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Alien Vision
Exploring the Electromagnetic
Spectrum with Imaging Technology
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Alien Vision
Exploring the Electromagnetic
Spectrum with Imaging Technology
Austin Richards
Bellingham, Washington USA

SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010
Phone: 360/676-3290
Fax: 360/647-1445
E-mail: spie@spie.org
http://www.spie.org/
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Richards, Austin.
Alien vision: exploring the electromagnetic spectrum with imaging
technology / by Austin Richards.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8194-4142-2
1. Imaging systems. I. Title.
TK8315 .R53 2001
621.36'7—dc21 2001032049
CIP
Copyright © 2001 The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.
Production services provided by TIPS Technical Publishing.
Front Cover
The images on the front cover represent three wavebands from widely varying
regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The eye image was taken with an
indium antimonide camera operating in the 3–5 µm waveband. The truck con-
tains illegal immigrants hiding in a secret compartment within a shipment of
recycled material. This image was made with a backscatter x-ray scanner operat-
ing in the 450-keV waveband. The image in the lower right is an Aitoff projec-
tion of the entire sky in the 73-cm wavelength microwave band.
(Images courtesy of Indigo Systems Corp., American Science and Engineering,
and C. Haslam, MPIfR)

v
CONTENTS
List of Figures.......................................................................................vii
Preface................................................................................................ xi
Introduction .......................................................................................xiii
1 Infrared and Ultraviolet: The Edges of the Rainbow.................. 1
Night Vision and Surveillance with Near-IR Imaging..........................6
Forensic Imaging with Near-IR and Near-UV Imaging......................10
Animal Ultraviolet Vision .................................................................19
Optical Properties of Materials in the Near-IR and Near-UV .............21
Infrared Photography and Heat Detection.......................................27
2 Thermal Imaging: We All Glow in the Dark............................31
Midwave and Longwave IR Imaging Systems ..................................37
Surveillance and Law Enforcement ..................................................39
Thermography................................................................................42
Thermal Imaging and Biology .........................................................45
Thermal Imaging in Astronomy.......................................................48
3 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Imaging: Piercing the Veil...51
Sub-Millimeter-Wave Imaging: T-Rays.............................................53
Millimeter-Wave Imaging: Seeing through Clothing and Fog..........55
Radio Astronomy: The Foundations of Microwave Imaging .............58
Radar Imaging: A Microwave Searchlight ........................................64
Small-Scale Imaging Radar ..............................................................71
4 X Rays and Gamma Rays: Crookes Tubes and Nuclear Light ..77
High-Energy Astronomy..................................................................93
Gamma-Ray Imaging ......................................................................96
PET Scans: Observing Living Tissue with Gamma Rays.....................98


vi Contents
5 Acoustic Imaging: Seeing with Sound..................................107
Underwater Acoustic Imaging .......................................................108
Ultrasound Medical Imaging.........................................................111
Acoustic Daylight Imaging ............................................................114
Acoustic Imaging of Sound Sources ..............................................117
6 Sweeping through the Spectrum: Comparative Imagery .....123
Milky Way Images from Radio to Gamma Ray ...............................128
Milky Way Image Descriptions ......................................................128
Epilogue ...........................................................................................133
Glossary ...........................................................................................135
Bibliography and Internet Resources..................................................145
Index................................................................................................149


vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1 Electromagnetic spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Fig. 1.1 The near-UV, visible, near-IR, and SWIR wavebands. . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Fig. 1.2 Sunlight split into some of its components by a prism. . . . . . . . . . 2
Fig. 1.3 Block diagram of near-IR and near-UV photographic apparatus. . . 5
Fig. 1.4 Night-vision goggles with head mount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Fig. 1.5 Near-IR image showing dark-adapted eyes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Fig. 1.6 Three views of a factory: Visible, no camouflage;
Visible, camouflage; Near-IR, camouflage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Fig. 1.7 Pseudocolor near-IR image of San Francisco Peninsula. . . . . . . . . . .10
Fig. 1.8 Visible and SWIR images of ballpoint pen-defaced typescript.. . . . .11
Fig. 1.9 Visible and SWIR images of correction fluid-defaced typescript. . . .11
Fig. 1.10 Visible image of Natura and two details in visible and near-IR light.12
Fig. 1.11 Visible and SWIR images of a test panel with oil paint swatches.. . .13
Fig. 1.12 Image cube in visible and IR light of Dead Sea Scroll fragment. . . .15
Fig. 1.13 Magazine cover and details imaged with visible and near-UV light. 16
Fig. 1.14 Near-UV image of polar bears.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Fig. 1.16 Visible and near-UV images of skin cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Fig. 1.15 Visible and near-UV images of Canadian arctic military camouflage..18
Fig. 1.17 Visible and near-UV images of Black-Eyed Susan flowers. . . . . . . . .19
Fig. 1.18 Visible and near-UV images of Goneopteryx cleopatra. . . . . . . . . . .20
Fig. 1.19 Visible and near-UV images of coral reefs and fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Fig. 1.20 Visible and SWIR images of water in a plastic cup.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Fig. 1.21 SWIR, visible and near-UV images of a normal eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Fig. 1.22 SWIR, visible, and near-UV images of author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Fig. 1.23 Visible and SWIR images of methanol fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Fig. 1.24 Composite visible and near-UV (240–280 nm)
image of methanol fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Fig. 1.25 Composite visible and UV (240–280 nm) image of
power line corona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Fig. 1.26 Visible and SWIR images of hot and cold stove burners. . . . . . . . . .29
Fig. 2.1 The infrared spectrum in relation to visible light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Fig. 2.2 MWIR image of pyramid and sphinx.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33


viii List of Figures
Fig. 2.3 MWIR image of footprints.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Fig. 2.4 MWIR image of author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Fig. 2.5 Visible and MWIR images of author’s eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Fig. 2.6 Visible and MWIR images of a person in a polyethylene trash bag. .36
Fig. 2.7 Visible and MWIR images of a lamp and louvered window. . . . . . .36
Fig. 2.8 Cooled MWIR camera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Fig. 2.9 Block diagram of cooled MWIR camera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Fig. 2.10 LWIR image of person in smoke-filled room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Fig. 2.11 Visible and LWIR images of fired handgun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Fig. 2.12 LWIR image of burglar in darkness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Fig. 2.13 Visible and LWIR images of sheetrock and studs in a wall.. . . . . . . .41
Fig. 2.14 Thermal image of unmarked graves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Fig. 2.15 Thermal image of windshield defroster.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Fig. 2.17 Visible and MWIR images of a high-speed circuit board. . . . . . . . . .44
Fig. 2.16 Visible and MWIR images of energized transformers. . . . . . . . . . . .44
Fig. 2.18 Visible and MWIR images of blood flow in a forearm. . . . . . . . . . . .46
Fig. 2.19 MWIR image of hand with missing finger.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Fig. 2.20 Visible and MWIR images of a fingertip.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Fig. 2.21 LWIR image of a bee ball and visible image of
dead hornet dragged by bees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Fig. 2.22 Eclipsed moon imaged in 4.29-µm waveband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Fig. 3.1 The long-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum. . . .52
Fig. 3.2 T-ray image of integrated circuit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 3.3 T-ray image of leaf at 48-hour interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Fig. 3.4 Visible and T-ray images of Hershey bar with almonds.. . . . . . . . . .55
Fig. 3.5 Side view of concealed contraband under clothing. . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Fig. 3.6 Visible and MMW images of man with concealed guns. . . . . . . . . .57
Fig. 3.7 Visible and MMW images of a runway in zero-visibility fog. . . . . . .59
Fig. 3.8 Passive millimeter-wave camera on aircraft nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Fig. 3.9 Karl Jansky and his steerable 14.6-m wavelength radio antenna. . .61
Fig. 3.10 Microwave sky in the 73-cm waveband. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Fig. 3.11 Aitoff projection of the visible sky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Fig. 3.12 Block diagram of radio telescope and celestial source. . . . . . . . . . 63
Fig. 3.13 Parkes observatory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64


List of Figures ix
Fig. 3.14 Airborne radar system schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Fig. 3.15 Model of SIR-C/XSAR imaging radar antenna array. . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Fig. 3.16 Radar image of Angkor in Cambodia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Fig. 3.17 Radar image of Wadi Kufra, Libya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Fig. 3.18 Lake Vostok imaged by Radarsat with 6-cm microwaves. . . . . . . . .70
Fig. 3.19 Visible and microwave images of Venus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Fig. 3.20 Radar image of Maat Mons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Fig. 3.21 Visible and MIR images of an antitank mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Fig. 3.22 Visible and MIR images of metal structures in concrete slab.. . . . . .73
Fig. 4.1 The short-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum. . . 77
Fig. 4.2 Schematic of x-ray shadowgram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Fig. 4.3 Crookes Tube schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Fig. 4.4 First radiograph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Fig. 4.5 Hands of Mihran Kassabian, x-ray martyr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Fig. 4.6 Kassabian’s x-ray laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Fig. 4.7 X-ray studio advertisement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Fig. 4.8 Nelson x-ray power supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Fig. 4.9 Shoe-fitting fluoroscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Fig. 4.10 Radiograph of foot in shoe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Fig. 4.11 X-ray shadowgram of a lily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Fig. 4.12 Thomson Twins imaged by a fluoroscope.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Fig. 4.13 Visible and x-ray images of painting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Fig. 4.14 Mummy being loaded into CAT scanner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Fig. 4.15 CAT-scan front view of mummy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Fig. 4.16 CAT-scan cross section of mummy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 4.17 Illegal aliens concealed in truck.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Fig. 4.18 Backscatter x-ray images of a man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Fig. 4.19 The Sun imaged with soft x rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Fig. 4.20 Gamma-ray imaging with radioactive source and film. . . . . . . . . .97
Fig. 4.21 Visible and gamma-ray images of marble statue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Fig. 4.22 Schematic diagram of PET scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Fig. 4.23 Heart muscle viability indicated by PET scans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Fig. 4.24 Normal brain and brain with Alzheimer’s disease PET scans.. . . . .101
Fig. 4.25 Epileptic brain PET scan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101


x List of Figures
Fig. 4.27 Rendering of GRIS inspection of Peacekeeper missile in its silo.. . .103
Fig. 4.28 GRIS image of Peacekeeper missile warhead package.. . . . . . . . . .104
Fig. 5.1 Schematic of ship’s depth finder.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Fig. 5.2 Sonar towfish with undersea cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Fig. 5.3a Front view of sonar towfish with sonar beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Fig. 5.3b Top view of sonar towfish with sonar beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Fig. 5.4 Three ships imaged with sonar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Fig. 5.5 Sonar image of wreck showing shadowing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Fig. 5.6a Sonar scan of Lake Canton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Fig. 5.6b Detail of sonar image of bodies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Fig. 5.7 Fetal ultrasound image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Fig. 5.8 Ultrasound image of fetus with doppler false-color. . . . . . . . . . . .116
Fig. 5.9 ADONIS acoustic imaging sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Fig. 5.10a Artist’s conception of ADI target. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Fig. 5.10b Acoustic noise image of sonic target.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Fig. 5.11 Acoustic image series of TGV trainset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Fig. 5.12 TGV Thalys trainset and SYNTACAN acoustic imaging array. . . . .121
Fig. 6.1 Millimeter-wave (λ = 3300 µm).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Fig. 6.2 Longwave infrared (λ = 8–9 µm).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Fig. 6.3 Midwave infrared (λ = 3–5 µm).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Fig. 6.4 Shortwave infrared (λ = 0.9–1.68 µm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Fig. 6.5 Visible (λ = 0.4–0.7 µm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Fig. 6.6 Near-ultraviolet (λ = 0.35–0.38 µm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Fig. 6.7 X ray (λ ~ 2.5 x 10–5 µm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Fig. 6.8 Multiwavelength Milky Way images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Fig. 6.9 Five images of Vela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131


