Advances in design engineering

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ADVANCES IN DESIGN
ENGINEERING

Advances in design engineering
Compiled & Edited by SIVARAMAN VELMURUGAN 33/12/2016

What is Engineering?

 Engineering is using science and mathematics to solve
problems to improve the world around us. In the process,
engineers also apply their economic, social and practical
knowledge.
 Many different fields of engineering exist…

 ... is defined as an activity of overcoming difficulties for
practical applications of concepts that are proved to be true
theoretically. This activity is composed of mental activities,
paperwork, human power and machine power.
 … is defined as an activity of overcoming difficulties for
practical applications of concepts that are proved to be true
theoretically. This activity is composed of mental activities,
paperwork, human power and machine power.

Engineering
Process
Product
People,
Society,
Nature.
Need

Research &
Development
Design
Production
Operations
Administration
Young Engineers /
Less Money
Old Engineers /
More Money

What is Design?

What is Design Engineering?

You Can Find Design Everywhere & that's why looking for a
definition may not help you. Grasp what it is.
What is Design Engineering?

What is Design?
It's what drew you to the last piece of furniture you bought

Furniture Design

What is Design?
It is there in the last dress you brought……..!

Fashion Design

What is Design?
It's what made online banking possible………!!!

Mobile / Internet Banking Software Design

What is Design?
You can see it on your Mobile phones

Mobile / Cell / Satellite Phone Design

What is Design?
It is what determines the beauty of constructions

Architecture / Highway / Bridge Design

What is Design?
It is even controlling traffic……!

Control & System Design

What is Design?
It safeguard power transmission process

Power Supply & Control Grid Design

What is Design?
It is running the whole Automobile industry !!!

Automobiles Design

What is Design? - Design in Nature

Biomimicry / Biomimetic Design

Architectural design Interior design
Automotive Design Landscape design
Business design Lighting design
Ceramic and glass design Machine design
Colour design Mechanical design
Communication design News design
Engineering design Packaging design
Environmental design Product design
Experience design Production design
Fashion design Service design
Floral design Software design
Furniture design Sound design
Game design System design
Garden design Theatrical design
Graphic design Type design
Industrial design Urban design
Information design User experience
Instructional design User interface design
Interaction design Web design
What is Design?
Human activities characterized as design

Design is conceiving and giving form to artefact's that solve
problems … … …
What is Design?

Design is not mathematics !!!
What is Design?

Knowledge ascertained by observation and experiment, critically
tested, systematized, and brought under general principles.
Yes. Design is a Science too...
What is Design?

Technology is the branch of knowledge
which deals with the conversion of raw
materials into articles, product of utility.
This requires knowledge about :-
Materials,Methods,Tools and Equipments.
Design is using technology but it is not only technology!
What is Design?

Engineering is the application of mathematics, empirical evidence and scientific,
economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build,
maintain, research, and improve structures, machines, tools, systems, components,
materials, and processes. (Or) Arts and science of utilizing the forces and materials of
nature for the benefit of mankind and for the direction of man’s activities towards this
end.
It is not 100% Engineering
What is Design?

Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination,
typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be
appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
Yes.You can find elements of Art in Design
What is Design?

Design is the combination of Science,Technology,Engineering &
Arts.
Science Engineering
Technology Art
Design
What is Design?

Simple Designs are the most complex !!!
Why we are using wooden handle for hammer / axe …?
What is Design?
Here, the combination occur -
SCIENCE + ENGINEERING +TECHNOLOGY + ART !!!

 Science gives the Principle for temperature measurement -Thermal expansion of
solids and liquids
 Engineering uses this principle to design a thermometer
 Technology bring the concept into real world
 Art make it comfortable and more ergonomic
Science, Engineering,Technology & Art
What is Design?

What is Design? - 'Ninth Symphony’ by Beethoven

What is Design? - 'Starry Night' by van Gogh

 In science, if you don't do it, somebody else will. Whereas in
art, if Beethoven didn't compose the 'Ninth Symphony,' no one
else before or after is going to compose the 'Ninth Symphony'
that he composed; no one else is going to paint 'Starry Night'
by van Gogh. Neil de Grasse Tyson
What is Design?
'Ninth Symphony’ by Beethoven &
'Starry Night' by van Gogh

What is Design? - Medicine

 Medicine is not only a science; it is also an art. It does not
consist of compounding pills and plasters; it deals with the very
processes of life, which must be understood before they may
be guided.- Paracelsus
What is Design? - Medicine

Why Design?

Design brings solutions for too may problems
What Design?

Design integrate Creativity withTechnology
What Design?

What you can do with it?
Consider you have some steel rods of different diameter
What Design?

What Design?

Design is a dynamic process it keep improving products
Improvements in
1. Functioning
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Effectiveness
5. Economy
6. Comfort & Ergonomics
7. Aesthetics
What Design?

