An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materials on tool life and productivity in turning of cylinder liners

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 360
AN EXPERIENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF CUTTING
PARAMETERS AND TOOL MATERIALS ON TOOL LIFE AND
PRODUCTIVITY IN TURNING OF CYLINDER LINERS
Prasanna P Kulkarni1
, Vinayak koppad2
, Hemanthkumar.K.S 3
1
Lecturer, Dept of Mech. Engg., Sri Taralabalu Jagadguru Institute of Technology Ranebennur, Karanataka, India
2
Lecturer, Dept of Mech. Engg., Sri Taralabalu Jagadguru Institute of Technology Ranebennur, Karanataka, India
3
Lecturer, Dept of Mech. Engg., Sri Taralabalu Jagadguru Institute of Technology Ranebennur, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The major needs of machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. Industries are hiring to
increase economical benefits by reducing the cost of production. These objectives can be achieved by using proper cutting tool
material and cutting parameters. This report presents comparisons of two different coated carbide inserts under different cutting
parameters used during machining of cylinder liners made up of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool
life tests and productivity. The measurement has been carried out from rough boring operation at three cutting speed (Vc) and feed
rate (f). Depth of cut (doc) is kept constant at 1.5mm. Cutting tool used in this work is titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide and
comparing with Multilayer coated tool is titanium nitride (TiN) + titanium carbo nitride (TiCN) + Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coated
carbide inserts. The type of the insert is SNMG 120408. Cutting conditions used is speed (Vc) 100m/min, 125m/min, 150m/min. Feed
rate (f) 0.25mm/rev,0.3mm/rev,0.35mm/rev. Finally results of the present work determine the appropriate parameter for increasing
the tool life, and productivity.
Key words: Tool life, Coated tool material, Process parameters, Productivity.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The cylinder liners usually made from Grey cast iron. Cast iron
has been used in large quantities for years because of desirable
properties as good cast ability, good machinability and low
cost. A wide variety of Gray Cast Iron is used in industries for
various applications. Machinability of Cast Iron is affected by
the amount of carbon [3]. Cast iron has been used in large
quantities for years because of desirable properties as good cast
ability, good machinability and low cost. This is brittle, weak
and is not malleable. A wide variety of Gray Cast Iron is used
in industries for various applications. Machinability of Cast
Iron is affected by the amount of carbon. It has excellent
machinability, good wear resistance, and high vibration
absorption. Grey iron is valued particularly for its ability to be
cast into complex shapes at relatively low cost. Thus, its
application includes: Sanitary wares, household appliances,
rolling mill and general machinery parts, ingot moulds,
cylinder blocks and heads for I.C. engines, frames for electric
motors, machine tool structures, etc.
Increasing the productivity and quality of the machine parts are
the main challenges of manufacturing industries. Modern
cutting tool allow cutting at high speeds, thus increasing the
volume of chips removed per value of unit time. The objective
of machining is to produce high quality product with minimum
cost. Development of tool material plays very vital role to
achieve this objective and to cope up with high speed cutting
(HSC). The purpose of development of cutting tool material
has different advantages such as reducing the manufacturing
cost and lead time, machining more difficult materials, moving
to unmanned machining operations, improving surface
integrity and achieving high metal removal rates [2]. The
advantage of high speed machining is not only to reduce
machining cost by increasing metal removal rate but also
yields good surface quality of machined parts [2].
The cost of replacing cutting tools is a major slice of the total
running cost of the manufacturing industries. It is therefore
desirable to have cutting tools that can be used for a long time
before being replaced. This can be achieved either by making
cutting tools from more wear resistant materials or through the
selection of machining conditions that will result in lower tool
wear. The use of cutting tools made of wear resistant materials
invariably increases the operating cost; a lower material
removal rate may result in lower productivity, making the final
products uncompetitive. The ideal situation would be one
where a desirable productivity is attained at an acceptable rate
of tool wear.
Carbides are the most prevalent tool materials, they are tough
and they can be used for machining using high feed rate, speed
and for difficult intermittent machining. Coated carbides
consist of a hard carbide base and coating which increases the
thermo-chemical stability (carbides, nitrides, oxides and their
combinations).
Carbide cutting tools are widely used in metal cutting industry
for the cutting of various hard materials such as alloy steels,
die steels, white cast iron and graphite cast iron. During
machining coated carbide tools are ensure higher wear
resistance, lower heat generation and lower cutting forces, thus