xi
PREFACE
The inspiration for Alien Vision came from two other illustrated science books
that I have long admired. Both are visual explorations of nature that use imaging
technology to transcend the limitations of human visual perception. The first is
The Powers of Ten, by Phillip and Phylis Morrison1, which takes the reader on a
pictorial journey through 40 powers of ten in size scale, starting with a one-
meter square image of a couple sleeping on a park lawn. Each successive section
of the book changes the size of the image by a factor of ten, zooming out to view
the park, then Chicago, then Lake Michigan, then North America, then Earth;
and so on, until finally the square image is so large that it encompasses a multi-
tude of galaxies. Then the “camera” zooms in on the man’s hand, on a mosquito
feeding there, then on bacteria on the mosquito, and so on, stopping at the sub-
atomic particles whirling around in the nucleus of a single atom. There is also a
movie version of this book available that includes a sequence where the observer
rushes in from viewing distant clusters of galaxies to the hand of the sleeping
man!2 The Powers of Ten explores nature in the scale domain, exploring size
scales that are much larger and much smaller than the size scale of human visual
perception.
The second book is Stopping Time—The Photographs of Harold Edgerton.3 The
photographs in this book show commonplace events captured with high-speed
cameras using electronic flash units and special shutters invented by Professor
Edgerton and his colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Events
that happen in thousandths or millionths of a second are captured on film: a
bullet passing through an apple, the first atomic bomb test an instant after deto-
nation, a football player kicking a football. The work of Edgerton is an explora-
tion of images of the world in the time domain. The Eames Office, makers of the
film version of The Powers of Ten, have also produced a film called The Powers of
Time4 which explores the universe in 37 orders of magnitude of time, from the
tiny attosecond to 31 billion years. These time scales are much shorter and much
longer than the time scale of human visual perception.
My idea was to apply this same idea of a visual exploration of the universe to
the electromagnetic spectrum itself, which could be considered the domain of
wavelength. Instead of exploring the universe in many size or time scales, my
book would take the reader on a tour of all the possible “colors” of light, from
long-wavelength radio waves to extremely short gamma rays. These are wave-
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xii Preface
lengths of light that are much longer and much shorter than the narrow wave-
length range of human visual perception. It would be as though the readers had
a knob on their heads that they could tune like a radio dial and change the
“color response” of their eyes out of the visible spectrum and into the infrared,
ultraviolet, and beyond. I worked for a time as an astronomer, and was always
fascinated by the way we observe the sky with instrumentation that extends the
human visual sense into new realms of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the
visible portion. An astronomy teacher of mine once remarked that if our eyes
could only detect radio waves instead of what we call visible light, then we
would not see the stars at all. Instead, we would see a sky full of big clouds and
swirls of cold interstellar gas, with compact radio sources sprinkled throughout.
The familiar night sky we see is only one of many possible skies overlaid on top
of one another. I wondered if hypothetical aliens on some distant planet might
see a radio sky with their peculiar visual apparatus. Aliens aside, with imaging
technology we have the ability to synthesize our own version of “alien vision.”
This book is not intended as a comprehensive survey of imaging technology.
Rather, it is a compilation of images and descriptions of imaging technology that
conveys a sense of what nature looks like when imaged with “invisible light.”
Descriptions of the imaging technology (electronic sensors and photographic
film) are nontechnical in nature, and I include pictures of actual imaging devices
only in cases where the layperson can appreciate the design of the device. I have
attempted to include a visible-light picture of the same scene or object next to
every “invisible light” image, but these visible-light counterparts were not always
available.
The majority of the research for this book was carried out through World
Wide Web searches, which uncovered many images and articles on imaging. I
located the authors of this Web content, and these helpful colleagues transmit-
ted additional articles and digital images to me via e-mail from all over the
world. I obtained many of the infrared images in Chapter 2 using cameras pro-
vided by my present employer, Indigo Systems Corporation in Santa Barbara,
California. I have attempted to obtain the highest-resolution images available,
but many of the electronic sensors used to image in invisible wavebands of light
have limited resolution, and the resulting images can appear quite grainy in
comparison with their visible-light counterparts. In some cases, the ultimate res-
olution of an image is limited by the wavelike properties of light, properties that
make it impossible to resolve features that are smaller than a wavelength. I have
used metric units throughout, and terms or jargon in boldface are included in a
glossary at the end of the book.
ch00 - Preface.fm Page xii Tuesday, June 5, 2001 2:05 PM

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments
Thanks are in order for the generosity and helpfulness of the people and organi-
zations that gave me permission to use images: Gerry Holst; Dr. Larry Yujiri of
TRW, Inc.; Graham Rockley of Ashwin Systems Corp.; Richard Hugenin of Milli-
metrix Corp.; Stan Laband, David Risdall, Ron Carrelejo, and Vu Nguyen of
Indigo Systems Corp.; Chris Johnston, Kurt Heidner, and Elliot Rittenberg of
IRcameras.com; Dr. Greg Bearman of Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Dr. Thomas Cro-
nin of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Prof. Thomas Eisner of
Cornell University; Dr. Masato Ono of Tamagawa University, Tokyo; Dr. Justin
Marshall and Kylie Jennings of the University of Queensland; Nancy Adams of
Kodak Corp.; Dr. Martin Nuss of Bell Labs—Lucent Technologies; John Perry Fish
of American Underwater Search and Survey; Dr. Michael E. Phelps of the UCLA
School of Medicine; Clive Baldock of the Queensland University of Technology;
Calvin Hamilton; Dr. Scott Klioze of the University of Florida; The American Col-
lege of Radiology; Dr. David Lilien of the Biomedical Research Foundation of
Northwest Louisiana; Yvonne Szafran of the Getty Conservation Institute; Dr.
Klaus Ziock and Dr. Steven Azevedo of the Lawrence Livermore National Labora-
tory; Zahi Lindner of Ofils Ltd., Israel; Maurizio Seracini of Editech; Peter Hore-
mans of Moulinsart, Belgium; Prof. John David Jackson of UC Berkeley; Dr. Paul
Frame of Oak Ridge Associated Universities; Shaula Coyl of the LA County
Museum of Art; Dr. David Alexander of the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astro-
physics Lab; David Leisawitz and Seth Digel of NASA; John Potter of the National
University of Singapore; Peter Taylor; Brian Nagourney; Stan Voynick; Prof. Rob-
ert Romer and Prof. Kannan Jagannathan of Amherst College; Rand Molnar of
Brooks Institute of Photography; Rick Twardy of ATNF CSIRO; Tony Bacarella of
Litton, Inc.; John Lovberg and Stuart Horn of Trex Enterprises, Inc.; Johan van
der Toorn of TNO TPD; Dr. David Zimdars and Van Rudd of Picometrix, Inc. Tho-
mas Dame of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Axel Mellinger of
the University of Potsdam; Tony Barcarella of Litton, Inc.; and Dannen Harris.
Special thanks to Prof. William Youngren for his edit of the manuscript.
—Austin Richards, Ph.D. (www.austinrichards.com)
Santa Barbara, California, April, 2001
References
1. Phillip and Phylis Morrison and the Office of Charles and Ray Eames,
The Powers of Ten, Scientific American Library, New York (1982).
2. See www.eamesoffice.com.
3. Harold Edgerton, Stopping Time—The Photographs of Harold Edgerton,
Abrams, New York (1987).
4. Eames Demetrios, The Powers of Time (1996), for the Eames Office.
ch00 - Preface.fm Page xiii Tuesday, June 5, 2001 2:05 PM

xv
INTRODUCTION
At each end of the solar spectrum the chemist can detect the pres-
ence of what are known as “actinic” rays. They represent colors—
integral colors in the composition of light—which we are unable to
discern. The human eye is an imperfect instrument; its range is but a
few octaves of the real “chromatic scale.” I am not mad; there are
colors that we cannot see. And, God help me! The Damned thing is
of such a color!
—- From “The Damned Thing” by Ambrose Bierce (1893)
Vision ranks highest in the hierarchy of human senses. Our eyesight informs our
perception of the world to a tremendous extent. We grow so accustomed to see-
ing the world in the way we do that it is easy to forget that our vision is, in cer-
tain respects, quite limited. For example, the optical properties of the eye are
such that we cannot resolve objects below a certain size scale without a micro-
scope or magnifying lens. Nor is the eye infinitely fast in its response time. The
chemical and electrical properties of the eye and brain impose speed limits on
human visual perception: events such as the motion of a bullet through an apple
occur in time scales too small to perceive. Stopping the flight of the bullet
requires cameras with very fast shutter speeds or strobe lights. In both of these
cases, imaging technology enhances human visual perception, enabling us to
explore the world of very small things and very fast things.
Imaging technology can also explore another fundamental limitation of
human visual perception—one that concerns the nature of light itself. When we
look at a candle flame, light emitted by the hot gases travels into our eye and
produces chemical and electrical signals that the brain interprets as an image.
But the human eye is sensitive to light only within a narrow range of color, and
when one looks at a candle flame, one sees only a fraction of all the light emitted
by the flame! We distinguish these two classes of light in the following way. We
call the light that our eyes use for vision visible light. Visible light comes in all
the colors of the rainbow, from red to violet. Light that falls outside of this color
range does not produce a visual sensation. Hereafter we will refer to this as invis-
ible light. It should be noted that invisible light does not have “color” as we
know it, since color is a construct of human perception rather than an absolute
property of light. A bit later, I will define more appropriate means of describing
the quality we call color of both visible and invisible light.
!

xvi Introduction
Invisible light surrounds us at all times, even when our eyes tell us we are in
the dark, and objects that appear non-luminous to the eye are always emitting
invisible light. Many sources of visible light, such as the Sun, are also copious
emitters of invisible light. A beam of sunlight passed through a prism splits into
a rainbow pattern of colors from red through violet. At each end of the pattern
the colors appear to fade into darkness, but this effect is a limitation of the eye.
That apparent darkness contains invisible light, for the pattern from the prism
extends out beyond what the eye sees, and we can detect it with imaging tech-
nology. In fact, there is an almost infinite range of light beyond the visible.
Imagine that you could only hear one note out of the 88 notes on a piano, or
that the only color you could see was one particular shade of green, and you will
have some idea of the limitations of our visual apparatus. We do not normally
think about this ubiquitous invisible light, just as we do not normally think
about the fact that we exist at the bottom of an ocean of air that is many miles
deep. But invisible light is there nonetheless, and very interesting things are
revealed when we use it to image the world. In most cases, an image of an object
or scene made with invisible light is totally different from an image of the same
object or scene made with visible light. The reason for this is that some materials
heavily absorb visible light, yet freely pass invisible light, while others pass visi-
ble light, but strongly absorb invisible light. An object or material that we think
of as opaque such as a block of wood may appear transparent to an invisible-
light imaging system and, conversely, objects or materials that are transparent to
visible light such as window glass may appear opaque when imaged with invisi-
ble light. This book contains images (made with visible and invisible light) and
descriptions of both types of materials.
Imaging with invisible light is a relatively recent advance, requiring technol-
ogy invented since the end of the 19th century. In recent decades, the technol-
ogy of imaging with invisible light has grown at an amazing rate, especially in
the area of electronic detectors. Whenever possible for purposes of comparison,
images made with invisible light are presented alongside images of the same
scene or object made with visible light. In the cases when only the image made
with light from outside our color perception range is shown, the visible-light
image was either not available, would be completely black, or is obvious as to its
appearance.
Describing Invisible Light
Since we cannot see invisible light with our eyes, we cannot describe it by its color.
A different convention is needed, one based on the physical properties of light
itself. What is light, and what property of it is perceived as color by the eye? Clas-
sical physics describes light as an electromagnetic wave that propagates at a
!