What Design?

There is no ultimate designs !!!
Still you got a chance on everything around you !
What Design?

You are the Superhero
What Design?

How Design?

Through Human activities resulting from
1. Observations and identify the
problem
2. Experimentations
3. Logical thinking and Judgment
4. Organizing results under general
principles
5. Application of principles
6. Manipulations
How Design?

The Greatest Designer….?
How to observe?

… … … …The Nature
The Greatest Designer …..?

NATURE IS FULL OF INFINITE CAUSES
THAT HAVE NEVER OCCURRED IN
EXPERIENCE - LEONARDO DAVINCI
What Design?

Life Forms ?

Plants ?

Grass and Bush Ornamental plants CactusCactus
Creeper Aquatic Plants Artichoke Plant Tree
Plants ?

Materials ?

Water & Rock Sedimentary Rocks Marbles
Quartz Coal Sand
Materials ?

Nature is always the best.

Cranes …

Javelin …

Cutting tools …

Joints …

JavelinHolding : Leg Holding : Beak + Leg
CuttingTools
Devices or Contrivances ?

Elasticity

Plasticity

Brittleness

Rigidity

Potter-wasp nest
Red wet clay Yellow dry clay Potter-wasp nest
Black wet clay Pottery - Wet clay
Elasticity, Plasticity, Brittleness & Rigidity

Elasticity, Plasticity, Brittleness & Rigidity

Linear Motion

Reciprocating Motion

LinearmotionReciprocating motion
Motion – Linear & Reciprocating

Motion – Oscillatory & Reciprocating

Motion – Oscillatory

Motion – Rotary

Oscillatory Motion
Rotary Motion
Motion – Rotary & Oscillatory

First Class Lever

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

Lever

Box Hinges

Touch–me-not
Box Hinges

Ball Joints

Socket Joints

Ball-pen tip Universal vice
Ball & Socket Joints

Transportations
3/12/2016

Transportations

Transportations
3/12/2016

Transportations

Wheels

Wheels
3/12/2016

Fan /Turbine Blade

Safety / Helmet / Packaging

Cradle

Abrading / Disintegration

Agent - Landslide Agent – River water
Agent – Sea
water
Agent – Desert wind River sand Sea sand Desert sand

Sand grainsStones Sand papers Emery papers
Belt sander Bench sander Hand Held
sander
Mobile polisher Abrasion

Water Storage

Natural Lake Natural Pond Man-made earth dam
Man-made RCC dam Man-made well Man-made pond
Water Storage

Water Conveyance

Natural Open channel Man-made open channel Natural overflow
Man-made overflow Aqueduct of Segovia Bamboo waterjets
Water Conveyance

Water Conveyance (Pipes & Hoses)

Water Lifting

Straws & Pipes

Water & Air Blowing

Trumpet & Smoking Pipe

Injection

Brushes

Tunnels

Column & High Mast

Bridges

Sand Digging

Sand Digging
Multi storied houses / buildings

Multi Storied Houses / Flats / Apartments / Houses

Honeycomb
Paper-Wasp
Nest Potter-Wasp Nest
Beehive
Ginger Woodpecker
weaver bird nest
Bank
Swallow Nest

Shapes

Boats &Vessels

Fur Cover & Fur Coat

Thorn / Pin / Nail

Sitting Stools & Chairs

Umbrella & Shelters

Sponge & Packing Materials

Springs

… and so, Humans learned design basically from the
Nature… and he continues to do so…
Its there in your blood & DNA !!!
Design

Experimentations
1. It test the viability of theoretical assumptions
2. It trace out possible errors and improve product
3. It may leads to new ideas and innovations
Design

Logical thinking and Judgment
Logic requires the act of reasoning by humans in order to form
thoughts and opinions,as well as classifications and judgment.
Design

Organizing results under
general principles
1. Collective thinking
2. Mapping requirements and
principles
3. Analyze the results
4. Re engineer the idea based on
results
Design

Application of principles
1. Lets do it
2. Integration of Science,
Technology & Art through
Engineering
3. Still you may face different
problems keep solving
issues
4. After optimization you will
have your product
Design

Manipulations
There is no ultimate designs. keep improving your product.
Integrate added advantages.Try alternate solutions
1. Observations and identify the problem
2. Experimentations
3. Logical thinking and Judgment
4. Organizing results under general principles
5. Application of principles
6. Manipulations
Design

Let's Design

What is DESIGN?
Introduction to Design

Design is the human power to conceive, plan, and realize products that serve
human beings, in the accomplishment of any individual or collective purpose.
Introduction to Design

For aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use / For
decorative purpose like Paintings, Portraits, etc.
Design Disciplines (Applied Arts / Fine Arts)

