Agl111 Lecture -1
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Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
Agl111 Lecture -1
- 1. Career Point Cares Fundamentals of Agronomy (AGL111) Mr. Rohitashv Nagar Assistant Professor & HOD Department of Agronomy School of Agricultural Sciences Career Point University, Kota (Raj.)
- 2. Career Point Cares Lecture-1 Meaning and Scope of Agronomy
- 3. Career Point Cares Agronomy is a branch of agricultural sciences which deals with principles and practices of soil, water and crop management. This term is derived from Greek words agros meaning ‘ field’ and nomos meaning ‘ to manage ‘.
- 4. Career Point Cares The term agriculture is derived from the Latin words ‘ ager or agri meaning ‘soil’ and culture meaning ‘ cultivation’. Agriculture is a very broad term encompassing all aspects of crop production, livestock farming, fisheries, forestry etc.
- 5. Career Point Cares Scope of Agronomy 1. Yield maximization with introduction of new cultivars. 2. Reduced cost of production due to proper crop management. 3. Better water use efficiency due to agronomic knowledge. 4. Special tillage and intercultural operations for better crop growth and maximizing harvesting index. 5. Appropriate soil fertility management can increase crop yield with lesser use of fertilizer for increased profit.
- 6. Career Point Cares 6. Reduced post harvest loss due to agronomic knowledge and practices. 7. Intensive cropping patterns and integrated farming systems for sustainable agricultural growth and increased food production per unit area.
- 7. Career Point Cares Seed and Sowing Seed: Seed is a fertilized matured ovule together covered with seed coat is called seed or it is a propagating material. Type of seed: 1. Monocots 2. Dicots
- 9. Career Point Cares MONOCOTS DICOTS Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledons Germination usually hypogeal (Except in onion) Germination usually epigeal (except in pea, gram) Flower parts in multiples of three Flower parts in multiples of four or five Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring Secondary growth absent Secondary growth often present Grains, (wheat, corn, rice, millet) sugarcane, banana, ginger, onions, grass Legumes (pea, beans, lentils, peanuts) ,tomato, tree, etc
- 10. Career Point Cares 1.Epigeal Germination : The cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act as first foliage leaves. This type of germination present in groundnut, bean, cotton, sunflower and cotton seeds.
- 11. Career Point Cares 2.Hypogeal Germination The cotyledons do not come above the soil surface. This type of germination is found in wheat, barley, maize and pea.
- 12. Career Point Cares Methods of Sowing: The sowing method is determined by the crop to be sown. There are 6 sowing methods which differ in their merits, demerits and adoption. Those are: 1. Broad casting 2. Drilling or Line sowing 3. Dibbling 4. Transplanting 5. Planting 6. Putting seeds behind the plough
- 13. Career Point Cares 1. Broad casting: It is the scattering of seeds by hand all over the prepared field followed by covering with wooden plank for contact of seed with soil. Crops like wheat, paddy, Sesamum, methi, coriander, etc. are sown by this method. 2. Drilling or Line sowing: It is the dropping of seeds into the soil with the help of implement such as seed drill and then the seeds are covered by wooden plank to have contact between seed & soil. Crops like Jowar, wheat Bajara, etc. are sown by this method.
- 14. Career Point Cares 3. Dibbling: It is the placing or dibbling of seeds at cross marks (+) made in the field with the help of maker as per the requirement of the crop in both the directions. It is done manually by dibbler. This method is followed in crops like Groundnut, Castor, Cotton, etc. which are having bold size and high value. 4. Transplanting: It is the raising of seedlings on nursery beds and transplanting of seedlings in the laid out field. For this, seedlings are allowed to grow on nursery beds for about 3-5 weeks. Beds are watered one day before the transplanting of nursery to prevent jerk to the roots. The field is irrigated before actual transplanting to get the seedlings established early & quickly which reduce the mortality. This method is followed in crops like paddy, fruit, vegetable, crops, tobacco, etc.