Introduction xvii
fixed speed through empty space, a disturbance in the electromagnetic field.
Scientists describe the “color” of an electromagnetic wave, or lightwave, in terms
of its wavelength, its frequency or its energy. The wavelength of light is
defined as the distance between crests of waves that propagate in the electromag-
netic field. If one places a free electric charge in the path of the wave, the charge
will move in response to the oscillations of the electromagnetic field of the wave,
just as a buoy moves up and down on the surface of the ocean when water waves
pass underneath it. The frequency of a lightwave is defined as the number of oscil-
lations of the electromagnetic field per second. The wavelength and frequency of
an electromagnetic wave are related by the following expression:
c = λν
where c is the speed of light in empty space, λ is the wavelength and ν is the
frequency. Note that frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to
each other: the higher the frequency of the lightwave, the shorter the wave-
length. The energy of light is defined in the following way. Quantum theory
predicts that lightwaves transfer energy to matter and vice versa in discrete bun-
dles called photons. The energy of a photon in a lightwave is related to its fre-
quency of the lightwave by the expression E = hν, where ν is the frequency and h
is Planck’s constant. Wavelength, frequency, and energy are all used to describe
lightwaves, and the full range of wavelengths, frequencies, or energies of light is
called the electromagnetic spectrum.
The various colors of visible light are described generally in terms of wave-
length, since it is the easiest parameter to measure directly. For example, some
red laser pointers emit light with a wavelength of 635 nanometers, abbreviated
as nm. Wavelength is a very useful way to describe light in the middle regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum, but it is not so useful at the edges. At very high
energies the wavelength of light is so short and its frequency so high that it is
impractical to measure either its wavelength or frequency, and therefore it is
conventional to quantify a lightwave by the amount of energy it transfers in a
collision with matter, that is, the energy of its photons. At very low energies, the
wavelengths of lightwaves become very long and difficult to measure, while fre-
quencies can be measured directly. Thus, these very low energy lightwaves are
described in terms of frequency. I will use all three descriptors throughout this
book, with a bias toward wavelength.
Figure 1 is a diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength indi-
cated in metric length units. The energy of light decreases with wavelength;
thus, energy decreases from top to bottom in the figure. The range of wave-
lengths shown spans 13 powers of ten, and is divided into regions called wave-
bands. The diagram does not represent the entire electromagnetic spectrum, but
it encompasses the wavelengths of light used to make the images in this book
and the vast majority of wavelengths of light studied by scientists. The most
!

xviii Introduction
familiar classifications of wavebands are indicated by regions that span a portion
of the spectrum, the radiowave, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-
ray and gamma-ray wavebands. These regions are not strict definitions—there
is some overlap between wavebands, and there are also subclassifications within
wavebands. These sub-bands are described in more detail in subsequent chapters.
Visible light, the light that our eyes use to collect visual information, is merely a
narrow strip within the scale of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our eyes see light
in the wavelength range from 400 to 750 nm, and that is all!
The visible waveband is flanked by the infrared, or “below red,” and ultravio-
let (beyond violet) wavebands. These names are based on the wavebands’ posi-
tion in the spectrum relative to visible light, but the other wavebands have
names that are quite independent of any reference to visible light, or even light
at all. This naming convention is a consequence of the history of their discov-
ery—x rays and gamma rays, for example, were initially thought to be particles
Figure 1 Electromagnetic spectrum.
!

Introduction xix
(or “rays”) rather than lightwaves. It is often more convenient to describe x rays
and gamma rays in terms of energy rather than wavelength or frequency, since
the wavelengths are so extremely short and the frequencies so high that they can
be difficult or impossible to measure directly. Microwaves and radiowaves are
also lightwaves; though, like x rays and gamma rays, they interact with matter in
a manner that is very different from visible light. Most people do not think of
radiowaves as low-energy cousins of visible lightwaves. But they are indeed light-
waves, and are often described in terms of their frequency, since we can directly
measure the oscillation frequency of electric charges disturbed by passing radio-
waves.
Each chapter of this book describes a different waveband of the electromag-
netic spectrum, with selected images to illustrate the unique properties of that
waveband. We begin with the infrared and ultraviolet wavebands, since the
imaging technology—such as cameras, film, and filters—is familiar at these
wavelengths near to our own visual range. As we move further out into the spec-
trum in subsequent chapters, we will encounter images produced by the more
exotic technologies needed to image thermal infrared, microwave, and radio
wavebands; yet we will still be in the range of light that is emitted by objects
(such as people, animals and machines) at terrestrial temperatures. Then we will
explore the highest-energy, shortest-wavelength region of the spectrum, where
light is either manmade, such as that produced by an x-ray tube or radar trans-
mitter, or produced in the extreme temperature conditions found in some celes-
tial objects or in nuclear explosions; or by radioactive decay. Some of the
imaging devices used at the extreme ends of the electromagnetic spectrum look
nothing like a visible-light camera, but they produce images that can be visually
interpreted. We will also examine images produced by sound waves for those
cases where imaging with lightwaves is impossible, such as with a ship sunk at
the bottom of a murky harbor. In the final chapter we will study a scene or object
as seen through various wavelengths of light, turning that imaginary knob on
our head to adjust the wavelength of the light we see. But first, on to the edges of
the rainbow: the infrared and the ultraviolet wavebands of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
!

1
1
INFRARED AND ULTRAVIOLET:
THE EDGES OF THE RAINBOW
The near-infrared (near-IR) and near-ultraviolet (near-UV) wavebands flank
the visible spectrum of light. Their relationship to the visible waveband is shown
in Fig. 1.1, along with the SWIR waveband, described shortly. The chemistry of
our eyes bounds our color vision; near-IR photons do not have enough energy to
stimulate our eyes, and the lenses of our eyes block near-UV light. Though we
cannot see these “colors” of light, they are close cousins to ones we can see. The
optical properties of glass and photographic film in the near-IR and near-UV
wavebands are similar enough to their properties in the visible waveband for sci-
entists to have been able to image in the near-IR and near-UV wavebands using
special filters and films for nearly a century. These modified camera systems
reveal a surprising view of familiar objects and materials. The changed appear-
ance of the familiar, or the revelation of things unseen is the essence of alien
vision; i.e., the imaging of the world in wavebands of light that human eyes can-
not see. “Alien vision” suggests extraterrestrial beings who see with invisible
light, yet there are familiar creatures around that see light that we cannot. For
instance, butterflies, birds, and honeybees are sensitive to near-UV light. Ultravi-
olet vision is quite common in the animal kingdom, particularly among inverte-
brates. In fact, there are many examples of markings and patterns on animals
and plants that appear to act as signals or cues to animals with near-UV vision.
These markings were unknown until the advent of ultraviolet imaging technol-
ogy in the early part of the 20th
century.
Light in both the near-IR and the near-UV wavebands is easy to generate with
a prism. Let a narrow shaft of sunlight enter a darkened room. Place a glass prism
on a table so as to intersect the shaft of light, and place a white screen behind
the prism. The prism refracts or bends the light rays according to their color,
with red bent the least and violet bent the most. This wavelength-dependent
Figure 1.1 The near-UV, visible, near-IR, and SWIR wavebands.
Visible
400-750 nm
Near-IR
750-1100 nm
Increasing
Wavelength
Near-UV
200-400 nm
SWIR
1100-2500 nm

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Polyxenidas, a Rhodian, commander of Antiochus’s fleet, defeated by the
Romans, xxxvi. 45.
Imposes on the Rhodian commander, defeats and kills him,
xxxvii. 10, 11.
Is defeated by the Romans and Rhodians, 30.
Pomærium, i. 26, 44.
Pometia, see Suessa.
Pompeii, ix. 38.
Pompeius, L., military tribune, xlii. 65.
Pomponius, L., præfect of allies, xxiv. 1.
——, ——, an infamous farmer of the revenues, 3.
——, Matho, Man., master of horse, abdicates, because his appointment
proved to be irregular, xxii. 33.
Prætor, 35; xxii. 55; xxiii. 24; xxvi. 23.
——, —— ——, plebeian ædile, xxviii. 10.
——, M., deputed to carry an offering to Delphi, xxviii. 45.
Prætor, xxix. 11.
Appointed to command a fleet, xxx. 2.
——, M., plebeian tribune, protests against a war with Rhodes, xlv. 21.
——, Sex., xxi. 51.
——, M., plebeian tribune, accuses L. Manlius, whose son deters him
from the prosecution, vii. 45.
Pomptine tribe, vii. 15.
——, lands, ii. 34. iv. 25; vi. 5, 21.
Wasted by locusts, xlii. 2.
Pontiff, chief, created by Numa, his duties and privileges, i. 20; iv. 44.
Inferior pontiffs, xxii. 57.
Pontificius, Ti., plebeian tribune, proposer of the Agrarian law, ii. 44.
Pontius Cominius, swimming down the Tiber, conveys intelligence from
Camillus to the besieged in the Capitol, v. 46.
——, C., Samnite general, shuts up the Roman army in the defiles of
Caudium, and sends them under the yoke, ix. 1—15.
Popilius Sabellus, C., distinguishes himself in fight, xli. 4.
——, Lænas, C., consul, xlii. 9.
Ambassador to Antiochus and Ptolemy, xliv. 19; xlv. 10.
——, ——, M., consul, overthrows the Tiburtians, vii. 12.
Again consul, 17.
A third time, 23.
A fourth, 26.
——, M., consul, ix. 21.
——, P., ambassador to Syphax, xxvii. 4.
——, T., xxvi. 6.
Porcian law, x. 9.

Porcius Licinius, L., lieutenant-general, xxvi. 6.
Plebeian ædile, xxvii. 6.
Prætor, xxxv. 39.
——, L., consul, xxxix. 33.
——, Licinius, L., xl. 34.
——, Cato, M., quæstor to Scipio, xxix. 25.
Consul, xxxiii. 42.
Pleads in support of the Oppian law, xxxiv. 2.
Goes into Spain, 8.
And effectually subdues all the country as far as the Iberus,
17.
Triumphs, 46.
Shows himself a bitter enemy to Scipio Africanus, xxxviii. 54.
Censor, xxxix. 41.
Acts with strict severity, 42, 44.
Favours the Rhodians xlv. 25.
Porcius Cato, M., prætor, xxxii. 7.
Porsenna, Lar, or Lartes, king of Clusium, entertains the Tarquins, and
makes war on the Romans, ii. 9.
Besieges Rome, 11.
Restores the hostages, and concludes a treaty of friendship
with the Romans, 15.
Porsenna’s goods for sale, whence the phrase, ii. 14.
Postumia, a vestal, rebuked for too much attention to dress, iv. 44.
Postumius, A., dictator, vanquishes the Latins at Regillus, and triumphs,
ii. 19, 20.
Is made consul, 21.
——, Albus, A., consul, iii. 4.
Ambassador to the Æquans, is affronted by their general, 25.
——, Regillensis, A., consular tribune, overpowers the Tarquinians, v. 16.
Again consular tribune, vi. 22.
——, Tibertus, A., master of horse, iv. 23.
Dictator; defeats the Æquans and Volscians, 26, 29.
——, Albinus, A., prætor, xxxix. 23.
——, ——, Luscus, A., consul, xl. 35.
Censor, xli. 27.
——, Luscus, A., commissioner to settle Macedonia, xlv. 17.
——, Albinius, L., consular tribune, vi. 1.
Again, 22.
——, Megellus, L., consul, triumphs over the Samnites, ix. 44.
Proprætor, x. 26.
Again consul, 32.

Triumphs over Etruria, in opposition to the senate and people,
37.
——, L., consul elect, cut off with his army in the wood Litina, xxiii. 24.
——, Albinus, L., prætor, xl. 35.
Triumphs over Lusitania, xli. 7.
Consul, 28.
Candidate for the censorship, xliii. 14.
Flamen Quirinalis, xlv. 15.
——, M., consular tribune, iv. 31.
Fined 10,000 asses, 41.
——, Albinus, M., consular tribune, v. i.
——, Regillensis, M., consular tribune, iv. 49.
Stoned by his army, 50.
——, Purgensis, M., a contractor for supplying the armies, outlawed, and
his property confiscated, for fraudulent practices, xxiv. 3, 4.
——, P., consul, triumphs over the Sabines, ii. 16.
——, Sp., consul, iii. 2. Decemvir, 33.
——, Albus, Sp., consular tribune, v. 26.
Overcomes the Æquans, 28.
——, Sp., consul, iv. 16.
Censor, 17.
Master of horse, 23.
Again consul, ix. 1.
Is sent under the yoke at Caudium, 6.
——, Regillensis, Sp., censor, vi. 27.
——, Albinus, Sp., prætor, xxxvii. 47.
Consul, xxxix. 6.
Augur, 45.
Potidania, xxviii. 8.
Potitian family, priests of Hercules, i. 7.
Delegate the office to slaves, and the family becomes extinct,
ix. 29.
Præneste, vi. 29; vii. 12.
Prænestines revolt, vi. 21.
Are conquered, and the statue of Imperial Jupiter is removed
to Rome, 28.
They aid the Pedans, and are punished, iv. 12, 14.
Five hundred Prænestines defend Casilinum, xxiii. 17, 19.
Are rewarded, 20.
Prærogative century, v. 18; x. 22.
Prætor, chosen out of the patricians to administer justice in the city, vi.
42; vii. 1.