Usually for buildings and other physical structures / For aesthetics of objects
Design Disciplines (Architecture Design)

For aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories / Influenced by
cultural and social latitudes / For Garments,Texture, etc.
Design Disciplines (Fashion Design)

For content and rules of a game / Gameplay, environment, storyline and characters
Design Disciplines (Gaming Design)

Design Disciplines (Engineering Design)

Engineering Design (For Preliminary Design)

Engineering Design (For Schematics, Diagrams &
Layouts)

Engineering Design (For Detailed Design)

Engineering Design (For Measured Parameters,Tests &
Materials)

Engineering Design (For Production Planning &Tool
Design)

Engineering Design (For Jigs, Fixtures &Tooling)

Engineering Design (For Production Production)

Engineering Design (For Machines like Lathe, Drill Etc.)

Engineering Design (ForTurbo Machineries likeTurbine,
Propeller, Etc.)

Engineering Design (For Automobile like Chassis,
Transmissions, Etc.)

Engineering Design (For Components like Gears, Shafts,
Joints, Etc.)

What is Design ?

 Design challenges are not limited to engineering, but can also be
found in other fields.
 Artists, architects, interior designers, clothing designers, etc., are all
“designing” products and solutions for us! So, they are also engaged
in the design process!
 So, what is design? Design can be loosely stated as the art of creating
something that does not exist. Such a creation can be in the mind,
too. For instance, you can “design a story” by thinking about the story
plot, the characters you want to use in the tale, how long you want it
to be, and who you want to be reading it.
What is Design ?

This is Design ?

Author Definition Keywords
C. Alexander Finding the right physical components of a physical structure. Finding, physical
L. B. Archer A goal-directed problem solving activity. Goal-directed, solving activity
M. Asimow
Decision making in the face of uncertainty with high penalties for
error.
Decision making, uncertainty, high penalties
for error
P. J. Booker
Simulating what we want to make (or do) before we make (or
do) it as many time as may be necessary to feel confident in the
final result.
Simulating to feel confident
M. Farr
The conditioning factor for those parts of the product which
come into contact with people.
Contact with people
S. Gregory Relating product with situation to give satisfaction. Product, satisfaction
J. C. Jones The performing of a very complicated act of faith Act of faith
E. Matchett
The optimum solution to the sum of the true needs of a
particular set o circumstances.
True needs
J. K. Page The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibilities.
Imaginative jump, Present facts; future
possibility
J. B. Reswick
A creative activity-it involves bringing into being something new
and useful that not existed has not existed previously.
Creative activity, useful not existed
previously
J. P. Vidosic
The creation of an end result that satisfies a human need by
taking definite action.
Creation, Result satisfies human need,
action
This is Design ?

Design Activity

Design activities include
 Creativity
 Decision-making
 Modeling
Design Activity

Purpose of Design

The purpose of design is defined [Mostow, 1985] as the
construction of a structure (artifact) description that;
 Satisfies a given (probably informal) functional
specification,
 Conforms to the limitations of the target medium,
 Meets implicit or explicit requirements on performance (time,
space, power, cost etc.) and structure (style, simplicity etc.),
 Satisfies restrictions on the design process itself.
Purpose of Design

Engineering – Left Brain / Design – Right Brain

Design Engineering / Engineering Design

 There has always been confusions among people between
Industrial / Engineering design (ID/ED) and Design
engineering.
 And the same confusion applies to art school and design
school which the lines are often blurred.
 These two categories of design have a fundamental difference
between them:
 ID / ED is an applied art, whereas
 DE is a discipline

Discipline or applied art?... … …
 What is discipline? Merriam-Webster defines discipline as “a
field of study” and as “a rule or system of rules Governing
Conduct or activity”.
 What is Applied Arts? Is the conscious use of one or more
technique (from the Greek: téchnē which means art) to a
definite field intended to go beyond the aesthetic expression
of the human spirit.

 Industrial Design / Engineering Design is more than applied art.
 ID / ED is responsible for the functional, structural, ergonomic,
environmental, operational, productive and economic aspects of
products which today integrate the human artificial eco-system or
“world of objects”.
 ICSID (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design)
says that “The design is a creative activity which has a purpose of
determining the formal qualities of the products items. By formal quality,
we shouldn’t understand only the external qualities, but mainly the
structural and functional relationships that are the centre of a
coherent unity”.

In other words, the ID/ED is a discipline that is concerned in the
integral aspects of products and not just cosmetics.
In the other hand, Design Engineering is a field of action.
 DE is, the way a see it, a field whereby engineering practices
(as well as science and arts concepts) are applied by engineers
(and Industrial Designers as well) to create, develop and
maintain products.

