called him, he would have brought a book.
Meaning: I didn’t call him, he didn’t bring a book.
B. Negative sentences give positive meaning.
E.G. If I hadn’t called him, he wouldn’t have brought a book.
Meaning: I called him, he brought a book.
EXAMPLES:
If I were rich, I would help you. (I am not rich and can’t help)
If he studied hard, he would pass the test. (doesn’t study and can’t pass)
If I were rich, I wouldn’t help you. (I am rich and can help)
If he didn’t study hard, he wouldn’t pass the test. (studies & can pass)
If we had worked hard, we would have completed the project.
Meaning: I didn’t work hard, we didn’t complete the project.

POINTS AND PUNCTUATION OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
- If clause is used before and after main clause.
- When (if clause) is used before main clause comma is needed.
- Do not capitalize (WHEN/IF) when used after main clause.
E.G. If he didn’t study hard, he wouldn’t pass the test.
E.G. He wouldn’t pass the test if he didn’t study hard.
E.G: If I were at home, I would be sleeping now.
E.G: I would be sleeping now if I were at home.
- We do not use “Will/Would” in |If Clause|.
E.G: If they will have extra money, they’ll put in a special account.
- Sometimes (WILL) is used in (If clause) with different meaning
and express emphasis and warning about something but rarely.
E.G: If he will work hard, he will be promoted.
Meaning: If he is willing to work hard, he will be promoted.
E.G: If he will come late again, I won’t let him in the class.
Meaning: Shows emphasis and warning.

ADVANCED GERUND & INFINITIVE GRAMMAR .pptx

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