Was elected under the same auspices, and considered as a
colleague of the consuls, iii. 55; iv. 32.
The first plebeian, iv. 1.
Prætorium, general’s pavilion, vii. 12.
Prætutian lands, xxii. 9; xxvii. 45.
Praxo, a woman of distinction at Delphi, confidant of Perseus, xlii. 15,
17.
Priene, xxxviii. 13.
Priests chosen by Numa out of the patricians, i. 20.
Plebeians added, x. 6, 8.
Primigenia, Fortuna, xxix. 36.
Prince or chief of the senate, the mode of choosing him altered, xxvii.
11.
Prison, first, built in Rome, i. 33.
Private prisons, vi. 36.
Privernum, the inhabitants ravage the Roman territory, vii. 15.
Are defeated, and their city taken, by C. Marcius, 16.
Renew the war, are conquered, and two parts of their lands
taken from them, iv. 1.
Again commence hostilities, are conquered, and their senate
banished beyond the Tiber, 19, 20.
Undaunted reply of one of their ambassadors, 21.
Procas, king of Alba, i. 3.
Proconsul, first mentioned by Livy, iii. 4.
The first who was continued in command on the expiration of
his consulate, Publius Philo, iv. 26.
Proconsuls had no authority in the city, xxvi. 9.
Proculus Giganius Maurinus, consul, iv. 12.
——, ——, Julius, i. 16.
——, ——, Virginius, consul, his contest with his colleague about the
Agrarian law, ii. 41.
Prodictator, Q. Fabius Maximus, xxii. 8.
Propontis, sea, xxxviii. 16, 18.
Prosecution, capital, ii. 52.
Pecuniary, xxvi. 3.
Proserpine, xxiv. 39.
Her temple at Locri robbed by Pleminius, xxix. 7.
Complaint made by the Locrians, 18.
By the prætor Minucius, xxxi. 12;
who replaces the treasure, 13.
See xxix. 20, 21.
Proxenus, Ætolian, poisoned by his wife, xli. 25.

Prusias, king of Bithynia, solicited by Antiochus to join him in war
against the Romans, is prevented by a letter from Scipio Africanus,
xxxvii. 25.
After giving refuge to Hannibal, he consents to surrender him
to T. Quintius, xxxix. 51.
Proposes to mediate between the Romans and Perseus, xliv.
14.
Comes to Rome, and behaves with abject meanness, xlv. 44.
Prytanis, the title of the chief magistrate of Rhodes, xlii. 45.
Pteleum, xxxv. 43.
Is demolished, xlii. 67.
Ptolemy Philopater, king of Egypt, his statue affords refuge to Magius the
Capuan, xxiii. 10.
He renews a treaty of friendship with the Romans, xxvii. 4.
Offers to repress the inroads of Philip xxxi. 9.
——, king of Egypt, xxxii. 33.
Marries the daughter of Antiochus, xxxv. 13.
——, and Cleopatra, king and queen of Egypt, offer aid to the Romans
against Antiochus, xxxvii. 3.
Implore their assistance against him, xliv. 19.
The elder Ptolemy is reconciled to his brother and sister, and
received in Alexandria, xlv. 11.
They are saved from the attempts of Antiochus by Roman
ambassadors, 12.
Publicans, farmers of the revenue, furnish supplies to the troops at their
own expense, on being promised payment when money should
come into the treasury, xxiii. 48, 49.
Fraudulent practices and turbulent behaviour of some of them,
xxiv. 3, 4.
Publicius Bibulus, C., plebeian tribune, his charges against Marcellus and
the patricians, xxvii. 21.
——, L., military tribune, xxii. 53.
Publilian tribe added, vii. 15.
Publilius, C., confined for his father’s debts, iv. 28.
——, Volscus, L., consular tribune, v. 12.
——, Q., plebeian tribune, during the dissensions excited by Manlius,
supports the cause of the senate, vi. 19;
and commences a prosecution against Manlius, 20.
——, Philo, Q., consul, defeats the Latins, is nominated dictator, procures
laws to be passed in favour of the commons, iv. 12.
He is the first plebeian prætor. 15.
Is made master of horse, 16.
Censor, 17.

Consul a second time, 22.
He is the first person continued in command on the expiration
of his consulate, and the first that triumphed when out of
office, 26.
Consul a third time, ix. 7.
He vanquishes the Samnites, 13-15.
——, T., plebeian augur, x. 9.
——, Volero, a plebeian, refuses to enlist in the army, and appeals to the
tribunes and to the people, ii. 55.
Is chosen plebeian tribune, 56.
Proposes a law, that plebeian magistrates should be elected in
assemblies of the tribes;
is re-elected tribune, ibid.
Publilius, Volero, consular tribune, v. 13.
Pupinian district, xxvi. 9.
Pupius, Cn., a commissioner to build a temple of Concord, xxii. 33.
——, L., candidate for the prætorship, xxxix. 39.
Prætor, 45.
——, P., one of the first plebeian quæstors, iv. 54.
Puteoli, xxiv. 12; xxiv. 22; xxvi. 17.
Attacked in vain by Hannibal, xxiv. 13.
Pydna, xliv. 6, 10, 42.
Sacked by the Romans, 45.
Pylæ, or Thermopylæ, xxxii. 4.
Pylæmenes, king of the Heneti, i. 1.
Pylaic council, xxxiii. 35.
Pylos, xxvii. 30.
Pyra, on mount Œta, the place were Hercules was burned, xxxvi. 30.
Pyrene, promontory, xxvi. 19.
Pyrenæan mountains, ii. 23.
Harbour, xxxiv. 8.
Pyrgus, fort, xxvii. 32.
Pyrrheum, fort, at Ambracia, xxxviii. 5, 6.
Pyrrhias, prætor of Ætolia, defeated by Philip, xxvii. 30.
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, his kind treatment of Roman prisoners, xxii. 59.
His character mentioned by Scipio, xxxv. 14.
He was warned by the Romans to guard against poison, xxxix.
51.
His dishonourable death a punishment for robbing the temple
of Proserpine, xxix. 17.
Pyrrhus’s camp, name of a place in Macedonia, xxxii. 13; xxxv. 27.
Pythagoras, the Samian philosopher, posterior to Numa, i. 18.

Some supposed that Numa’s books were written by him, xl.
29.
——, son-in-law of Nabis, governor of Sparta, xxxiv. 25.
Makes a vigorous defence, 39.
Pythian Apollo, his answer brought by Fabius Pictor the historian, xxiii.
11.
Pythium, xlii. 53; xliv. 2, 35.
Pytho, Macedonian, governor of Cassandrea, repulses the Romans, xliv.
12.
Quadrants, contributed by the people to bury Valerius, iii. 18.
Quadrigati, coin so called, xxii. 52.
Quadrireme, galley of four banks of oars, xxx. 25.
Quadruplator, a term of reproach, iii. 72.
Quæstors, first mentioned by Livy, ii. 41.
Their number doubled, iv. 43.
First plebeian, 54.
Quæstorium, part of a camp taken by the Samnites, x. 32.
Quinquatrus, feast of Minerva, lasting five days, xxvi. 27; xliv. 20.
Quinquereme, five-banked galley, xxi. 17.
Quintian family, iii. 12.
Meadows, 26.
Quintii, Albans made Roman senators i. 30.
Quintilis, month, the nones appointed for the Apollinarian games, xxvii.
23.
Calling magistrates into office, v. 32.
Knights reviewed, ix. 46.
Quintilius Varus, xxx. 1.
——, Cn., dictator, to drive a nail in the Capitol, iv. 18.
——, Varus, M., consular tribune v. 1.
——, M., xxx. 18.
——, Varus, P., prætor, xxix. 38; xxx. 1.
Defeats Mago in Insubrian Gaul, 18.
——, ——, flamen of Mars, xliv. 18.
——, Sextus, consul, iii. 42.
——, Varus, T., xxxix. 31.
Quintius Cincinnatus, consular tribune, iv. 49.
——, Cæso, warmly opposes the tribunes, iii. 11.
Is falsely charged with murder, is the first that gives bail to the
people, goes into exile, 13.
——, Flamininus, Cæso, commissioner to build a temple of Concord, xxii.
33.
——, Cincinnatus, C., consular tribune, vi. 32.

——, Capitolinus, Cn., first curule ædile, vii. 1.
——, D., of obscure birth, remarkable for bravery and conduct,
commander of a Roman fleet, is killed in a sea-fight with the
Tarentines, xxvi. 39.
——, L., military tribune, iv. 25.
——, Cincinnatus, L., supplicates the people in favour of his son Cæso,
iii. 12.
Consul, 19.
Refuses to be re-elected consul, 21.
Is called from the plough to the dictatorship, 26.
Surrounds and vanquishes the Æquans, and sends them under
the yoke, 27, 28.
Is presented by his army with a golden crown, and triumphs,
29.
A candidate for the decemvirate, fails, 35.
Executes the business of censor with moderation, iv. 6.
Is again dictator, 13.
——, L., son of Cincinnatus, consular tribune, iv. 16.
Consular tribune, 35.
Again, 44.
A fourth time, vi. 6.
Again, 32.
Recovers Tusculum, 33.
——, Capitolinus, L., consular tribune, vi. 11.
——, Flamininus, L., augur, xxiv. 2.
Prætor, xxxi. 49.
——, Crispinus, L., prætor, xxxix. 6.
Commissioner of a colony, 55.
Triumphs over the Celtiberians and Lusitanians, xxxix. 42.
——, Flamininus, L., brother of the consul Titus, admiral of the fleet on
the coast of Greece, xxxii. 16.
Consul, xxxv. 10.
Is expelled the senate for barbarous cruelty, xxxix. 42.
Quintius Cincinnatus, P., consular tribune, iv. 61.
——, Q., consular tribune, vi. 36.
——, Barbatus Capitolinus, T., consul, appeases the fury of the populace,
ii. 56.
Is thanked by the senate, 57.
A favourite of the soldiers, 60.
Is raised again to the consulship by the patricians, and by a
stratagem defeats the Volscians, 64.
Commissioner of a colony, iii. 1.

Consul a third time, 2.
Proconsul, rescues the consul from imminent danger, 4, 5.
Pleads in favour of Cæso Quintius, 12, 13.
Quæstor, arraigns Volscius, on whose evidence Cæso had
been condemned, 25.
A candidate for the censorship, is disappointed, 35.
A fourth time consul, 66.
His character, 69.
He defeats the Æquans and Volscians, 70.
Interrex, iv. 7.
A fifth time consul, 8.
A sixth, he nominates L. Quintius Cincinnatus dictator, 13.
Supplicates the people in favour of T. Quintius, son of
Cincinnatus, 41.
——, Cincinnatus Pennus, T., iv. 26.
His disputes with his colleague, and activity in the field, 27, 29.
Again consul, 30.
Consular tribune; unsuccessful at Veii, 31.
Shares in victory with the dictator, 32, 33.
Is brought to trial, and acquitted, 41.
——, Capitolinus, T., son of Capitolinus, consul, iv. 43.
——, Cincinnatus, T., consular tribune, vi. 4.
Again, 18.
Dictator; he subdues the Prænestines, 28, 29.
And in his triumph conveys to the Capitol the image of
Imperial Jove, brought from Præneste.
——, Capitolinus, T., consular tribune, and master of horse, vi. 11.
——, T., consular tribune, vi. 38.
——, Pennus, T., master of horse, vi. 42.
——, T., dictator, vii. 9.
Consul, 18.
——, Pennus, T., consul, vii. 22.
——, T., chosen as leader by the troops in mutiny, vii. 39, 41.
——, ——, commissioner of a colony, iv. 16.
——, Crispinus, T., appointed by Marcellus to the command of a fleet,
xxiv. 39.
Prætor, xxvii. 6.
Consul, 21.
Is wounded, 27.
Disconcerts a scheme of Hannibal, 28.
Dies of his wound, 33.