Industrial / Engineering designers must understand a few things
which are very important:
1. Creativity comes from discipline (not from dreams).
2. We Design to satisfy needs (what the customer needs / wants).
3. We design to work (if it doesn’t work, then it is a crap). Anything can be
achieved on paper, but everything that has been designed must work.
4. We Design to be manufacturable (if it can’t be produced… then it was
not well designed). This implies knowledge and definition of technologies,
processes, materials, etc.
5. We Design for the real world (dream is for free… but the design process
is about money).

Engineering and design activities are blended in Engineering
Design
ENGINEERING DESIGN ENGINEERING DESIGN
Time consuming activity Mental activity Mentally initiated time consuming activity
Physical Conceptual Conceptually developed physical products
Close to science Close to art Creative work based on scientific principles
Methodological Intuitive Intuitive started methodology
Solves problems Creates problems
Solution-Problem, Problem-Solution chains are
unbreakable
Definitions of Engineering Design

Compiled & Edited by SIVARAMAN VELMURUGAN 253
T. T. Woodson
An iterative decision making activity to produce the plans by which resources are converted:
preferably optimally, into systems or devices to meet human needs.
J. P. Vidosic
The process that uses engineering tools-mathematics, graphics, language-and scientific principles
to evolve a plan, which when fully carried out will satisfy a human need.
G. B. R. Fielden
The use of scientific principles, technical information and imagination in the definition of a
mechanical structure, machine or system to perform pre-specified functions with the maximum
economy and efficiency.
M. Asimow
A purposeful activity directed toward the goal of fulfilling human needs, particularly those which
can be met by the technological factors of our culture.
C. Ruiz &
F. Koenigsberger
The complete intellectual process from the conception of an idea based on inspiration, knowledge
and experience to its final technical and commercial realization.
J. R. Dixon Science-based problem solving with social-human awareness, ...a high level intellectual activity.
R. E. Parr The creative part of Engineering.
W. H. Middendorf
The activity wherein various techniques and scientific principles, are employed to make decisions
regarding the selection of materials and the placement of these materials to farm a system or
device which satisfies a set of specified and implied requirements.
A. D. Deutschman
et al.
The mechanism whereby a requirement is converted to a meaningful and functional plan. The
formulation into a satisfactorily functioning device that satisfies the original need.
J. B. Reswick The essential purpose of engineering.
A B. Rosenstein &
J. M. English
An iterative decision making process for developing engineering system or devices whereby
resources are optimally converted into desired ends.
Definitions of Engineering Design
3/12/2016

Project ManagementTree Swing Cartoon

Introduction – Design & Disciplines
Factors inspiring PDD, Product Life Cycle (PLC)
Product Analysis
Value Engineering
Selection of materials
Selection of manufacturing process
Rapid prototyping & Summary
Product Design & Development – PD&D

What is
Product Design & Development – Products

Product refers to a PHYSICAL PRODUCTS or SERVICE or an
IDEA which a CUSTOMER or CONSUMER NEEDS and for
which he is READY TO PAY.
PHYSICAL PRODUCTS include tangential goods like grocery
items, garments to name a few…
Introduction – Products

SERVICES are INTANGIBLE PRODUCTS which are offered
and purchased by consumers. Services may also include an
innovative idea on any aspect of operation.

Science
•Discoveryofgraphiteand
thefactthatrubber
(eraser)willremove
graphite
Technology
•Creatingawritingdevice
thatdoesn’tuseink
Engineering
•Designingadevicewith
graphiteinsert,exterior
holder,andattachederaser
Maths
•Whatistheoptimallength,
diameter,orshapeforthe
device?
Arts
•Theshape,Size,coloretc.

Benefits
Functional
benefits
Psychological
benefits
Social
benefits

A consumer may purchase a product to get three types of
benefits – FUNCTIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL & SOCIAL
BENEFITS.
For example, the purchase of a motor cycle provides functional
utility of a transportation, but at the same time satisfy the need
for prestige and esteem and provides social benefit by the way of
acceptance from a group, by riding the motor bike.
Thus all those aspects should be considered while planning for a
product

Products
Consumer
Products
Industrial
Products

Based on use, products may broadly be classified into
CONSUMER PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Introduction – Consumer & Industrial Products

Consumer Product

Products that are purchased by the ultimate consumers for their
personal consumption are called CONSUMER PRODUCTS.
For example SOAPS, EDIBLE OIL, EATABLES, TEXTILES,
just to name a few.
Consumer Products

Product
Consumer
Product
Consumer
Buying Behavior
Durability of
The product
Industrial
Product
Consumer Products
CONSUMER PRODUCTS have further been classified on the basis of
CONSUMERS’ BUYING BEHAVIOR and DURABILITY OF THE
PRODUCTS.

Consumer
Buying
Behavior
Convenience
Products
Shopping
Products
Specialty
Products
Consumer Buying Behaviour
Based on consumers’ buying behavior, the consumer products can be
classified as CONVENIENCE, SHOPPING & SPECIALITY
PRODUCTS.