- 15. Career Point Cares 5. Planting: It is the placing of vegetative part of crops which are vegetative propagated in the laid out field. E.g.: Tubers of Potato, mother sets of ginger & turmeric, cuttings of sweet potato & grapes, sets of sugarcane. 6. Putting seeds behind the plough: It is dropping of seeds behind the plough in the furrow with the help of manual labour by hand. The seeds are covered by successive furrow opened by the plough. This method is not commonly followed for sowing of the crops.
- 16. Career Point Cares Tillage and Tilth Tillage : Tillage is the physical manipulation of soil with tools and implements to result in good tilth for better germination and subsequent growth of crops. Why tillage is important: Reduced tillage systems may have more weed, insect, and disease problems than conventional systems. More residue cover can increase overwintering survival of some insects and diseases and delay crop development due to cool, wet soils, increasing the risk of infestation. Tilth: Tilth is a physical condition of the soil resulting from tillage.
- 17. Career Point Cares Conservation tillage: Conservation tillage is any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous year's crop residue (such as corn stalks or wheat stubble) on fields before and after planting the next crop to reduce soil erosion and runoff, as well as other benefits such as carbon sequestration (MDA, 2011). Minimum tillage: Minimum tillage is a soil conservation system like Strip- till with the goal of minimum soil manipulation necessary for a successful crop production. It is a tillage method that does not turn the soil over. It is contrary to intensive tillage, which changes the soil structure using ploughs.
- 18. Career Point Cares Zero tillage: No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage.
- 19. Career Point Cares Crop density and geometry Crop density : Density in plant ecology is defined as the number of individuals of a given species that occurs within a given sample unit or study area. Density is often used in a vegetation survey to describe a species' status in a plant community. Crop geometry : Crop geometry refers to the shape of the space available for individual plants. It influences crop yield through its influence on light interception, rooting pattern and moisture extraction pattern. Crop geometry is altered by changing inter and intra-row spacing (Planting pattern).
- 20. Career Point Cares Crop Nutrition :Proper nutrition is essential for satisfactory crop growth and production. The use of soil tests can help to determine the status of plant available nutrients to develop fertilizer recommendations to achieve optimum crop production. There are at least 17 elements known to be essential for plant growth. Essential Elements: Plants need 17 elements for their growth and completion of life cycle. they are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and chlorine, nickel. In addition, four more elements sodium, cobalt, vanadium and silicon are absorbed by some plants for special purposes.
- 21. Career Point Cares The elements C, H, O are not minerals. The rest of the elements are absorbed from the soil and these are called mineral elements since they are derived from minerals. These mineral elements are mainly absorbed in ionic form and to some extent in non-ionic form.
- 22. Career Point Cares Mineral element Ionic form Non-ionic form Nitrogen (N) NH4 + , NO3 - CO(NH2 )2 Phosphorus (P) H2PO4 - , HPO4 2- Nucleic acid, phytin Potassium (Kalium-K) K+ Calcium (Ca) Ca2+ Magnesium (Mg) Mg2+ Sulphur (S) SO4 2- SO2 Iron (Fe) Fe2+ , Fe3+ FeSO4 with EDTA Manganese (Mn) Mn2+ MnSO4 with EDTA EDTA = Ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid
- 23. Career Point Cares Mineral element Ionic form Non-ionic form Zinc (Zn) Zn2+ ZnSO4 with EDTA Copper (Cu) Cu2+ CuSO4 with EDTA Boron (B) H3BO3, H2BO3, HBO3 Molybdenum (Mo) MoO4 2- Chlorine (Cl) Cl-
- 24. Career Point Cares Manures and Fertilizers Plant requires food/nutrients/elements for its growth and development which are absorbed through soil. The nutrient supplying sources are manures and fertilizers. Application of manures and fertilizers to the soil is one of the important factors which help in increasing the crop yield and to maintain the soil fertility. N, P and K are the 3 major elements required for the crop growth. Manure: It is a well decomposed refuse from the stable and barn yards including both animal excreta and straw or other litter. Fertilizers: These are industrially manufactured chemicals containing plant nutrients.