——, —— ——, his singular encounter with Badius, a Campanian, xxiv.
18.
——, Flamininus, T., curule ædile, exhibits stage plays with great
magnificence, xxxi. 4.
Consul, xxxii. 7.
Sails to Greece, 9.
Holds a conference with Philip, without effect, 10.
Defeats Philip, 12.
Is obliged to raise the siege of Atrax, 18.
Holds another conference with Philip, which produces a truce,
but not a peace, 32, 37.
Gives Philip a total overthrow, xxxiii. 9, 10.
Concludes a peace with him, 13, 24, 30.
Proclaims liberty to the states of Greece, 32.
Leads an army to Argo, xxxiv. 25.
Lays siege to Lacedæmon, 26.
Refuses at first to listen to Nabis, and afterwards grants him
peace, 40.
Triumphs during three days, 52.
Procures the siege of Naupactum to be raised, xxxvi. 35.
Censor, xxxvii. 58; xxxviii. 28.
Augur, xlv. 44.
Quirinal flamen created by Numa, i. 20.
——, hill added to the city, i. 44.
Quirinus, i. 20; v. 52; iv. 9.
His temple, iv. 21.
Dedicated, and adorned with spoils of the enemy, x. 46.
Quirites, why so called, i. 13.
Quiritian trench made by Anc. Marcius i. 33.
Rabuleius, Man., decemvir, iii. 35.
Racilia, wife of Quintius Cincinnatus, iii. 26.
Ramnius, L., a Brundusian, tempted by Perseus to poison the Roman
ambassadors and officers, discovers the matter to the Romans, xlii.
17, 41.
Ramnenses, or Ramnes, one of the first tribes, and a century of knights,
i. 13, 36; x. 6.
Reate, xxiv. 7; xxvi. 11.
Promises soldiers to Scipio, xxviii. 45.
Red rocks, ii. 49.
Sea, xlv. 9.
Regillum, town of the Sabines, ii. 16.
Regillus, lake, near which Postumias routed the Latins, ii. 19, 20; vi. 2.

Religion established by Numa, i. 19.
A passion for foreign religious rites prevails, iv. 30.
Religious worship performed with more piety than
magnificence, iii. 57.
The bad consequences of introducing foreign modes of
worship, xxiv. 1.
Remus, made prisoner, and given up to Amulius; assists in restoring his
grandfather, and is slain by his brother, i. 5.
Retius, M., ambassador to Gaul, xxvii. 36.
Revenue managed by the censors, iv. 8.
Rhaphia, xxxv. 13.
Rhæteum, promontory, xxxvii. 9, 37; xxxviii. 39.
Rhætians, v. 33.
Rhea Sylvia, i. 3, 4.
Rhegium, faithful to the Romans, xxiii. 30.
Attempted by the Carthaginians, xxiv. 1; xxvi. 12; xxix. 6.
Furnishes the Romans with a supply of ships, xxxvi. 42.
Rhinocolura, xlv. 11.
Rhion, or Rhium, strait between Naupactum and Patræ, being the
entrance to the bay of Corinth, xxvii. 30; xxviii. 7.
Rhisiasus, of Pellene, threatens his son Memnon with death, if he
persists in obstructing the proceedings of a council of the Achæans,
xxxii. 22.
Rhizon, xlv. 26.
Rhodians, send ambassadors to compose disputes between Philip and
the Ætolians, xxvii. 30; xxviii. 7.
Send a fleet to aid the Romans against Philip, xxxi. 46.
Recover Peræa from the Macedonians, xxxiii. 18.
Join their fleet to the Roman against Antiochus, xxxvii. 9.
Defeat his fleet, commanded by Hannibal, xxiii. 24.
Again, in conjunction with the Romans, defeat Polyxenidas, 30.
Receive Lycia and Caria, after the reduction of Antiochus,
xxxviii. 39.
Send to the Roman consul a menacing embassy in favour of
Perseus, xliv. 14.
Implore pardon of the Roman ambassadors, and punish the
advisers of their misconduct, xlv. 10.
Juvencius Thalna, prætor, proposes to the Roman
commissioners a declaration of war against Rhodes, and is
opposed by the tribunes, 21.
Rhoduntia, one of the summits of mount Œta, near Thermopylæ, xxxvi.
16, 18.
Rhone, xxi. 31; xxvii. 39.

Crossed by Hannibal, xxi. 26.
Rings laid aside in mourning, ix. 7.
Rome, built by Romulus, i. 16.
Augmented by the destruction of Alba, 30.
Surrounded with a stone wall, 38.
Besieged by Porsenna, ii. 11.
Sacked and burned by the Gauls, v. 41, 42.
Rebuilt, 55, and vi. 4.
Its situation and advantages described, v. 54.
Doubled by the accession of the Sabines, i. 13.
Attempted by Hannibal, xxvi. 10.
Suffers much by fire, xxiv. 47; xxvi. 27.
Romans, their magnanimity, iv. 6.
Love of liberty, ii. 15. vi. 19.
Moderation in prosperity, xxx. 42.
Fortitude in adversity, ix. 3.
Love of their country, xxiii. 49; xxiv. 18; xxvi. 36.
Gratitude to its friends, ii. 10, 13; v. 47.
Justice, v. 27.
Regard to religion, i. 21.
Military abilities, ix. 17, 19. See Army, Camp, Discipline.
They long held poverty in honour, see Poverty.
It is the character of a Roman, both to act and to suffer with
fortitude, ii. 12.
Romilius, T., consul, brought to trial on a charge made by Cl. Cicero, iii.
31.
Decemvir, 33.
Romular, afterwards Ruminal, fig-tree, i. 4.
Romulea taken by the Romans, x. 17.
Romulus Sylvius, king of Alba, i. 3.
——. son of Rhea, kills his brother Remus; builds a city on the Palatine
hill, and, from his own name, calls it Rome, i. 16.
Forms the government, enlarges the city, opens a sanctuary,
and forms a senate, 8.
Orders the seizure of the Sabine women, 9.
Overthrows the Cæninians, killing their king, offers the grand
spoils to Jupiter Feretrius, and dedicates to him the first
temple in Rome, 10.
Defeats the Antemnians and Crustumnians, 11.
Distressed in battle with the Sabines, vows a temple to Jupiter
Stator, 12.
Makes peace with the Sabines, and divides the city into thirty
curias, 13.

Conquers the Fidentians and Veians, appoints three hundred
celeres to guard his person, 15.
Dies, and is esteemed a divinity, 16.
Rorarian soldiers, iv. 8.
Roscius, L., Roman ambassador, killed by order of Tolumnius, iv. 17.
Ruscino, where some states of Gaul assembled, with intent to oppose
Hannibal, xxi. 24.
——, a sea-port in Africa, xxx. 10.
Rusellan lands, x. 4.
Wasted, and the city taken, 37.
Rutilius Crassus, Sp., consular tribune, iv. 47.
——, P., plebeian tribune, warmly opposes the censors, and brings them
to trial, xliii. 16.
Is fined, and disfranchised, xliv. 16.
——, Calvus, P., prætor, xlv. 44.
Rutulians vanquished by Æneas, i. 2.
By Tarquinius the Proud, 57.
Sabatine tribe, vi. 5.
Sabatines, xxvi. 33.
Sabellan cohorts, x. 19.
Country, iv. 1.
Sabine women seized by the Romans, i. 9.
Put an end to the fight between the Romans and Sabines;
their names given to the curias, 13.
Sabines make war on the Romans, i. 9, 10.
Seize the citadel, 11.
Maintain a furious fight, and afterwards make a peace, 13.
Are attacked and conquered by T. Hostilius, 30, 31.
Those who removed to Rome with Tatius reside on the Capitol
and citadel, 33.
The Sabines are attacked, and defeated by Tarquinius, 36, 37.
Make preparations for war, ii. 16.
Sue for peace, 18.
Make a predatory inroad as far as the Anio, and are dispersed,
26.
Renew the war, and are defeated, 31.
Join the Veians against Rome, and are overthrown, 53.
Advance to the gates of the city, 63, 64.
Recommence hostilities, iii. 26, 30.
Are defeated, 63.
Sacred Mount, ii. 32. iii. 52.
Street, ii. 13.

Rites, foreign, forbidden at Rome, xxiv. 1.
Shocking rites of the Samnites, x. 38, 39.
Sacred spring, xxxiv. 44.
Sacrifices, several extraordinary, performed by direction of the Sibylline
books xxii. 57.
The anniversary sacrifice of Ceres omitted after the battle of
Cannæ, xxii. 56.
Sacriportus, harbour, near Tarentum, xxvi. 39.
Sagmina, vervain, i. 24; xxx. 43.
Saguntum, an opulent city on the Iberus, xxi. 7.
Besieged and taken by Hannibal, the inhabitants throw their
valuables and themselves into a fire, 14, 15.
Spanish hostages are kept at Saguntum, xxii. 22.
It is retaken by the Romans, and restored to its old
inhabitants, xxiv. 42; xxviii. 39.
Saguntines, threatened by Hannibal, send ambassadors to Rome, xxi. 2,
6.
Show great firmness in supporting the siege, 11.
Send an embassy to Rome with thanks to the senate, xxviii.
39.
Another embassy, xxx. 21.
Salapia, xxiv. 20, 47.
Surrendered to Marcellus with the Carthaginian garrison, xxvi.
38; xxvii. 1.
Salapians overreach Hannibal, xxvii. 28.
Salarian street, vii. 9.
Salassians dwelling on the Alps, xxi. 38.
Salera, in Africa, xxix. 34.
Salernum, colony, xxxii. 29; xxxiv. 45.
Salii, twelve priests of Mars instituted by Numa, i. 20.
Twelve more vowed by Tullus, and called Agonales, or Colline,
27.
Salinator, why Livius was so surnamed, xxix. 37.
Sallentines conquered, ix. 42.
Some of their towns revolt to Hannibal, xxiv. 1.
Their country, x. 2; xxiv. 20.
Salonius, C., commissioner of a colony, xxxiv. 44; xlii. 4.
——, P., alternately military tribune and chief centurion, entreats the
senators not, on his account, to refuse the demands of the
mutinous soldiers, vii. 41.
Salpinians infest the Roman lands, v. 31, 32.
Salsula, vii. 19.
Salyi, or Salyes, or Salluvii, people of Gaul, v. 35.

Their mountains, xxi. 26.
Samæans, in Cephallenia, break the peace, which had been concluded,
and are besieged, xxxviii. 28.
After a vigorous defence the city is taken, and sacked, 29.
Same, or Samos, island, xxxvi. 42.
Samians, xxxi. 31; xxxiii. 20.
Samnites, form an alliance with the Romans, vii. 19.
Origin of the war between those states, 29.
Ambassadors sent to the Samnites, receive a rude and
menacing answer, 31.
War is proclaimed, 32.
A furious battle, in which the Samnites are defeated, 33.
Are again defeated in Samnium, 36.
A third time, 37.
They send ambassadors to sue for peace, iv. 1.
The old treaty is renewed, 2.
They join the Lucanians against Alexander of Epire, 17.
Answer with haughtiness the expostulations of the Romans,
23.
Are expelled Palæpolis, 26.
Defeated by Fabius, master of horse, 30.
Again, by Papirius, dictator, 36.
Make a truce for a year, break it, and, after a desperate
engagement, are defeated, 38, 39.
Entrap the Roman army at the Caudine forks, ix. 2;
and after violent exertions, and suffering many defeats, 13-16,
21-23, 27, 31, 40, 41;
they submit, and are sent under the yoke, 42.
Their gold and silver shielded battalions, 40.
The old treaty is renewed with them, 45.
They take arms again, and are worsted, x. 12.
Fight a furious battle, and are obliged to fly into Etruria, 16.
Are again defeated, 19.
Again, and their general taken, 20.
They join the Etrurians, Umbrians, and Gauls, 21.
With the Gauls invade the Roman territories, 27;
and are defeated, 29.
Their character as soldiers, 28.
They are defeated in a bloody battle, 31.
They assault the Roman camp, 32; and are repulsed, 33.
Seven thousand of them are sent under the yoke, 36.
Again, by Papirius, xli. 42.
Their towns taken, 45.

They, excepting the Pentrians, revolt to Hannibal, xxii. 61.
Their country severely ravaged by Marcellus, xxiii. 42.
Samnites, gladiators so called, ix. 40.
Samnium, vii. 32.
Samothrace, island, xliv. 25.
Perseus takes refuge there, 45, 46; xlv. 2, 5.
Samus, island, xxxvii. 10, 11, c.
Sangarius, river, abounding with fish, xxxviii. 18.
Sappinian tribe, district of Umbria, xxxi. 2; xxxiii. 37.
Sardes, xlv. 34.
Sardians, or Sardinians, xxi. 16.
Send a secret embassy to the Carthaginians, xxiii. 32.
Are vanquished by the Romans, 40.
Entirely subdued, 41.
Successes of Sempronius against them, xli. 12.
Sardinia, island, xxi. 1; xxii. 31.
Ravaged by a Carthaginian fleet, xxvii. 6.
A Roman army ordered to be sent thither, xli. 9.
Are conquered by Sempronius Gracchus, and a picture hung
up, xli. 28.
Sarpedon, promontory, xxxviii. 38.
Sarus, river, fleet of Antiochus shipwrecked at its mouth, xxxiii. 41.
Saticula, vii. 32, 34.
Besieged by the Romans, ix. 21.
Taken, 22. Its territory, xxiii. 14.
Its inhabitants commended by the Romans, xxvii. 10.
Satricum, taken from the Romans by Coriolanus, ii. 39.
By the Romans from the Volscians, vi. 8.
By the Prænestines and Volscians, 22.
Burned by the Latins, 33.
The Antians settle a colony there, and the Romans sack and
burn the city, vii. 27.
The Volscians take post at Satricum, iv. 1.
It is taken by Papirius, ix. 16.
Saturæ, interludes, vii. 2.
Saturnalia, instituted, ii. 21.
Proclaimed to last a day and a night, and to be observed for
ever, xxii. 1.
Saturn’s temple, ii. 21.
Sacrifices and a lectisternium at it, xxii. 1.
Satyrus, Rhodian ambassador, xlii. 14.
Scævola. See Mutius.
Scantinius, P., pontiff, xxiii. 21.

