Alliant Databases and APA Style - Fall 2015

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• Remember to email yourself the articles you find that you want to keep.
Don’t leave the database without emailing any articles you’ve saved to
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log-in information, and probably won’t work again. Make sure you have
a full citation for an article so you can cite it correctly and access it
again.

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Line Spacing
Margin Size
Typeface and Font
Unbiased
Language
Headings

MARGINS: 1 INCH ALL AROUND
1
inch
1
inch
1
inch
1
inch

TYPEFACE AND FONT:
TIMES NEW ROMAN, 12 POINT

HEADINGS
All headings of equal importance
are given the same heading level
Use only as many heading levels as
needed
If a section can be divided into two
or more subsections, assign each
subsection a heading

UNBIASED LANGUAGE
Race
Ethnicity
Age
Disability
Sexual
Orientation
Gender

 Author-date method
 Formatting authors
 Direct quotes
 Block quotes
 Missing pieces
 Secondary sources
 Personal
communications

AUTHOR-DATE METHOD
The name of the author is followed directly
by the date
Author (date) Byers-Bell (2015)
notes…
(Author, date) The LA Campus has
great students (Byers-
Bell, 2015).

DIRECT QUOTES
ALWAYS mention the page number(s)
when using a direct quote
In a study focusing on APA Style, Youssef (2012) notes that “APA style is an
essential aspect of every psychology graduate student’s research paper
writing” (p. 55).
OR
“APA Style is an essential aspect of every psychology graduate student’s
research paper writing” (Youssef, 2012, p. 55).

BLOCK QUOTES
Use a block quotation – indented ½
inch – for any quotation of 40 words
or more

MISSING PIECES
How to cite when information is missing
Copyright 2010 by the American Psychological Association

SECONDARY SOURCES
APA suggests that writers use secondary
sources sparingly.
However, it is OK to use them in cases
where the source is:
Out of print
Unavailable through usual sources
Not available in English

SECONDARY SOURCES
Citing an original work from a secondary
source:
Secondary citation within the text:
According to Freud (as cited in Skinner, 1974),
the characteristics…
The document you used is cited in the
reference list:
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New
York, NY: Knopf.
Note that Freud is mentioned in the body of the paper, so the
reader knows that the ideas discussed were Freud’s, even
though the book that mentioned them was actually written by
Skinner.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Some of your sources will consist of personal
communications, such as conversations, emails,
class lectures, or research interviews. CITE
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS ONLY IN THE TEXT.
Give the first initials and surname of the
communicator, and provide the exact date if
possible.
According to N. Scarborough (personal communication,
August 28, 2015), the research methods class is full.
The research methods class is full (N. Scarborough,
personal communication, August 28, 2015).

WHO
Who created this reference? Who wrote this
article, book, chapter, review, report, etc.?
Huff, S. C., Anderson, S. R., & Edwards, L. L.
(2014). Training marriage and family
therapists in formal assessment:
Contributions to students’ familiarity, attitude,
and confidence. Journal of Family
Psychotherapy, 25(4), 300-315. doi:
10.1080/0895353.2014977673

WHEN
When was this reference published/created? For most
references, use the publication year.
In special cases such as posters, presentations, blogs, or
emails, use more specific dates (see pp. 200-201, 206-207, 214-
215 of the APA Manual).
When the publication date is completely unavailable, use the
abbreviation n.d. (no date).
Huff, S. C., Anderson, S. R., & Edwards, L. L. (2014).
Training marriage and family therapists in formal
assessment: Contributions to students’ familiarity,
attitude, and confidence. Journal of Family
Psychotherapy, 25(4), 300-315. doi:
10.1080/0895353.2014977673

WHAT
What is this reference called?
The “what” can be a bit tricky. In some instances, such as
articles or book chapters from an edited book, the “what”
refers to the name of the article or chapter, not the publication
in which the article or chapter was published. In other
instances, the “what” refers to the name of the publication
itself, if the whole of it was used.
Huff, S. C., Anderson, S. R., & Edwards, L. L. (2014). Training
marriage and family therapists in formal assessment:
Contributions to students’ familiarity, attitude, and
confidence. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 25(4), 300-315.
doi: 10.1080/0895353.2014977673
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behavioralism. New York, NY:
Knopf.

WHERE
Where does this reference come from?
For journal articles, the “where” can include
the journal title, volume, issue, and page
numbers. At times, it will also include a DOI,
database information, or a URL. Book
chapters can involve much more: editor
name(s), complete book title, editions,
publication location and name, etc.
Brill, P. (2004). The winner’s way [Adobe
Digital Editions version]. doi:
10.1036007142363x

Periodicals
Books
Book chapters
Electronically
retrieved
sources

PERIODICALS
Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C.
C. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of
article. Title of Periodical, xx(x),
xxx-xxx. doi: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C.
C. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of
article. Title of Periodical, xx(x),
xxx-xxx. Retrieved from
http://www.url.com

BOOKS
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book.
Location: Publisher.
In print:
Harris, P. L. (2000). The work of the
imagination. Oxford, England:
Blackwell.
Electronic book:
Dewey, J. (1922). Human nature and
conduct: An introduction to social
psychology. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com

BOOK CHAPTERS
Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of
chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location:
Publisher.
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B. B. (1984). Language
acquisition and socialization: Three
developmental stories and their
implications. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine
(Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self,
and emotion (pp. 276-320). Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work.
Retrieved from source
Boston Public Schools. (2009, June).
Family matters: A newsletter
from the Boston Public Schools to
strengthen home-school
connections. Retrieved from
http://bostonpublicschools.org/
files/FamMat09.06.pdf

Erin Draper
edraper@alliant.edu
626-270-3275

Alliant Databases and APA Style - Fall 2015

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