2. TEAM
• A team is defined as a group of people who perform interdependent tasks
to work towards accomplishing a common mission or specific objective.
• A team can be defined as a distinguishable set of two or more people
who interact dynamically, interdependently and adaptively towards a
common and valued goal/objective/mission, who have been assigned
specific roles or functions to perform.
3. HEALTHCARE TEAM:
• Means 2 or more health care professionals working in a coordinated,
complementary and agreed-upon manner to provide quality, cost-effective,
evidence based care to a patient.
4. TYPES OF TEAMS:
• A classification was offered by Sundstrom and colleagues (1990), who proposed 4 categories:
(a) Advice and involvement teams- (eg. Quality improvement team, which serves to
recommend process changes in a healthcare practice or hospital and to engage people in making the
changes successfully).
(b) Production and service teams -(eg.All clinical teams)
(c) Project and development teams -(eg. Electronic health records team)
(d) Action and negotiation teams -(eg. Health system executives)
5. STAGES OFTEAM BUILDING:
Forming:
• Typically characterized by ambiguity and confusion.
• Team members may be unclear about tasks at this stage.
• They have not yet chosen to work together and may communicate in a superficial and
Impersonal manner.
6. Storming:
• A difficult stage when there may be conflict between team members and some rebellion against
the assigned tasks.
• Team members may get frustrated here when do not progress well in the tasks.
Norming:
• Open communication between team members is established and the team starts to confront the
task at hand.
• Generally accepted procedures and communication patterns are established.
7. Performing:
• The team focuses all of its attention on achieving the goals.
• The team is now close and supportive, open and trusting, resourceful and effective.
• After being formed and continue to develop, healthcare teams interact dynamically and have the
common goal of delivering health services to patients
8. EFFECTIVETEAM
• An effective team is a one where the team members, including the patients, communicate with
each other, as well as merging their observations, expertise and decision making responsibilities to
optimize patients’ care.
• Understanding the culture of the workplace and its impact on team dynamics and functioning will
make a team member a good team player.
9. Benefits of effective teamwork:
Organizational benefits:
• Reduced time and costs of hospitalization
• Reduction in unexpected admissions
• Services are better accessible to patients .
Team benefits:
• Improved coordination of care
• Efficient use of health-care services
• Enhanced communication and professional diversity
10. Patient benefits:
• Enhanced satisfaction with care
• Acceptance of treatment
• Improved health outcomes and quality of care
• Reduced medical errors.
Benefits to team members:
• Enhanced job satisfaction
• Greater role clarity
• Enhanced wellbeing
11. Challenges to effective teamwork:
Changing roles:
In many health-care teams, there is considerable change and overlap in the roles played
by different health-care professionals.
These changing roles can present challenges to teams, in terms of acknowledgement
and role allocation.
Changing settings:
Some changes in the nature of health care such as increased delivery of care for chronic
conditions require the development of new teams and the modification of existing
teams.
12. Health-care hierarchies:
• The strongly hierarchical structure of health care can be counterproductive to
well-functioning and effective teams where all members’ views are considered.
Instability of teams:
Some health-care teams are transitory in nature, coming together for a specific
task or event (e.g.Trauma team).
13. Failing teamwork leads to accidents:
Reviews of high-profile incidents have identified three main types of teamwork
failings, namely, unclear definition of roles, lack of explicit coordination and other
miscommunication.
Resolving disagreement and conflict:
• The ability to resolve conflict or disagreement in the team is crucial to successful
teamwork.This can be especially challenging for junior members of the team or in
teams that are highly hierarchical in nature.