Consumer
Buying
Behavior
Convenience
Products
Shopping
Products
Specialty
Products
Convenience Products

CONVENIENCE PRODUCTS are those products which are
PURCHASED FREQUENTLY, without much planning or shopping
effort and are consumed quickly. Example of such products are
cigarettes, Ice-creams, medicines, new papers, tooth paste and so
on. These products have low unit value and are bought in small
quantities.

Consumer
Products
Convenience
Products
Shopping
Products
Specialty
Products
Shopping Products

Shopping Products

The products which are purchased less frequently and are used
very slowly are SHOPPING PRODUCTS. In case of these
products, consumers devote CONSIDERABLE TIME &
EFFORTS to compare the quality, price, style and suitability of
these products at certain stores.
Some of the examples of shopping products are cloths, shoes,
furniture, radio to name a few.
Shopping Products

Consumer
Products
Convenience
Products
Shopping
Products
Specialty
Products
Specialty Product

Specialty Product

SPECIALITY PRODUCTS are those products which have
certain characteristics because of which customer make special
efforts in their purchase. Customers willing to PAY HIGHER
PRICES and also put up EXTRA TIME to locate the seller to
make the purchase.
Examples of speciality products are a rare collection of artwork
or of antique, jewelry, wedding dresses, cars and so on. The
demand for these goods is relatively inelastic that is the demand
does not fall even at the higher prices.
Specialty Product

Durability of
Products
Non durable
Products
Durable
Products
Services
Durability of Products
Based on products DURABILITY, consumer products have been
classified as NON-DURABLE, DURABLE PRODUCTS and
SERVICES.

Non Durable Products
Durability of
Products
Non durable
Products
Durable
Products
Services

NON-DURABLE PRODUCTS are those consumer products
which are normally consumed in one or few uses. Examples of
such products are soap, salt, pickles, sauce and so on.
Such items are made available by producers through large
number of convenient retail outlets. Profit margins on such
items are usually kept low and heavy advertising is done to
attract people towards their trial and use.

Durable Products
Durability of
Products
Non durable
Products
Durable
Products
Services

Durable Products

DURABLE PRODUCTS are products which normally survive
many uses. Examples of such products are refrigerator, radio,
home theater, washing machine, bicycle and so forth.
These products are generally used for a longer period and
command a higher per unit margin, require greater
personal - selling efforts, guarantees and after sale
services on part of the seller.
Durable Products

Services – Products
Durability of
Products
Non durable
Products
Durable
Products
Services

SERVICES are INTANGIBLE in form. By services, we mean
those activities, benefits or satisfaction, which are offered for
sale.
Example of services are dry cleaning, watch repair, postal
services, services offered by a doctor, lawyer to name a few.

Products
Consumer
Products
Industrial
Products
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT are those products which are used as inputs
in producing other product or provision for some services. The
examples of such products are raw materials, lubricants, machines,
tools and so forth. The buyers of industrial products are supposed to be
knowledgeable, cost conscious and rational in their purchase.
Industrial Products

Industrial Products

Products
Consumer
Products
Industrial
Products
There are some products which may be classified as CONSUMER
PRODUCTS as well as INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS depending on its
end use. For example coconut oil is considered a CONSUMER
PRODUCT if it is used for cooking by a consumer while the same is
termed as INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS if it is used for manufacturing
bath soap.
Consumer & Industrial Products

The ways these products are marketed to these two groups are very
different because purchase by industrial buyer is usually large in quantity
and bought either directly from the manufacturer or from local distributor.
Consumer & Industrial Products

Industrial
Products
Materials &
Parts
Capital items
Supplies &
Business
services
There are three types of INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS:
MATERIAL& PARTS, CAPITAL ITEMS & SUPPLIES AND
BUSINESS SERVICES.
Industrial Products

Materials &
Parts
Raw
materials
Manufactured
materials &
parts
Material & Parts:- Those products that enter the manufacturers
products completely are termed as materials and parts. These
products are of two types: Raw materials & manufactured
materials & parts.
Materials & Parts

Raw
materials
Farm
Products
Natural
Products
Raw Materials

Raw Materials – Farm Products

RAW MATERIALS falls into two groups: FARM PRODUCTS &
NATURAL PRODUCTS.
FARM PRODUCTS like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds and so on are
supplied by many producers. These producers send these goods to
marketing intermediary for assembling, grading, storage, transportation and
selling services.
FARM PRODUCTS require special marketing practices due to their
perishable and seasonal nature. Their commodity character results in
relatively little advertising and promotional activities with some exceptions.
Raw Materials – Farm Products

Raw
materials
Farm
Products
Natural
Products
Raw Materials – Natural Products

NATURAL PRODUCTS such as minerals, fish, lumber and
so forth are limited in supply, usually have great bulk and low unit
value. There are fewer and larger producers who often market
them directly to industrial users.
In the case of these products, long term supply contract are
common, as the users depend on these materials. The
homogeneity of the natural materials limits the amount of demand
creation activity, Price and Delivery reliability are the major
factors influencing the selection of suppliers.