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enabling them to perform better at higher cutting conditions
than their uncoated counter parts. Coating is also used on
cutting tools to provide improved lubrication at the tool/chip
and tool/workpiece interface and to reduce friction, and
consequently reduce the temperature at cutting edge.
Quality of the machined component is an important index of
machinability for evaluating the productivity. Usually, the
cutting parameters are selected based on experience or a
handbook (Yang & Tarng, 1998) by engineer but it does not
yield the accurate results. Therefore, in turning process, it is
important task to select cutting parameters for achieving high
cutting performance, which greatly influences manufacturing
cost. An optimum selection of cutting conditions is extremely
important. In order to predict surface quality in advance, it is
important to develop theoretical models. Yang and Tarng
(1998) had used the Taguchi method to find the optimum
cutting parameters for turning operations as reported in paper
[2]. There have many studies concerning the effect of cutting
parameters and tool geometry on the cutting forces the
influence of machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed
rate, depth of cut for different materials[14]
The present work deals with experimental investigation on tool
life, surface roughness of grey cast iron using different coated
carbide inserts with different levels of process parameters.
Machining tests carried out on greaves cylinder blocks
produced from grey cast iron having areas involving grooves
(with interrupted surface) used in automotive industry. This
report presents the result of a Cycle time is considered as the
major aspect to be minimized to enhance the high productivity.
The influence of the machining parameters and tool material
on the tool life is also investigated and the optimum cutting
condition for minimizing the cycle time to enhance the
productivity is investigated.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
In the present experimental test were performed on the cylinder
liners made by grey cast iron. Coated carbide inserts are used
as tool materials. Titanium nitride coated carbide and Titanium
nitride + Titanium carbonitride + Aluminium oxide coated
carbide are used as tool materials.
2.1 Work Material
Cylinder liners made from grey cast iron is used as work
material. Since it is most commonly used grade in the
automotive industries. The cylinder liners of size Ø80 x137mm
length were used for the present investigation. Fig. 1 shows the
cylinder blocks before machining and after machining. The
chemical composition of the material is shown in the Table 1.
Fig. 1: Work piece
Table -1. Chemical composition of grey cast iron
(Greaves cylinder)
2.2 Selection of Cutting Tool materials
The turning tests were conducted using coated cemented
carbide cutting tool with negative rake angle and 0.8 nose
radius. CVD coated Carbides with the specification SNMG
120508-GN (with an ISO designation), TiN coated (TT1300)
& TiN+TiCN+Al2O3 (Multilayer coated IC5010) inserts shown
in Fig.2a and Fig.2b. Tool holder which is specially used for
SNMG inserts for boring operation shown in Fig. 2c.
a b
Fig. 2 a) Multilayer (TiN+TiCN+Al2O3) coated carbide insert
b) TiN coated carbide insert
2.3 Machining Process
The experiments were performed on a Midas 8i CNC turning
(Lathe), Galaxy made, shown in Figure. 3a using grey cast iron
cylinder liner of length is 140mm and diameter of 80mm. All
tests were carried out in wet conditions. Two different cutting
tool materials and three different cutting speeds and Feed rates
(f) were employed throughout the experiments. Depth of cut
(doc) was kept fixed at 1.5 mm. Experimental were performed
under different cutting conditions shown in Table.2. The
ALLOYING
ELEMENTS
C Si Mn Cr Ph Su Cu
% wt
3.00
–
3.50
1.90
–
2.20
0.45
–
0.65
0.30
–
0.50
0.10 0.05 0.30
–
0.60