14. Characteristics making effective healthcare team:
o Common purpose
o Measurable goals
o Effective Leadership
o Effective Communication
o Good Cohesion
o Mutual respect
o Flexibility
o Performance monitoring
o Conflict resolution and learning
o Reliability
oWilling to compromise
o Commitment
o Dedication
o Adaptability
15. COMPONENTS OF DIFFERENT TEAMS
SurgicalTeam:
• Consultant/ attending Surgeon
• Surgical residents
• Anaesthesiologist
• Certified registered nurse anaesthetist
• Scrub Nurse
• Operating room nurse or circulating nurse
• Surgical technologist
• Physician assistant
• Cleaning staff
16. LaboratoryTeam:
• Laboratory Director
• Head (Professor) Pathologist/ Biochemist/ Microbiologist or Technical Supervisor
• Residents
• General supervisor or head technician
• Assistant laboratory technicians or Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS) or
Medical Technologist (MT)
• Phlebotomist
• Cleaning staff
17. ResearchTeam:
• Principal Investigator (PI)
• Sub-Investigator (Sub-I) / Co-Investigator (Co-I)
• Regulatory Coordinator.
• Data Coordinator
• Statistician
• Research Coordinator/ Research Nurse
18. What is the need of a collaborative team work??
• Collaboration in health care is defined as health care professionals assuming
complementary roles and cooperatively working together, sharing responsibility for
problem-solving and making decisions to formulate and carry out plans for patient
care.
• Collaboration between physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals
increases team members’ awareness of each other’s type of knowledge and skills,
leading to continued improvement in decision making.
19. • Effective teams are characterized by trust, respect, and collaboration.
• When considering a teamwork in health care, an interdisciplinary approach
should be applied.
• A joint effort on behalf of the patient with a common goal from all disciplines
should be involved in the care plan.
20. • The plan of care takes into account the multiple assessments and treatment
regimens, and it packages these services to create an individualized care program
that best addresses the needs of the patient.
• The patient finds that communication is easier with the cohesive team, rather
than with numerous professionals who do not know what others are doing to
manage the patient.
21. • A team of health care professionals should ideally work together to determine
diagnoses, develop care plans, conduct procedures, provide appropriate follow up,
and generally provide quality care for patients.
22. IMPORTANCE OF RESPECT IN
RELATIONSHIPWITH PATIENTS, FELLOW
TEAM MEMBERS, SUPERIORS AND OTHER
HEALTH CARE WORKER
• Respect is an essential component of a high-performance organization.
• It helps to create a healthy environment in which patients feel cared for as
individuals.
• Members of health care teams are engaged, collaborative and committed to
service.
• Within a culture of respect, people perform better and are more innovative.
23. There are two distinct types of respect:‘Owed’ and ‘Earned.’
• Owed respect meets the universal need to feel valued and included.
It rests on the concept that all individuals have inherent value and the right to be
treated with dignity.
• When owed respect is lacking, it manifests as over-monitoring (i.e.,
micromanagement), distrust, misconduct and indifference (i.e., making people feel
like they are easily replaceable).
• Disrespect can lead to a toxic atmosphere that diminishes joy and fulfillment,
leading to dissatisfaction and burnout.
24. • Earned respect recognizes individuals who have gone above and beyond
expectations in work.
• It meets the need to feel valued for accomplishments and a job welldone.
• Neglecting to provide earned respect can reduce motivation and accountability.
25. Respect to patients:
• Respect has been defined as “the social acceptance of another person”.
• Respecting patients helps incorporating the following major elements: empathy,
care, autonomy, provision of information, recognition of individuality, dignity and
attention to needs.
26. Respect to co-workers and superiors:
• Respect is established by supporting other members of the health care team.
• Speaking poorly of another service or health care professional undermines
patients’ confidence in the entire health care team and lowers their impression of
the system.
• Interactions with colleagues can be improved by always assuming best intentions
and giving other people the benefit of the doubt.
• A culture of respect also recognizes that everyone in the organization plays a
meaningful role in the ability to care for patients.
27. • All members of the team should be valued and have important
contributions to make.
• Respect should be given to everyone, regardless of their position on the
organizational chart.
• For example, when a physician holds the door for a hospital cleaner, this
simple act boosts self-worth and appreciation.The same effect is seen
with a thank you letter from a peer or supervisor for a jobwell done.
28. The following is the “Top 10” list of ways to show respect:
• Listen to understand
• Keep your promises
• Be encouraging
• Connect with others
• Express gratitude
• Share information
• Speak up
• Walk in their shoes
• Grow and develop
• Be a team player