Manufactured
materials & parts
Component
material
Component
part
MANUFACTURED MATERIAL & PARTS also falls into two
categories. COMPONENT MATERIALS & COMPONENT
PARTS.
Manufactured Materials & Parts

Manufactured
materials & parts
Component
material
Component
part
Manufactured Materials & Parts – Component Materials

COMPONENT MATERIALS are usually fabricated further, like
pig iron is made into steel, and yarn is woven into cloth.
The Price and Supplier reliability of component material are key
purchase factors due to the standardized nature of these
products.

Manufactured
materials & parts
Component
material
Component
part
Manufactured Materials & Parts – Component Parts

Those products which enter the finished products without any
further change in form are termed as COMPONENT PART.
For example – small motors fitted in the vacuum cleaners,
tyres on automobiles just to name a few.

Manufactured
materials & parts
Component
material
Component
part

Most MANUFACTURED MATERIALS & PARTS are sold
directly to the industrial users.
In case of these products, price and service are major marketing
considerations, while branding and advertising are less important.

Capital
Items
Installations Equipments
Capital Items - Installations

INSTALLATIONS consist of building (factories & offices) and
heavy equipment (generators, drill presses, mainframe
computers, elevators Etc.).
INSTALLATIONS are usually bought directly from the
producers with the typical sale preceded by a long negotiation
period.

Capital
Items
Installations Equipments
Capital Items - Equipments

EQUIPMENTS comprise portable factory equipment and tools
(hand tools, lift trucks etc.) and office equipment (personal
computers, desks etc.)
EQUIPMENTS do not become part of finished products. They have
a shorter life than installations but a longer life than operating supplies.
EQUIPMENTS manufacturers sell these products directly more
often they use intermediaries because the market is geographically
dispersed, buyers are numerous and the orders are small.

Supplies &
Business services
Maintenance &
Repair
Operating
Supplies
Supplies & Business Services

Supplies & Business services
Short-term goods and services that help in the development or in
the management of the finished product come under supplies and
business services.
Supplies and business services include- MAINTENANCE &
REPAIR ITEMS, and OPERATING SUPPLIES.
Together they are known as MRO products.
Supplies & Business Services

Supplies &
Business
services
Maintenance &
Repair
Operating
Supplies
Supplies & Business Services – Maintenance & Repair

Maintenance & Repair items are usually supplied under
contract by small producers, or are available from the
manufacturer of original equipment.
Some examples of these products are paint, nails,brooms etc.

Supplies &
Business services
Maintenance &
Repair
Operating
Supplies
Supplies & Business Services – Operating Supplies

Operating supplies, like convenience products are usually
purchased with minimum efforts on a straight re-buy basis.
Examples of Operating supplies are lubricants, coal, writing paper,
pencil and others.

Automobile Engineering

Cylinders 3 or 4 Cylinders
Cycle
Two Stroke Cycle
Four Stroke Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Fuel Petrol or Diesel
Energy Efficiency ~ 37%
Ignition Spark or Compression
Automobile Engineering – Engine / Past

Cylinders 4 or 6 or 8 Cylinders
Cycle
Two Stroke Cycle
Four Stroke Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Fuel
Petrol or Diesel
Petrol Gas
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas
Jet Fuel (Aviation Fuel)
Residual Fuel
Coal
Bio-Fuel
Energy Efficiency
Super Charged Engine ~ 70%
Turbo Charged Engine ~ 56% to 61 %
Ignition
MPFI system, Mechanically timed ignition,
Electronic Ignition,Digital Electronic Ignition,CRS
Automobile Engineering – Engine / Present

Materials used for the vehicle
In the 1970’s, lots of stamped metals, more
vinyl for interiors, molded plastics &
laminated plastics with tempered glass for
the windshields.
In the 2009’s, lots of molded plastics inside
and outside, lots of very thin steel,
laminated windshields,Tupperware bumpers
and aluminum wires.
1. No aerodynamic concepts
2. Heavy Metal
Automobile Engineering – Body / Past

Materials used for the vehicle
Aluminum Car body &Wheel Hubs
Iron / Steel Car Body
Copper ElectricalWiring Harness
Lead Lead-Acid battery
Plastic Dashboard & Bumpers
PVC Electrical wiring Harness
Glass & Plastics Windscreens,Side Screens
Leather Seats
1. Well aerodynamics shape
2. Very light materials
Automobile Engineering – Body / Present