- 25. Career Point Cares Difference between Manures and Fertilizers: S. No Characteristics Manures Fertilizer 1 Origin Plant or animal origin Chemical synthesized or manufactured 2 Nature Organic in nature Inorganic in nature 3 Type Natural product artificial product 4 Conc. of nutrients less concentrated More concentrated
- 26. Career Point Cares 5 Material Supply organic matter Supply inorganic matter 6 Nutrient availability slowly available May or may not be readily available 7 Nutrients Supply all the primary nutrients including Micronutrient Supply specific type of nutrients one, two or three. micro nutrients may or may not be present 8 Effect on Soil Health Improves physical condition of soil Do not improve the physical condition of soil 9 Effect on plant growth No bad effect when applied in large quantities. Adverse effect on plant whenever there is deficiency or excessive application
- 27. Career Point Cares Nutrient Use Efficiency : Nutrient Use Efficiency is defined as the amount of dry matter produced per unit of nutrient applied or absorbed. Nutrient Use Efficiency : Physiological efficiency X Apparent recovery efficiency Classification of NUE: 1. Agronomic efficiency: it is defined as the economic production obtained per unit of nutrient applied. It is calculated by the following equation: (Grain yield of fertilized crop in kg) - (Grain yield of unfertilized crop in kg) Agronomic efficiency = (Quantity of fertilizer applied in kg)
- 28. Career Point Cares 2. Physiological efficiency: it is defined as the biological production obtained per unit of nutrient applied. It is calculated by the following equation: (Total dry matter yield of fertilized crop in kg) - (Total dry matter yield of unfertilized crop in kg) Physiological efficiency = (Nutrient uptake by fertilizer crop in kg) - (Nutrient uptake by unfertilized crop in kg)
- 29. Career Point Cares 3. Apparent recovery efficiency: it is defined as the quantity of nutrient absorbed per unit of nutrient applied. It is calculated by the following equation: (Nutrient uptake by fertilized crop ) - (Nutrient uptake by unfertilized crop ) Apparent recovery efficiency = (Quantity of fertilizer applied )
- 30. Career Point Cares Nutrient Use Efficiency : Nutrient Use Efficiency is defined as the amount of dry matter produced per unit of nutrient applied or absorbed. Nutrient Use Efficiency : Physiological efficiency X Apparent recovery efficiency Classification of NUE: 1. Agronomic efficiency: it is defined as the economic production obtained per unit of nutrient applied. It is calculated by the following equation: (Grain yield of fertilized crop in kg) - (Grain yield of unfertilized crop in kg) Agronomic efficiency = (Quantity of fertilizer applied in kg)
- 31. Career Point Cares 2. Physiological efficiency: it is defined as the biological production obtained per unit of nutrient applied. It is calculated by the following equation: (Total drymatter yield of fertilized crop in kg) - (Total drymatter yield of unfertilized crop in kg) Physiological efficiency = (Nutrient uptake by fertilizer crop in kg) - (Nutrient uptake by unfertilized crop in kg)
- 32. Career Point Cares 3. Apparent recovery efficiency: it is defined as the quantity of nutrient absorbed per unit of nutrient applied. It is calculated by the following equation: (Nutrient uptake by fertilized crop ) - (Nutrient uptake by unfertilized crop ) Apparent recovery efficiency = (Quantity of fertilizer applied )
- 33. Career Point Cares Water resources of India Total Precipitation 400 M ha-m Infiltration into the soil 215 M ha-m Evaporation 70 Mha-m Surface flow 115 Mha-m Rain 105 Mha-m Snow 10 Mha-m Soil moisture 165 Mha-m Ground water 50 Mha-m