Airplane
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Airplanes are fixed-wing aircraft that are propelled forward by thrust from jet engines or propellers. They come in various sizes and wing configurations and are used for transportation, recreation, military, and research purposes. Commercial aviation involves tens of thousands of passengers flying daily on large airliners. While early concepts of flight date back centuries, the Wright brothers' 1903 flight is recognized as the first sustained, controlled, powered flight. Jet engines were introduced in the mid-20th century, providing more power than propeller engines. Modern airplanes are complex machines built by companies and can take years to design with safety testing.
![An electric aircraft runs on electric
motors rather than internal combustion
engines, with electricity coming
from fuel cells, solar cells, ultra
capacitors, power
beaming,[24]or batteries. Currently, flying
electric aircraft are mostly experimental
prototypes, including manned
and unmanned aerial vehicles, but there
are some production models on the
market already.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/airplane-161227124236/85/Airplane-12-320.jpg)
![A flying wing is a tailless aircraft which has no
definite fuselage. Most of the crew, payload and equipment
are housed inside the main wing structure.[26]
The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the
1930s and 1940s, notably by Jack Northrop and Cheston L.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/airplane-161227124236/85/Airplane-23-320.jpg)
Airplane
- 2. An airplane or airplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners.
- 3. Antecedents Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian epics. Around 400 BC in Greece, Archytas was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird- shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m (660 ft).This machine may have been suspended for its flight.
- 5. The Wright brothers flights in 1903 are recognized by the Federation Aéronautique International (FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier- than-air powered flight".
- 7. The first 'operational' jet aircraft was the German Henkel He 178, which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the Messerschmitt Me 262, the first 'operational' jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German Luftwaffe. In October 1947, the Bell X-1 was the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952.
- 8. Smaller and older propeller planes make use of reciprocating engines (or piston engines) to turn a propeller to create thrust. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined by its disk area - the area in which the blades rotate. If the area is too small, efficiency is poor, and if the area is large, the propeller must rotate at a very low speed to avoid going supersonic and creating a lot of noise, and not much thrust. Because of this limitation, propellers are favored for planes which travel at below mach .5, while jets are a better choice above that speed. Propeller engines may be quieter than jet engines (though not always) and may cost less to purchase or maintain and so remain common on light general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna 172.
- 10. Jet aircraft are propelled by jet engines, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude.
- 12. An electric aircraft runs on electric motors rather than internal combustion engines, with electricity coming from fuel cells, solar cells, ultra capacitors, power beaming,[24]or batteries. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and unmanned aerial vehicles, but there are some production models on the market already.
- 13. In World War II, the Germans deployed the Me 163 Komet rocket-powered aircraft. The first plane to break the sound barrier in level flight was a rocket plane – the Bell X-1. The later North American X-15 broke many speed and altitude records and laid much of the groundwork for later aircraft and spacecraft design.
- 14. ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed.
- 16. Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes.
- 18. The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of mThen as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of composite materials has been made.etal.
- 20. Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.
- 23. A flying wing is a tailless aircraft which has no definite fuselage. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.[26] The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by Jack Northrop and Cheston L.
- 24. Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body.
- 25. A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces lift. In contrast to a flying wing, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional fuselage, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing.
- 26. The classic airfoil section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability.
- 27. Airplanes have complex flight control systems. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the attitude (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, cockpit instruments provide information to the pilots, including flight data, engine output, navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed.
- 29. When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason- insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic. There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.