1. Very hard to steer (turn)
2. TCD large
Automobile Engineering – Steering / Past

1. Very easy & smooth to steer (turn)
2. TCD small
Automobile Engineering – Steering / Present

1. Drum Brake
2. Very hard brake – No other safety
arrangements
Automobile Engineering – Safety / Past

1. Pneumatic brakes
2. Hydraulic brake system
3. Electronic braking systems
Automobile Engineering – Safety / Present

Automobile Engineering – Other Safety Arrangements

0° Turning radius vehicle
Automobile Engineering – Some Other Aspects

Automobile Engineering -Trends that will impact

Trends that will impact - Globalization

Globalization
Companies need to leverage their product development
investments by delivering their products to every available
market.
Trends that will impact - Globalization

Trends that will impact –
Localization & Mass Customization

Localization / Mass Customization
Companies need to leverage their product development
investments by delivering their products to every available market.
The balancing factor to globalization is that products must be
customized to meet the needs of local markets, whether it’s for
language,climate, culture or price.
To achieve mass customization, the product has to be
configurable enough to meet the needs while standard enough to
be scalable. Compiled & Edited by SIVARAMAN VELMURUGAN 3383/12/2016
Trends that will impact –
Localization & Mass Customization

Trends that will impact - Digitization

Digitization
Companies will increasingly rely on one true digital
representation of the product.
That digital representation will include not just the geometry and
Bill of Materials, but also the approved vendors, materials in each
component, regulatory approvals, manufacturing processes and
service requirements. Expect PLM to get bigger.
Trends that will impact - Digitization

Trends that will impact - Regulation

Regulation
Product regulation adds another layer of complexity to
localization, since regulations vary by jurisdiction.
For example, many jurisdictions limit the amount and source of
certain materials that a product can contain.
Tracking those materials through the supply chain and then
reporting on them to the regulatory authorities is a complex
product management task that demands a sophisticated PLM
system.
Trends that will impact - Regulation

Trends that will impact – Smart Products

Smart products
Mechanical products aren’t just mechanical anymore – they are
electronic and software products as well.
Even simple home appliances have lots of computing power, and
this trend isn’t going away.
This trend forces interdisciplinary teams and cross-functional
product development.
For example, Tier 1 automotive supplier Continental reportedly
has more software developers than mechanical engineers.
Trends that will impact – Smart Products

Trends that will impact – Connectivity

Connectivity
We’ve all heard of the Internet of Things.
One opportunity that connected devices will create for product
designers and support teams is the ability to remotely diagnose
and service products in the field.
That remote monitoring and serviceability in turn creates
business models that don’t transfer ownership, which brings us to
the next big trend….
Trends that will impact – Connectivity

Trends that will impact – Servitization

Servitization
Now there’s a word that’s not likely to catch on, but hey, we still say
“interoperability”, so who knows.
In this definition, servitization represents a change in design thinking away from
the physical manifestation of the product and towards conveying the benefits of
the product to the end user.
Instead of buying a truck, for example, a customer can buy the miles that the
truck will travel while the manufacturer retains the risks of ownership.
For this to work, product developers need to integrate service lifecycle planning
into their designs from the earliest concept stages.
Trends that will impact – Servitization

Technologies that will blow you away

Air Propulsion

We sure love the idea of making a car’s internal combustion engine a bit more
efficient. In fact, many attempts have been made to advance the technology and
make EVs consume less.
Recently, Cadillac has been focusing a lot of air propulsion, and they have already
revealed Cadillac Aera. The concept won the Auto Show Design Challenge in L.A;
the magnificent style of the vehicle led to a hypothetical number of 1,000 miles on
compressed air prior to the refueling process.
Although there’s nothing wrong with today’s spectacular CTS-Vs, we would love to
get behind the wheel of a Cadillac Aera. For this to happen, we may have to wait
another 20 years.
Air Propulsion

Interchangeable Carbon Fibre Car Body Panels

Another smart technology that will knock your socks off comes from the
runner up of the Auto Show Design Challenge in L.A, the concept car
known as Smart 454WWT (aka weight watch technology).
Even though carbon fibre is not something new, Smart’s aim is to make it
more affordable.
The company’s concept vehicle has interchangeable body panels that are
supposed to reconfigure the vehicle based on the preferences of the driver.
The technology has great chances of materializing if Smart manages to
surpass crash testing.
Interchangeable Carbon Fibre Car Body Panels

In-Wheel Magnetic Drive Systems

Experts agree that tomorrow’s electric car will have more than one motor. Rumor has
it that there will be one motor attached to each car wheel.
Jaguar’s concept vehicle, the C-X75, already has this feature. However, Nissan’s iV is
even better if we look beyond the ivy composite and spider silk body.
Nissan has a patent for the technology, and apparently it can also handle suspension
duties and steering. We cannot expect for the automaker to make the magnetic drive
system a reality.
According to Nissan, the technology has great chances of becoming plausible by 2035.
That’s a lot of waiting time, but we’re sure that we won’t be disappointed when it
comes out.
In-Wheel Magnetic Drive Systems