Scaptian tribe added, iv. 17.
Scaptius, P., persuades the Roman people in a case where they are
arbitrators, to assume to themselves some lands in dispute between
the Ardeans and Aricians, iii. 71.
Scarcity, and consequent disturbances, ii. 34. iv. 12.
Scæa, called Tripolis, xliii. 55.
Scerdilædus, king of Illyria, xxvi. 24; xxvii. 30; xxviii. 5.
——, son of Gentius, xliv. 32.
Scharphia, xxxvi. 19.
Schœnus, merchant, informs Quintius of the roads to Perrhæbia, xliv.
35.
Sciathus demolished by Philip, xxxi. 28, 45; xxxv. 43.
Scissis, xxi. 60.
Scodra, capital of Illyria, xliii. 20; xliv. 31, 32; xlv. 26.
Scodrus, mount, xliv. 31.
Scopas, prætor of the Ætolians, xxvi. 24.
Makes war on the Acarnanians, 25.
Carries a large body of troops to Egypt, xxxi. 43.
Scorpions, engines, the number found in New Carthage, xxvi. 47.
Scotussa, xxviii. 5, 7.
Plain of Scotussa, or Melambium, xxxiii. 6.
Scribonius Curio, C., plebeian ædile, prosecutes farmers of the public
lands, xxxiii. 42.
Is made chief curio, xli. 21.
Prætor, xxxiv. 54.
——, L., deputy from the Roman prisoners, taken by Hannibal, xxii. 61.
——, Libo, L., commissioner of the exchequer, xxiii. 21. See xxii. 61.
Prætor, xxix. 11.
——, ——, prætor, xxxv. 10.
——, ——, prætor, xxxix. 23.
Scultenna, river, at which the Ligurians are defeated by C. Claudius, xli.
12, 18.
Scyllæum, promontory, xxxi. 44; xxxvi. 42.
Scyrus, xxxi. 45; xxxiii. 30.
Seamen supplied by private persons, xxiv. 11.
Secession of the commons to the Sacred Mount, ix. 32, 33;
to the Aventine, iii. 50, 51;
and thence to the Sacred Mount, 52.
Of the soldiers, iv. 39, 52.
Sedentary occupations, people of, summoned to take arms, iv. 20.
Sedetania country wasted by Mandonius, xxviii. 24; xxix. 2.
Sedetanians join the Romans, xxxiv. 20.
Seditious commotions at Rome, ii. 23, 28, 56; iii. 66, c. c.

Segistica, xxxiv. 17.
Seguntia, xxxiv. 19.
Seleucia, Macedonian colony, xxxiii. 41; xxxviii. 17.
Seleucus, son of Lysimachus, xxxiii. 40.
——, son of Antiochus, xxxiii. 40.
Recovers Phocæa, xxxvii. 11.
Wastes the country of Pergamus, and lays siege to the city,
xxxvii. 18.
Is compelled by Diophanes, an Achæan, to retire out of the
country, 21.
Selinus taken by Antiochus, xxxiii. 20.
Sellius, A., plebeian tribune, iv. 42.
Selymbria, xxxiii. 39.
Sempronius Blæsus, quæstor, is slain with one thousand of his men, xxii.
31.
——, A., consul, ii. 21.
Again, 34.
——, Atratinus, A., one of the first consular tribunes, iv. 7.
Again, 44.
A third time, 47.
Master of horse, vi. 28.
——, ——, C., consul, his negligence and rashness, iv. 37.
He is accused by L. Hortensius, plebeian tribune, and saved by
the entreaties of the military tribunes of his army, 42.
Is again accused, and condemned, 44.
——, Blæsus, C., brings to trial Cn. Fulvius, for the loss of his army, xxvi.
2.
——, ——, Cn., lieutenant-general under Q. Fulvius, xxvii. 6.
——, ——, C., plebeian ædile, xxxix. 7.
Prætor, 32.
——, Longus, C., commissioner of religious affairs, xli. 21.
——, Atratinus, L., consul, iv. 7.
Censor, 8.
——, Tuditanus, M., on the capture of New Carthage, appointed arbiter
in the dispute about a mural crown, xxvi. 48.
Prætor, xxxvii. 47.
Consul, xxxix. 23.
Chief pontiff, 46.
Dies of the plague, xli. 21.
——, ——, P., ambassador to Ptolemy Epiphanes, xxxi. 2.
Curule ædile, is made prætor, xxiv. 43, 44; xxiv. 3; xxvi. 1.
Censor, xxvii. 11.
Consul, xxix. 11.

Makes peace with Philip, 12.
Engages in an irregular combat with Hannibal, and is worsted;
engages him again, and gains the victory, 36.
——, Sophus, P., plebeian tribune, ix. 33.
Inveighs against Appius Claudius, censor, and orders him to be
imprisoned, 34.
Consul, he enjoys a triumph, 45.
Is made pontiff, x. 9.
Prætor, 21.
——, Blæsus, P., plebeian tribune, opposes the grant of a triumph to P.
Cornelius Scipio, xxxvi. 39.
Sempronius Gracchus, P., plebeian tribune, and Caius, accuse
Acilius Glabrio of peculation, xxxvii. 58.
——, Longus, P., prætor, xxxix. 32.
——, Gracchus, Tib., master of horse, xxii. 57.
Sends corn and nuts down the river to the besieged in
Casilinum, xxiii. 19.
Curule ædile, is made consul, 24.
Supports the spirits of the senate, 25.
Takes the command of the volunteer slaves, 32.
His services, 35-37.
He defeats Hanno, xxiv. 14, 15.
Gives freedom to the volunteer slaves, 16.
Again consul, 43.
His actions in Lucania, xxiv. 1.
He is insnared by treachery, and his body is sent to Hannibal,
116.
——, ——, when very young, is made augur, xxix. 38.
Chosen, as remarkably spirited, by Scipio, for an expeditious
journey to Philip, xxxvii. 7.
——, Longus, Tib., consul, xxi. 6.
Is sent into Sicily, 17.
Recalled, and joins his colleague, 51.
Is defeated by Hannibal, 55.
Fights Hannibal again, is successful at first, but worsted
afterwards, 59.
Fights Hanno with good success, xxiii. 37.
——, Gracchus, Tib., plebeian tribune, although at enmity with Scipio
Africanus, stops the prosecution against him, and receives thanks
from the senate for his honourable conduct, xxxviii. 53.
Prevents the imprisonment of L. Scipio, 60.
——, ——, commissioner of a colony, xxxix. 55.
Prætor, xl. 35.

Consul, xli. 8.
Triumphs over the Celtiberians, 7.
——, Longus, Tib., son of Caius, commissioner of religious affairs, xxvii.
6.
Prætor, xxxiii. 24.
Consul, xxxiv. 42.
Informs the senate of an insurrection in Liguria, 56.
——, Musca, Tib., commissioner of lands, xlv. 13.
Sena, colony, xxvii. 46.
Senate, instituted by Romans, consisting of one hundred members,
called Patres, and their descendants, Patricians, i. 8.
Why called Conscript Fathers, ii. 1.
Their number augmented on the destruction of Alba, i. 17, 30;
to two hundred and to three hundred by the first Tarquinius,
called Fathers of Inferior Birth, 35.
Is diminished by the cruelty of Tarquinius the Proud, 49;
and filled up by Brutus, ii. 1.
Chiefs of the Albans chosen into the senate, i. 30.
The first mention by Livy of a plebeian senator, v. 12.
Appius Claudius procures the admission of sons of freed-men
into the senate, but this practice is not followed, ix. 46.
The rule altered, which required the senate’s previous
approbation of a law, before it was passed by the people,
i. 17.
Senators chosen first by the kings, 8, 30, 35;
afterwards by the consuls, ii. 1.
and from the year 300, by the censors, iv. 8.
After the battle of Cannæ, a dictator created to choose the
senate, xxiii. 22.
Prince of the senate generally the member alive who had been
censor first, xxvii. 11.
This rule not always observed, 13.
A particular place assigned to senators at the public shows,
xxxiv. 54.
Decrees of the senate first kept by the ædiles in the temple of
Ceres, iii. 55.
Afterwards in the treasury, 9.
Decree of the last necessity, 4.
Senators forbidden to deal in merchandise, xxi. 63.
Liable to a fine for non-attendance, iii. 38.
Judgment of the senate, auctoritas, iv. 57.
Senones, people of Gaul, advance to Clusium, and to Rome, v. 35. See
Gauls.

Surround and cut to pieces a Roman legion, x. 26.
Sentina, x. 27, 30.
Sepinum taken by L. Papirius, x. 44, 45.
Seppius Lesius, the last Campanian who was chief magistrate at Capua,
xxvi. 6, 13.
Sergia, practised in poisoning, put to death by a dose of her own
composition, iv. 18.
Sergius, C., consular tribune, vi. 5.
Again, 11.
A third time, 27.
——, L., carrying an offering to Delphi, taken by pirates, and dismissed,
v. 28.
——, Fidenas, L., military tribune, v. 16.
Consul, 17.
A second time consul, 30.
A second time consular tribune, 35.
A third time, 45.
——, —— ——, consular tribune, iv. 35.
——, Manlius, decemvir, iii. 35.
——, Fidenas, Man., consular tribune, iv. 61.
Again, v. 8.
On his camp being attacked by the Faliscians, he chooses to
be vanquished by the enemy, rather than send to his
colleague for succour, for which he is brought to trial, 11,
and fined, 12.
——, Man., military tribune, assists in the taking of Locri, xxix. 6.
Is scourged by Pleminius, and put to death, 9.
——, Silus, Man., prætor, when the number was increased to six, xxxii.
27.
Lieutenant-general, xliv. 30.
Serrhium, fort, taken by Philip, xxxi. 16.
Servilii, Albans, chosen into the senate by Tullius Hostilius, i. 30.
Servilius, C., commissioner of lands, obliged to fly by an inroad of the
Boians, xxi. 25.
——, ——, consul, ii. 49.
——, ——, consular tribune, contending with his colleagues, submits to
the advice of his father, iv. 45.
——, Ahala, C., master of horse, kills Mælius, iv. 13, 14.
Is commended by the dictator, 15.
Made consul, 30.
Master of horse, and a second time consular tribune, 57.

A third time, v. 8.
In obedience to the will of the senate, he obliges his
colleagues to abdicate, 9.
Servilius Ahala, C., master of horse, vi. 2.
——, C., commissioner for conducting a colony to Placentia, is seized by
the Gauls, xxi. 25;
and sixteen years after is delivered, and brought home by his
son, xxx. 19.
——, ——, son of the preceding, lieutenant-general, throws supplies into
the citadel of Tarentum, xxiv. 15.
Is made pontiff, xxvii. 6.
Plebeian ædile, 21.
Master of horse, and curule ædile, 33, 36.
Prætor, xxviii. 10, 46.
Consul, xxix. 38; xxx. 1.
Liberates and brings home his father, xxx. 19.
Dictator, 39.
Chief pontiff, xxxix. 46.
Is ordered to find out expiations in time of a pestilence, xl. 37.
Dies, 42.
——, Casca, C., plebeian tribune, xxiv. 3.
——, Cæpio, Cn., pontiff, xxiv. 2.
Curule ædile, xxviii. 10.
Prætor, xxxviii. 46.
Consul, xxix. 38; xxx. 1.
Goes over to Sicily in pursuit of Hannibal, but is recalled by a
dictator appointed for the purpose, 24.
Dies, xli. 21.
——, Geminus, Cn.,. consul, xxi. 57; xxii. 1.
He ravages the island of Maninx, 31.
Follows the plan of Fabius in conducting the war, 32, 43.
Is slain at Cannæ, 49.
——, Structus, L., consular tribune, iv. 47.
——, M., augur, xxvi. 23.
Curule ædile, xxix. 38.
Master of horse, xxx. 24.
Consul, 26, 27.
Is continued in command, 41.
His speech in favour of Æmilius Paullus, xlv. 37, c.
——, M., military tribune, xl. 27.
Pontiff, xliii. 11.
——, Geminus, M., master of horse, xxx. 24, 27.
Commissioner of lands, xxxi. 4.