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effects of cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (f), and depth of cut
(doc) on tool life, surface roughness (Ra), and Cycle time and
number of components per edge were investigated for different
parameters.
Fig. 3: Machining process
2.4 Tool Life and Productivity plan
In this work tool life estimation involves a number of tests to
be carried out at various cutting conditions till the failure of
tool. Tool life was measured by considering number of
components produced before changing (corner burnt or
fracture) the cutting edge of the insert and total machined
length. Tool is measured in terms of minute. Productivity rate
were investigated by considering current existing condition in
industry, proposed planed condition. It was investigated by
varying three different speed and feed rates using two different
coated tools.
Tool life (T) = Machining length x No of components
produced / edge
Table- 2 Experimental cutting conditions
Factors Levels
Speed (Vc), m/min 100 125 150
Feed (f), mm/rev 0.25 0.3 0.35
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results reported in the Table 3 and 4 were obtained as total
machined length of the cylinder block in order to determine the
tool life. Results were analyzed with different experiments
carried out on grey cast iron with different cutting parameters
for two different cutting tool materials.
3.1 Effect of Feed rates on Tool life
Fig. 4 shows, the comparative results of tool life for two
different tool materials. According to Fig. 4 it can be observe
that, performance of tool materials under different cutting
conditions. At high speed and feed rate performance of the TiN
coated carbide tool is less compare to the multilayer coated
tool.
Tool life estimation carried out at various cutting conditions till
the insert corner failure. To compare the performance of the
different tool materials under different cutting conditions,
machining process were carried out till the tool failure and
actual machined length. According to table it can be observed
that at speed 100m/min and feed 0.25mm/rev total machined
length is 5.48m. This is due to, less vibration, at lower speed
and feed rate which result better tool life but less material
removal rate it can be attributes that, low cutting speed
decreases chip curl radius increases chip thickness larger forces
and stresses to deform the material in the cutting zone [1]. As
in case of higher feed rate the tool life was decreased. It was
seen from the Figure at feed rate 0.35mm/rev, for all
corresponding speeds, decreased in tool life that is below
25min, machined length which was less than 3m. It can be
explain increase in feed rate, leads to decreases tool life, due
to high feed rate it increases vibration and heat, as a result
larger cutting forces and stresses developed on cutting edge
which results corner fracture (Broken) shown in fig 5b and 5c,
Cutting tools fail either by a gradual and progressive wearing
of its edge or due to chipping or plastic deformation [4].
Another parameter that is often ignored is tool vibration. It is
well known that vibration and chatter are important problems
those degrade the part quality and the tool performance [5].
Table-3 Tool life results for single layer coated
carbide tool
Sl.
No
Speed
(Vc),
m/min
Feed
(f ),
mm/rev
Depth
of cut
(doc),
mm
Machined
length(l),
m
Tool Corner failure
mode
1
100
0.25 1.5 5.48 Corner broken
2
100
3
100
4
125
0.25 1.5 5.48 Corner chip off
5
125
0.3 1.5 8.53 Corner burnt
6
125
7
150
0.25 1.5 8.22 Corner chip off
8
150
9
150

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Table- 4 Tool life results for Multi layer coated carbide tool
Sl.
No
Speed
(Vc),
m/min
Feed
(f ),
mm/rev
Depth
of cut
(doc),
mm
Machined
length(l),
m
Tool Corner failure
mode
1
100
2
100
3
100
4
125
0.25 1.5 16.44 Corner burned
5
125
6
125
7
150
8
150
9
150
0.35 1.5 5.40 Insert broken
It was observed from the table, increased in machining length
of 8.53m at feed rate of 0.3mm/rev and speed 125m/min, and
tool life is 69min. While machining grey cast iron, due to its
brittle property chip contact between tool edge and workpiece
is less which produces continuous chips. Tool life is directly
related to the work material, cutting tool material, and cutting
condition used while machining. As the feed rate increases to
0.35mm/rev, with all respective speeds tool life is decreases
due to rapid movement which causes the chattering and
rubbing action it generate high pressure that are exerted on the
chip-tool interface and tool-workpiece generate wear, also high
temperature at primary and secondary zone, it loses strength of
the cutting point and which results less tool life.
Fig. 4: Effect of Feed rates on tool life for Single layer coated
tool and Multilayer coated tool.
Table shows the experimental results of tool life by
considering actual machining length, where using multilayer
coated tool. It can be seen from the table Failure of the tool
after long interval time and total length machined is high when
compare to single layer coated tool. Development of new
cutting tool materials and availability of machine tools with
high rotational speeds have made it possible to increase
material removal rate. But at a high cutting speed tool wear
occurs more intensively and causes reduction in tool life [11].
It was observed from fig, general trends for higher tool life at
all three speeds at feed rate of 0.25mm/rev. At speed 125m/min
tool life is in increasing trend that is 140min, total machined
length is 16.44m shown in table. Also it can be observed tool
life is 112min at speed of 150m/min and machined length is
15.48m.This can be explained due to high thermal resistance
property, wear resistance property and temperature
withstanding capacity of multilayer coated tool [7, 8, 14].It is
evident that the longer tool life in case of multilayer coated
tool as compare to single layer coated tool, due its toughness
and lower cutting forces, thus enabling them to perform better
at higher cutting conditions [6, 7, 8].Also it can be as tools
with CVD – Ti ( C, N)/Al2O3/TiN coated carbide tools
indicate higher resistance to abrasive wear and they can be
recommended to roughing operation [9] . The wear initially
starts with faster rate caused by micro chipping at the sharp
cutting edge (edge failure), also intensive pressure and
dynamic loading on cutting edges which leads to tool fracture
(broken) shown in Fig 5d.
a
b