Body PanelsThat Produce Energy

The auto industry is packed with peculiar, pairing and odd combinations
that somehow have great potential and seem to work pretty well. Toyota
strongly believes that, and therefore they’re developed Nori, which means
seaweed in Japanese.
For the making of this smart car technology, Toyota has created a carbon
fibre chassis/body, but they’ve added seaweed in the mix. They’re also
implemented solar panels to make the concept car energy-efficient.
The combined chassis and body is unbelievably light and strong. By adding
soar cells the vehicle generates supplemental power.
Body PanelsThat Produce Energy

Pure Oxygen Emissions

We would love to breathe fresher air and not have to inhale polluted air
from all the cars on the streets. Sadly, that’s not possible just yet.
An upcoming smart car technology comes from Mercedes Biome, and it’s
really cool to say the least. It doesn’t have any nasty emissions and it aims at
creating pure oxygen emissions.
Can you believe that by 2050 the car we will drive might emit pure oxygen?
There’s nothing wrong with hoping that someday the technology will
become a reality, so let’s dream on!
Pure Oxygen Emissions

Turbine – Electric Hybrid Power

The supercar concept recently released by Jaguar with its C-X75 model is
mind-blowing. The vehicle features a revolutionary design, and it also packs
superb technicals.
Each wheel has its own motor that draws energy from a central lithium-ion
battery. The party pieces of the C-X75 are gas turbines, and Jaguar claims that
the car concept blasts from 0 to 60 mph in 3.4 seconds.
However, because the turbines are positioned behind the car, they must find a
way to stop the heat from meting vehicles positioned behind Jaguar C-X75 on
the street. If they can make that happen, we’ll see this technology materialize
by 2025.
Turbine – Electric Hybrid Power

Vegetable – Based Car Components

A car’s organic design has just reached a whole new level. Even
though Honda’s Air car concept is not the only one, the fact that
the vehicle features veggie-based body panels sure makes the
concept interesting.
A major benefit would also be reduced weight, particularly when
mixed with additional weight-saving features such as glass-
reinforced seat panels and urethane tires.
Vegetable – Based Car Components

Electric Rickshaw

The idea of developing a car with pulling rickshaws seems rather far-fetched.
The latest Maybach DRS concept looks like an urban sombrero with an
edge.
It is a beautiful blend of a personal city car and a coffin. Yes, a coffin! But
leaving aside the weird design of this car, it certainly packs smart tech
advances we’d love to see in average vehicles.
According to Maybach, we might have to wait another 50 years to that to
happen.
Electric Rickshaw

Translucent Instrument Panels

Kia strikes again with a concept car known as Kia Pop. Based on OLED
technology, which by the way is insanely expensive, the vehicle takes a brand
new approach to car dashboards with translucent panels.
Basically, Kia Pop will provide improved vision than other car dashboards.
It’s a type of technology that is first displayed on halo models; afterwards, it
becomes mass-produced and included in compact cars and sedans.
Considering OLED technology is improving fast, we should expect new
vehicles to incorporate it by the end of 2015.
Translucent Instrument Panels

Increased Gesture Control

Building on existing voice control and knob technology, Audi introduced in
2011 an in-car feature that would offer unparalleled control ease of their cars.
But since technology likes to advance with every year that goes by, the
automaker’s new system is known as MMI touch (multi-media interface touch).
The new technology allows drivers to input characters with a finger to “write”
directly on the car’s touchpad.
A range of apps will be triggered, and the whole purpose of the system is to
ease the driving experience.
Increased Gesture Control

 KarlT Ulrich,Design creation of artifacts in society
 Balmer,R.T., Keat,W. D.,Wise, G., and Kosky, P., Exploring Engineering
 Don Norman, Design of everything
 Don Norman,Living with complexity
 Presentation on ‘Innovation let it ignite a fire on you’ by Dr. Jippu Jacob
 Ertas,A., Jones, J. C., The Engineering Design Process, JohnWiley and Sons, NewYork, 1996.
 Lumsdaine, E., Lumsdaine, M., Shelnutt, J. W., Creative Problem Solving and Engineering Design, McGraw-
Hill,Inc., NewYork, 1999.
 Sanders, M. S., McCormick, E. J., Human Factors in Engineering and Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York,
1993.
 Dym, C. L., Little, P., Engineering Design:A Project-Based Introduction,JohnWiley, NewYork, 1999.
 Hyman,B., Fundamental of Engineering Design, Prentice Hall,New Jersey, 1998
References

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