Of a colony, xxxii. 29.
——, P., consul, ii. 21.
Not pleasing either to the patricians or plebeians, 27.
——, ——, consul, iii. 6.
Dies, 7.
——, Q., consul, ii. 6.
Again; and is sent against the Æquans, iii. 2.
——, ——, quæstor, prosecutes M. Volscius for false evidence against
Cæso, iii. 24.
——, Priscus, Q., dictator, iv. 21.
Routs the Etrurians, and takes Fidenæ, 22.
Calls on the tribunes to make the consuls name a dictator, 26.
Is made dictator, 46.
Defeats the Æquans, 47.
——, Fidenas, Q., consular tribune, v. 8.
Again, 14.
Interrex, 17.
Consular tribune a third time, 24.
A fourth, 36.
A fifth, vi. 4.
A sixth, 6.
——, Q., consular tribune, xi. 22.
Again, 31.
A third time, 36.
——, Ahala, Q., consul, vii. 1.
A second time, 4.
Dictator; he, by direction of the senate, vows the great games,
and, after several services, abdicates, 11.
Is made interrex, 17.
——, Q., master of horse, vii. 22.
Consul, 38.
——, Sp., consul, repulses the Veians; is afterwards worsted by them,
and saved by his colleague, ii. 51, 52.
——, Priscus, Sp., consul, vi. 31.
Servius Cornelius, consul, ii. 41.
——, Tullius, i. 18.
Son of a prisoner taken at Corniculum, 39, and iv. 3.
Advanced to the throne by the senate, 41.
Marries his daughters to the Tarquins. 42.
Institutes the census, 42;
and closes the lustrum, 44.
Is murdered, 48.

His commentaries, 60.
Sestius Capitolinus, P., consul, iii. 22.
Decemvir, 33.
——, P., a patrician, brought to trial before the people by C. Julius,
decemvir, iii. 33.
——, ——, quæstor, iv. 50.
Sestos, or Sestus, on the Hellespont, xxxii. 33.
Setia, colony, vi. 30.
Plundered by the Privernians, vii. 42; xxvi. 8; xxx. 14.
Refuses supplies, xxvii. 9.
Decree of the senate on the occasion, xxix. 15.
Setians inform of the revolt of the Privernians, iv. 1.
Sewer, great, constructed by Tarquinius the Proud, i. 55.
Sextilius, C., a plebeian consular tribune, vi. 30.
——, M., of Fregellæ, answers for eighteen colonies, that they would
supply troops, xxvii. 10.
Sextius, L., plebeian tribune, iv. 49.
——, plebeian tribune, proposes laws concerning debts, concerning
lands, and the admission of plebeians to the consulship, and
prevents the election of curule magistrates, vi. 35.
Being a tenth time tribune, he is made the first plebeian
consul, 42.
——, Sabinus, M., prætor, xxx. 26.
Ships, long, or ships of war, v. 28.
——, light, xxi. 28.
——, transport, xxii. 11.
——, prætorian, or chief commander’s, xxix. 25.
——, beaked, xxviii. 45, 46; xxx. 10.
——, scout, xxx. 10.
——, conveyed over land at Tarentum, xxiv. 11.
Ship-race, annual, at Patavium, x. 2.
Shops of the silversmiths in the Roman forum setup to sale by Hannibal,
xxvi. 11.
Sibaris, xxvi. 39.
Sibyl, i. 7.
Sibylline books, iii. 10; v. 13, c.
Siccius, L., murdered by contrivance of the decemvirs, iii. 43.
Sicilians, their affairs regulated by Marcellus, xxiv. 40.
They complain to the senate of Marcellus, xxvi. 29.
The humble supplication of the ambassadors to him, 33.
Sicilian war, xxiv. 36; xxiv. 40.
Strait, i. 2.
Sicilius, who had excited the Hirpinians to a revolt, beheaded, xxiii. 37.

Sicily, Æneas arrives there, i. 1.
Corn is purchased there by the Romans, ii. 34.
The Carthaginians first send an army thither, iv. 29.
A fleet sent, as supposed by Livy, by the tyrants of Sicily,
infests the Tuscan sea, vii. 25.
The island is abandoned by the Carthaginians, xxvi. 40.
Its affairs adjusted by Scipio, xxix. 1.
Sicinius, C, advises the secession to the Sacred Mount, ii. 32.
Is one of the first plebeian tribunes, 33. See iii. 54.
——, Cn., prætor, xlii. 10.
Is sent with an army to Macedonia, 27.
——, L., plebeian tribune, vi. 6.
——, T., consul, ii. 40.
Defeats the Volscians, 41,
——, ——, proposes that the Romans should remove to Veii, v. 24.
Sicyon, xxvii. 13; xxxii. 23, 39.
Sicyonians, Aratus, (father and son,) murdered by Philip, xxxii. 21.
The country wasted, xxxiii. 15.
Sidetans, people, xxxv. 13.
Sidicinians, attacked by the Samnites, procure the assistance of the
Campanians, vii. 29.
Wish to surrender themselves to the Romans; and, being
rejected, are reduced by the Latins, iv. 1, 2.
Wage war with the Auruncians, 15.
Are conquered by the Romans, 16, 17.
Sidicinian lands ravaged by Hannibal, xxvi. 9.
Sidonians, xxxv. 48.
Sigeum, promontory, xliv. 28.
Signia, colony, i. 55; ii. 21. iv. 3.
Faithful to the Romans, xxvii. 10.
Sigovesus, leader of the Celts into Italy, v. 34.
Silenus, a Greek writer, xxvi. 49.
Silius, Q., first plebeian quæstor, iv. 54.
Silpia, xxviii. 12.
Silver accruing from fines, by which brazen images were purchased, and
set up in the temple of Ceres, xxvii. 6; and xxx. 39.
——, contribution of, to the treasury, xxviii. 38; xxx. 45.
——, mines in Spain, xxviii. 3.
Sinope, afterwards Sinuessa, x. 21; xxvii. 38; xxxii. 9.
Sinuessa, iv. 11.
Colony, x. 21; xxii. 14.
Sinuessan waters, xxii. 13.
Sipontum taken by Alexander of Epirus, iv. 24.

——, colony, xxxiv. 45.
Deserted, xxxix. 23.
Sipyrrhicas, Ætolian ambassador, xxxi. 46.
Slingers, xxi. 21; xxviii. 37; xxxviii. 21, 29.
Smyrna asserts its freedom xxxiii. 38.
Defends itself with bravery xxxv. 42.
Is honoured by the Romans, and rewarded with an addition of
territory, xxxviii. 39.
Soldiers, Roman, first receive pay, iv. 59.
Donations usually made to them by a general at his triumph,
x. 44.
Their verses, iii. 26; iv. 40. See Army and Legion.
Soli, fort, xxxiii. 20.
Solon’s laws, copied by the Romans, iii. 31.
Sopater made prætor at Syracuse, xxiv. 33.
——, one of Philip’s generals, carries four thousand men to Africa, xxx.
26.
Is refused to the demand of Philip’s ambassadors, 42.
Sophonisba, daughter of Hasdrubal, wife of Syphax, marries Masinissa,
xxx. 12.
Swallows poison, 15.
Sora, taken by the Romans, vii. 28.
Inhabitants kill the Roman colonists, and join the Samnites, ix.
23.
It is taken by the Romans, by means of a deserter, 24.
Retaken by the Samnites, 43.
Recovered by the Romans, 44.
A colony settled there, x. 1.
Decree of the senate on its refusing supplies, xxix. 15.
Sosis, and Theodotus, as soon as Hieronymus was slain, hasten to
Syracuse, xxiv. 21.
——, sent by Marcellus to the governor of the fort Euryalus, xxiv. 25.
Wears a golden crown in Marcellus’s triumph, and is rewarded
with the freedom of Rome, xxvi. 21.
Sosistheus Magnus, ambassador of Philip to Hannibal, xxiii. 39.
Sospita, Juno, iv. 14.
Sotimus, page to Alexander of Epirus, iv. 24.
Spain, divided between the Romans and Carthaginians by the river
Iberus, xxi. 2.
Cn. Scipio the first Roman who headed an army there, xxi. 32;
xxiv. 37.
The first conquest attempted on the continent, and the last
completed, xxviii. 12.

The inhabitants restless, and fond of change, xxii. 21.
Sparta, in early times, had not walls, xxxiv. 38.
Romans attempt to storm it, 39.
Its mode of education rough and hardy, xxxviii. 17. See
Lacedæmon.
Sperchiæ, xxxii. 13.
Sperchius, river, xxxvi. 14; xxxvii. 4.
Spies, employed by Hannibal, taken by the Roman guards, are, by the
order of Scipio, conducted through all parts of the camp, and
dismissed, xxx. 29.
Spoils, grand, offered by Romulus to Jupiter Feretrius, i. 10.
Offered again by Corn. Cossus, iv. 20, 32.
——, equestrian, iv. 7.
——, burned in honour of Vulcan, i. 37.
Spoletum attempted in vain by Hannibal, xxii. 9; xxiv. 10.
The inhabitants commended by the Romans, xxvii. 10.
Spring, sacred, xxxiii. 44.
Spurius Nautius Rutilus, consular tribune, iv. 61. See Nautius.
Spy of the Carthaginians discovered at Rome, had his hands cut off, and
was sent away, xxii. 33.
Statiellæ, a Ligurian city, unjustly attacked by M. Popilius, xlii. 7, 8, 21.
He eludes punishment, 22.
Statilius, Manius, a Lucanian, detects a stratagem of Hannibal, xxii. 42,
43.
Statius Trebius promises to put Hannibal in possession of Compsa, xxxiii.
1.
——, Metius, commander of the celebrated garrison of Casilinum, xxiv.
19.
——, T., plebeian tribune, accuses Sp. Servilius, ii. 52.
——, Gellius, Samnite general, is taken by the Romans, ix. 44.
——, Minatius, Samnite general, is made prisoner, x. 20.
Stator. See Jupiter.
Statorius, Q., left with Syphax to discipline his troops, xxiv. 48; xxx. 28.
Stellatian plains, ix. 44; x. 31.
Stellatine tribe, vi. 5.
Stena, defile, near Antigonia, xxxii. 5.
Stenius Minius Celer, one of Hannibal’s hosts at Capua, xxiii. 8.
Stertinius, C, prætor, xxxviii. 35.
——, L., commissioner to give liberty to several Thracian states, xxxiii.
35.
Stimo, xxxii. 14.
Stobi, xxxiii. 19.
Stratonice, a fruitless expedition of the Rhodians against it, xxxiii. 18.

It is assigned to the Rhodians by the Romans, 30.
Stratonides, accomplice of Zeuxippus in a plot against Brachyllas, xxxiii.
28.
Stratum, xxxvi. 11; xxxviii. 4, 5; xliii. 21.
Streets, cause of their irregularity, v. 55.
Strymon, river, xliv. 44, 45.
Stubera, xxxi. 39; xliii. 19.
Stymphalia, xxxiii. 14.
The same as Stymphalis, xlv. 30.
Sub-centurion, a, conquers a Latin centurion, iv. 8.
Sublician bridge, v. 40.
Suburra, part of Rome, iii. 13.
Suessa Pometia, taken from the Volscians, i. 41.
Revolts, ii. 16.
Is taken, 17.
——, Aurunca, iv. 15.
Colony, ix. 28.
Refuses supplies, xxvii. 9.
Decree of the senate in consequence, xxix. 15.
Suessetans, people of Spain, xxiv. 34.
Their lands wasted by Mandonius, xxviii. 24; xxxiv. 20.
Suessula, vii. 37; xxiii. 14, 17; xxiv. 46; xxiv. 7, 22; xxvi. 9; xxviii. 9.
Suessulans are complimented with the freedom of Rome without right of
suffrage, iv. 14.
Suffetes, title of the chief magistrate at Carthage, xxviii. 37; xxx. 7.
Suismomontium, mount, xxxix. 2; xl. 41.
Sulmo, xxvi. 11.
Sulpicia, mother-in-law to the consul Postumius, gives him a good
character of Æbutia, in the affair of the Bacchanals, xxxix. 11.
Sulpicius Camerinus, C., abdicates the censorship, vi. 27.
——, Longus, C., consul, iv. 15.
Again, 37.
A third time, ix. 24.
Defeats the Samnites, 27.
——, C., lieutenant-general, vanquishes the Hernicians, vii. 7.
Probably the same with C. Sulpicius Pæticus, consul, vii. 2.
Again, 9.
He takes Ferrentinum, 9.
Is made dictator, and defers coming to action, to the
dissatisfaction of his army, 12.
His stratagem, 14.
He defeats the Gauls, and triumphs, 15.
Is made interrex, and a third time consul, 17.