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c
d
Fig. 5: Tool corner failure mode
3.2 Effect of Feed rates on Productivity
a
b
Fig. 6: Effect of Feed rates on Productivity
a. Single layer coated tool b. Multilayer coated tool
It can be seen from the fig 6a and fig 6b, effect of feed rates on
productivity. Increasing in the productivity rate with increasing
the feed rate and speed. As the feed increases, this leads to
increases the components per unit time. At high speed and feed
rate material removal rate is high with minimum cycle time.
According to experimental results shown in table it is clear
that, the productivity rate is in increasing trend at higher feed
rate and speed. It can be explained due to the decreasing in
cycle time or processing time leads to increases in the
productivity rate. In order to attaining this goal is to gain a
more productivity with less cycle time and good tool life.
According to Fig. 6b it can be observed that, compare to single
layer coated tool, productivity rate is in increasing trend where
using multilayer coated tool. At high feed rate and speed,
components per shift is in the range of 170 to 180 no. This can
be explained that, the properties like high wear resistance and
toughness of multi layer coated tool. Some time tool life is also
factor which effect on productivity. Tool changing time which
leads to the less productivity. According to results, tool
changing time is less in case of multilayer coated tool compare
to single layer coated tool, due to the failure of tool is after
long period of time. Thus the purpose of development of
cutting tool material has different advantages such as reducing
the manufacturing cost and lead time, machining more difficult
materials, moving to unmanned machining operations,
improving surface integrity and achieving high metal removal
rates [2].
According to productivity calculation given below, it was
evident that percentage of improvement in production rate by
considering current existing condition in industry, proposed
condition. It was investigated by varying three different speed
and feed rates using two different coated tools. Finally it was
clear that, Modern cutting tools allow cutting at high speeds,
thus increasing the volume of chips removed per unit time and
this objective requires better management of the machining
system corresponding to cutting tool-machine-workpiece

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combination to go towards more rapid metal removal rate.
Exploring higher cutting speed depends to a greater extend on
the cutting tool materials [2]. Development of tool material
plays very vital role to achieve this objective and to cope up
with high speed cutting [2].
3.3 Productivity Calculation
In present work productivity is calculated by considering
overall operation time taken during boring of cylinder block.
Also the percentages of productivity were determined by
considering the current existing production rate per shift with
corresponding cutting conditions. Present existing condition is
considered as reference range (100%). By changing the cutting
conditions it can be obtained the high productivity.
3.3.1 Steps for calculating the productivity
1. Initial diameter of job = Ø80mm
2. Final diameter of job = Ø85.5mm
3. Length of the job L = 137mm
4. Total machining length = 137+3 = 140mm (3mm clearance)
5. Total no of cuts = 2 cuts
6. First cut = 1.5mm
7. Second cut = 1.25mm
a)Rough boring operation (CNC)
Speed (Vc) = 100m/min, 125m/min, 150 m/min
Feed rate (f) = 0.25mm/rev, 0.3mm/rev, 0.35 mm/rev
Depth of cut (doc) = 1.5 mm (constant)
b) Finish boring operation (CNC)
Speed (Vc) = 125m/min
Feed (f) = 0.22mm/rev
Depth of cut (doc) = 1.25mm
Total cycle time = Tm1+Tm2+Tc+loading & unloading time
Tm1 = Rough boring operation time
Tm2 = Finish boring time
Tc = Tool changing time =10sec, and
Loading & unloading time = 10sec
b) Finish boring operation (Constant)
Speed (Vc) = 125m/min, Feed (f) = 0.22mm/rev,
DOC (doc) = 1.25mm
Machining time (Tm2) = 1m 25sec (85sec)
I. Rough boring operation time calculation
Current existing conditions
Speed (Vc) = 125m/min, Feed (f) = 0.25mm/rev,
Depth of cut (doc) = 1.5mm
Machining time = 1m15sec (75 sec)
Total time = Tm1+Tm2+Tc+loading & unloading time
= 75+85+10+10:- 180 sec (3min)
No of components per hour = 20no’s.
No of components per shift = 20 x 7 hr = 140no’s.
3.3.2 Percentage of productivity improvement
Percentage of improvement in productivity is calculated
as given below
Productivity percentage (%) is
Proposed production / Current Existing production
Current existing production = 140.no/ shift
(At Vc = 125m/min, f = 0.3mmrev)
Proposed production = 168 no/shift
(Cocidered Vc = 125m/min, f = 0.3mmrev)
Rate of improvement
Proposed production – Current existing production
168 – 140= 28 no’s.
Percentage of improvement in productivity
28 *100/140
20%
Table-5 Optimized parameters for different tool materials
Sl.
No
Speed
(Vc),
m/min
Feed
(f ),
mm/rev
TCC (Tool 1) MLC(Tool 2)
Tool
life (T),
min
Productivity
(7hr)
Tool
life
(T),
min
Productivity
(7hr)
1
100
0.25 61 126 72 126
2
100
0.3 26 140 38 140
3
100
0.35 11 147 22 147
4
125
0.25 50 140 140 148
5
125
0.3 69 168 56 175
6
125
0.35 24 175 19 182
7
150
0.25 65 154 112 158
8
150
0.3 52 165 69 175
9
150
0.35 8 176 23 189
The summarized values for the single layer coated tool
material are as depicted in Table.5. From the table it can be
observed that, the combination of tool life and the
productivity are at their optimum rates.
It can be observed from table 5 that, the appropriate
parameters in order to obtain better tool life, productivity, and
minimum surface roughness. The results of the appropriate
parameters are presented in the following paragraphs.

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As the speed increases, the material removal rate also
increases. At high speed, the surface roughness is minimum
with low feed rate. According to results it can be observe that,
at speed 150m/min and feed rate 0.25mm/rev, increasing in
tool life and productivity rate compare to currant existing
condition. On other hand surface roughness, it can be obtained
within the recommended range (4µm). In order to obtain the
better tool life and productivity appropriate cutting conditions
for TiN coated carbide tool is: Speed 125m/min and feed
0.3mm/rev and speed 150m/min, feed 0.3mm/rev.
The summarized values for the multi layer coated tool material
are as depicted in Table.5. From the table it can be observed
that, the combination of tool life and the productivity are at
their optimum rates.
According to the experimental results, it was clear that, for the
higher speed values, the tool life and productivity is high.
Whereas the surface roughness is also obtained within the
recommended range. At speed 150m/min and feed rate of
0.25mm/rev and 0.3mm/rev, all three existing results are in
increasing trend as compare to TiN coated tool. It can be see
least surface roughness of 1.94µm. with better tool life and
productivity rate. This is due to coated carbide tools or
multilayer coated carbide tools ensure higher wear resistance,
lower heat generation and lower cutting forces, thus enabling
them to perform better at higher cutting conditions compared
to uncoated counter parts [6]. Based on the experimental
results it was evident that the performance of the multilayer
coated tool is better as compare to single layer coated tool.
Performance Multilayer coated tool is better in order to tool
life and productivity as compare to single layer coated tool and
uncoated tool .This indicates that the titanium nitride (TiN)
coating on alumina (Al2O3) + titanium carbonitride (TiCN)
multilayer-coated tools helps improving the quality of
machined surface[6,12].
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this study based on the tool materials and cutting parameters
following conclusions were presented.
.
With the help of different experimental work, effect of process
parameters on the tool life and productivity has been
investigated. The optimal machining conditions have been
presented in the following points.
1. The multilayer coating TiN-TiCN-Al2O3 perform
superior compare to single layer coated tool, they can
be recommended to machine grey cast iron cylinder
blocks.
2. Increasing the feed rate of 0.35mm/rev increase the
tool failure with all three speeds with two coated tools.
3. At high cutting speed and feed rate tool life is
maximum from multilayer coated tool compare to
TiN coated tool.
4. Productivity rate is also increased with increasing speed
and feed rate with less tool wear with multilayer coated
tool.
5. Optimized parameter for high productivity and better
tool life is at speed 125m/min, 150 m/min and feed
0.25mm/rev, 0.3mm/rev obtained.
6. Performance of multilayer coated tool is superior compare
to TiN coated tool in terms of tool life and productivity.
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Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,
Vol. 17, 2006, Issue 1-2 July-Aug.
[14]. Thandra S.K., Choudhury S.K “Effect of process
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BIOGRAPHIES
Prasanna.P.Kulkarni
Presently working as lecturer
From past 2 years in Mechanical
Engineering Department. Also having
1 year experience in tooling industries.
Hemanth kumar K.S
Presently working as lecturer from past 3years
in Mechanical engineering Department.Also
having 6months experience in tooling
industry.
Vinayak koppad
Presently working as lecturer
from past 3years in
Mechanical engineering
Department.

An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materials on tool life and productivity in turning of cylinder liners

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An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materials on tool life and productivity in turning of cylinder liners