A fourth time. 19.
A second time interrex, and a fifth time consul, 22.
——, ——, prætor, xxiv. 41.
——, Gallus, C., pontiff, xxxii. 7.
——, Galba, C., augur, xli. 21.
——, Gallus, C., prætor, is chosen a patron by hither Spain, xliii. 2.
Prætor, 11.
Military tribune; foretells to the army an eclipse of the moon,
xliv. 37.
Consul, xlv. 44.
——, L., military tribune, xl. 27.
——, Severus, P., consul, triumphs over the Æquans, ix. 45.
Censor, x. 9.
——, Galba, P., before he had held any curule office, made consul, xxiv.
41.
Is sent into Apulia, and thence to Macedonia, xxiv. 22, 28.
His exploits, xxvii. 10, 31, 32; xxviii. 5, 7.
Dictator, xxx. 24.
——, ——, consul, xxxi. 5.
Sent to Macedonia, 14.
His services there, to 47.
——, Q., lieutenant-general under A. Postumius, dictator, iv. 27.
——, Camerinus, Q., consular tribune, v. 8.
Again, 14.
——, Longus, Q., consular tribune, v. 36, 47.
Makes terms with Brennus for raising the siege of the Capitol,
48.
——, Galba, Servius, curule ædile, xxvii. 21.
Ambassador to Attalus, xxix. 11.
Pontiff, xxx. 26.
Sulpicius, Servius, consul, ii. 19.
——, chief curio, iii. 7.
——, consul, iii. 10.
Deputy to Athens, to collect laws, 31.
Decemvir, 33.
Deputy to the seceding troops on the Aventine, 50.
——, Camerinus, Servius, consul, vii. 28.
——, Rufus, Servius, consular tribune, vi. 4.
A second time, 18.
A third time, vi. 21.
——, Servius, consular tribune, vi. 22.
Again, 32.
Retakes Tusculum, 33.

His wife daughter of M. Fabius Ambustus, 34.
Consular tribune a third time, 26.
A fourth, 38.
——, Galba, Servius, prætor, xxxviii. 42.
Instigates the second legion to oppose the triumph of P.
Æmilius, xlv. 35.
Summanus, Pluto, his temple at Rome, xxxii. 29.
Sunium, promontory, xxviii. 8; xxxi. 23; xxxii. 17.
Suovetaurilia, i. 44; iv. 10.
Sura, P., lieutenant-general, xxii. 31.
Surrentines revolt to the Carthaginians, xxii. 61.
Survey, general, instituted by Ser. Tullius, i. 42.
Performed, i. 44. Number rated 80,000
— iii. 3. — 124,214
— iii. 24. — 132,409
— x. 9, 47. — 262,322
— xxvii. 36. — 137,108
— xxix. 37. — 214,000
— xxxviii. 36. — 258,308
— xlii. 10. — 269,015
Sutrian lands, xxvi. 34.
Sutrium taken by Etrurians, and retaken by Camillus, vi. 3.
The city is besieged by the Etrurians, and relieved, 9.
Considered as the key of Etruria, and again besieged, ix. 32,
35. See x. 14.
Refuses supplies as a colony, xxvii. 9.
Decree of the senate in consequence, xxix. 15.
Swine used in confirming a treaty, i. 24; ix. 5.
Sycurium, operations of Perseus and the Romans near it, xlii. 54, 57, 62,
64.
Syleum, xxxviii. 14.
Sylvanus, supposed to have uttered a loud voice from the Arsian wood,
ii. 7.
Sylvius, surname of the Alban kings, i. 3.
Synnada, xxxviii. 15; xlv. 34.
Syphax, king of Numidia, solicited by Scipio, forms a treaty of amity with
the Romans, xxiv. 48.
Defeated by Masinissa, he flies to the Maurusians, 49.
Sends an embassy to Rome, and receives one from thence,
xxvii. 4.

Is visited by Scipio and Hasdrubal, and makes an alliance with
Scipio, xxviii. 17, 18.
Marries a daughter of Hasdrubal, and renounces the friendship
of Scipio, xxix. 23.
His war with Masinissa, 33.
His camp is burned by Scipio and Masinissa, xxx. 5.
He advances against Masinissa and Lælius; is defeated and
taken, 11.
His discourse to Scipio on being brought to the Roman camp,
13.
He is sent to Rome, 17,
and dies in confinement, 45.
Sypheum comes over to the Romans, xxx. 19.
Syracuse, suffers great disturbances after the death of Hieronymus, xxiv.
21, 27, 28.
Falls under the command of Hippocrates and Epicydes, 33.
Is besieged by Marcellus, and defended by Archimedes, and
the siege turned into a blockade, 34.
The city is taken, xxiv. 23, 31.
The spoils carried to Rome, 40.
Syracusans put their city under the patronage of Marcellus, xxvi. 32.
Syria, xxxvii. 3.
Syrians by nature fitted for slavery, xxxvi. 17.
Syrtis, lesser, xxix. 33.
Tabæ, xxxviii. 13.
Tables, twelve, of laws, iii. 34, 37.
Engraved in brass, and hung up in public, 57.
Tagus, river, xxi. 5; xxvii. 19.
Talassio, whence the practice of repeating this word at weddings, i. 9.
Tanagra, xxxiii. 28.
Tanais, river, xxxviii. 38.
Tanaquil, wife of Lucumo, skilled in augury, i. 34.
Advises her husband to give the best education to Servius
Tullius, 39.
Conceals the death of Tarquinius until Servius secures the
throne, 41. See 47.
Tarentines engage the Lucanians in a war against Rome, iv. 27.
Their insolent embassy derided by Papirius, ix. 14.
They join the Carthaginians, xxii. 61.
Send ambassadors to Hannibal, xxiv. 13.
Their hostages, apprehended in flight from Rome, are thrown
from the Tarpeian rock, xxiv. 7.

They join the enemy, 8, c.
Their fleet defeats that of the Romans, while the Romans
defeat their army on land, xxvi. 39.
Tarentum betrayed to Hannibal, xxiv. 8, 9.
Taken by Fabius Maximus, xxvii. 15.
The citadel besieged by Hannibal, xxiv. 11.
Its defence provided for by the Romans, 15.
——, country of, xxvii. 40.
Its harbour, xxiii. 33.
Tarpeius, Sp., commander in the citadel of Rome; his daughter, bribed by
T. Tatius, admits the Sabines into the fortress, i. 11.
——, accused, on the expiration of his consulate, iii. 31.
Is one of the deputies sent to the seceders on the Aventine,
50.
Made plebeian tribune, 65.
Tarpeian mount, i. 55.
Rock, vi. 20.
Tarquinii, i. 34; xxvii. 4.
Tarquinians, take arms in favour of Tarquinius the Proud; and, after a
battle with the Romans, ii. 6,
return home, 7.
Ravage the Roman territory, are defeated, and treated with
severity for having massacred Roman soldiers, 19.
A truce of forty years is granted to them, 22.
The Tarquinians and Taliscians defeat the consul Fabius by
means of snakes and burning torches, vii. 17.
Tarquinius Priscus, L., appointed tutor to the king’s sons, forms designs
on the throne, i. 34.
Is elected king, adds one hundred to the senate, wages war
with the Latins, 35;
with the Sabines, 36.
His works, 38.
Death, 40.
——, L., aspires to the crown, i. 46.
Instigated by his wife, seizes it by force, 47.
Puts the principal senators to death, secures his person by a
strong guard, neglects the practice of consulting the
senate, courts the favour of the Latins, marries his
daughter to Mamilius of Tusculum, is surnamed the Proud,
49.
Is severely censured by Herdonius, 50,
whose death he procures, 51.

He makes war on the Volscians, and takes Suessa Pometia;
takes Gabii by stratagem, 53, 54.
Builds the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and executes other
works, 55.
Lays siege to Ardea, 57.
Is dethroned, and banished, 60.
Attempts to recover the kingdom by the aid of the Veians and
Tarquinians, ii. 6.
then of Porsenna, and is wounded at the battle of Regillus, 19.
Dies, 21.
——, Aruns, son of the Proud, sent to Delphi, i. 56.
Falls in battle, together with his antagonist L. J. Brutus, ii. 6.
——, L., son of the Proud, i. 56.
Is present in the battle of Regillus, ii. 19, 20.
——, Sex., son of the same, betrays Gabii to his father, i. 53, 54.
His treatment of Lucretia, 58.
He is killed at Gabii, 60.
——, Auruns, brother of the Proud, mild in disposition, is murdered by
his wife, i. 46.
——, Collatinus, L., son of Egerius, husband of Lucretia, i. 57.
Is made consul, 60.
Abdicates, and goes into exile, ii. 2.
Tarquitius, L., master of horse, iii. 37.
Tarracina, formerly Anxur, iv. 59.
Colony, pleads exemption from sea-service, xxxvi. 3; xxii. 15;
xxvii. 4; xxviii. 11.
——, river, xxiv. 44.
Tarraco, xxi. 61; xxii. 19; xxvi. 17, 51.
Its harbour, xxii. 22.
An assembly of all the Spanish allies is held there by Scipio,
xxvi. 19.
Tartessians, Spanish people, xxiii. 26.
Tatius, T., i. 10, 11, 13, 14.
Taulantians, xlv. 26.
Taurea, see Jubellius.
Taurilia, games, xxxix. 22.
Taurine forest, v. 34.
Taurinians, their capital city taken by Hannibal, xxi. 39.
Tauris, mount, xxxv. 13; xxxvii. 35, 45, 52-54; xxxviii. 27, 37, 38, 47, 53,
59.
Tauropolos, Diana so called at Amphipolis, xliv. 44.
Taurus, river, xxxviii. 15.
Taxes, remitted to the commons of Rome, ii. 9.

Imposed for payment of the army, and collected in spite of the
tribunes, iv. 60.
Are collected with difficulty, v. 10, 12.
A tax for building a wall of hewn stone, vi. 32.
Another for paying the army, x. 46.
Double taxes imposed, xxiii. 32.
Taygetus, mount, xxxiv. 28.
Teanians, ix. 20.
Teanum, city in Apulia, xxiii. 24.
In Sidicinia, xxii. 57.
Tectosagian Gauls settle in the inland part of Asia, xxxviii. 16.
Form an ambush for the Roman consul, 25;
and are defeated, 27.
Ordered not to carry arms beyond their own bounds, 40.
Tegea, xxxv. 27; xxxviii. 34.
Tegmon, xlv. 26.
Telesia, taken by Hannibal, xxii. 13.
Stormed by the Romans, xxiv. 20.
Tellenæ, i. 33.
Tellus, goddess, x. 28.
Her temple, ii. 41.
Telmessus, xxxviii. 39.
Telmessian bay, xxxvii. 16.
Tempanius, Sex., decurio of horse, by making the cavalry dismount,
prevents a total defeat, iv. 38.
His prudent answer respecting the consul Sempronius, 41.
He is made plebeian tribune, 42.
Tempe, vale in Thessaly, xxxii. 15.
A meeting there of Cn. Cornelius and Philip, xxxiii. 35; xxxvi.
10; xlii. 67; xliv. 6, 7.
Tendeba, xxxiii. 18.
Tenedos, island, xxxi. 16; xliv. 28.
Teos, island, supplies Antiochus with provisions, xxxvii. 27.
Is plundered by the Romans, and compelled to furnish
supplies, 28.
A naval victory gained there by the Romans over Antiochus,
30.
Terentillus Arsa, C., plebeian tribune, proposes the creation of five
commissioners to compose laws for restraining the power of the
consuls, iii. 9.
Terentine tribe, x. 9.
Terentius Varro, A., prætor, xxxix. 32.
Deputy to Greece, xlv. 17.

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