An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual active bridge converter

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 1169~1178
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp1169-1178  1169
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE
An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual
active bridge converter
S. Narasimha1
, Surender Reddy Salkuti2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, TKR College of Engineering and Technology, India
2
Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering, Woosong University, Republic of Korea
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 10, 2019
Revised Oct 11, 2019
Accepted Oct 20, 2019
In this paper, a new closed loop hybrid phase shift control is proposed for
dual active bridge (DAB) converter with variable input voltage.
The extended phase shift (EPS) control is applied when load gets heavy
enough and the secondary side phase shift angle decreases to zero. When this
modified DAB converter operates at light loads, the triple phase shift (TPS)
modulation method is applied, and the added control freedom is
the secondary phase shift angle between the two-secondary side switching
legs. The hybrid phase shift control (HPS) scheme is a combination of EPS
and TPS modulations, and it provides a very simple closed form
implementation for the primary and secondary side phase shift angles.
Depending on the application by changing the phase shift angles we can
achieve Buck or Boost operation. A characteristic table feedback control
method has been used for closed loop operation. By using 1D look up table
the proposed DAB converter provides constant 400V for any given input
voltage.
Keywords:
Dual active bridge converter
Hybrid phase shift control
Phase shift modulation
Triple phase shift
Zero voltage sequence
Copyright © 2020 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Surender Reddy Salkuti,
Department of Railroad and Electrical Engineering,
Woosong University,
17-2, Woosong University, Jayang-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon-34606, Republic of Korea.
Email: surender@wsu.ac.kr
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters (IBDCs) have been used for electric
vehicles, microgrids and energy storage systems. Among various invented IBDC topologies, the dual active
bridge (DAB) converter has attracted many researchers because of its excellent performance of high-power
density, high efficiency, galvanic isolation, buck/boost operation, bidirectional power transfer capability, and
modularity. The single phase-shift (SPS) modulation is simple and easy to implement, hence it is commonly
employed in many applications. However, the soft-switching range is limited with SPS, and the backﬂow
power or reactive power is also high. The enhanced phase-shift methods are generally named as pulse width
modulation plus phase-shift control. To achieve the best performance of the DAB converter over a wide
operating range, several modulation methods are combined and hybrid phase-shift (HPS) schemes are
introduced. When considering minimum inductor current for a short dead time interval, even larger parts of
the theoretical zero voltage sequence (ZVS) region involve the incomplete commutation due to the parasitic
output capacitance of MOSFETs, leading to degraded performance and reduced efficiency. However, most
of the control schemes presented in the literature on DAB converter only consider the theoretical
ZVS constraint, i.e., the inductor current at the switching instant should be of the right polarity (either
positive or negative) [1].
To achieve practical ZVS of all switches, a commutation inductor is utilized by decreasing
the magnetizing inductance or placing an external inductor between the two phase-leg midpoints in a full

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Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020 : 1169 - 1178
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bridge, thereby, generating an enough inductive current to charge and discharge the parasitic output
capacitances. The additional commutation inductance current is uncontrolled, and processed by power
MOSFETs. An adaptive inductor is used as the main power transfer element such that practical ZVS
operation can be achieved at light loads, and the conduction losses are minimized at heavy loads as well.
However, the voltage conversion ratio is limited as unity one and the adaptive inductor increases
the complexity of implementation. By using the variable-frequency phase-shift control, the soft-switching
range can be reduced. But, the wide frequency variation increases design complexity of passive components.
A new closed loop HPS control for a DAB converter with variable input voltage is proposed in
reference [1]. The dead time effect has become major aspect in the development of isolated bidirectional full
bridge DC-DC converter (IBDC). The theoretical analysis and experimental verification of dead time effect
in IBDC has been presented in [2]. Nowadays, high-frequency link (HFL) power conversion systems (PCSs)
are attracting more and more attentions in academia and industry because of their high power density,
reduced weight, and low noise. The core circuit of DAB IBDC is HFL PCSs, and basic strategy of control,
soft-switching solution are described in reference [3]. In reference [4], an improved dual output dc-dc
converter is proposed in which the duty cycle is regulated by pulse width modulation. This improved
converter preserves all the advantages of its original version: both outputs can be fully regulated without
additional switches. A high voltage DC bus in a fuel cell car as a bidirectional electrical interface between
12V battery and DAB is proposed in [5].
In reference [6], the conventional phase shift and triangular current modulations are compared in
terms of the power transfer and total loss. To reduce switching and conduction losses, the optimal switching
frequency designed. Here, a hybrid modulation strategy with variable switching frequency is proposed to
reduce the losses and to increase the performance. The soft switching range by bidirectional LLC circuit with
new control methods for all the switches is proposed in [7]. The transient response of a DAB DC-DC
converter by using two different phase shift methods are presented in reference [8]. Here, a modified
asymmetric double-side modulation is proposed to minimize the transient time. Buck and boost operating
modes are enabled in DAB converters which enables the bidirectional power flow is proposed in [9].
Analysis of reactive power loss and high efficiency of novel optimization method and modulation solution
for IBDC DAB proposed in [10], operates over a wide input range, and the switching losses are reduced and
ZVS range has increased.
The first step towards maximizing the performance of an IBDC is to review the limitations of
existing systems. The major losses in power electronics are switching losses. By using single phase shift
modulation, the soft switching range is limited. The extended phase shift (EPS) modulation is applied when
the load is heavy and the triple phase shift (TPS) modulation applied for light loads. The zero voltage
sequence (ZVS) region is limited and switching losses are more. A novel closed loop hybrid phase shift
(HPS) control scheme is developed for a dual active bridge converter with variable input voltage.
The extended phase shift (EPS) control is applied when the load gets heavy enough and the secondary side
phase shift angle decreases to zero [11-12]. When this modified DAB converter operates at light loads,
the triple phase shift (TPS) modulation method is applied, and the added control freedom is the secondary
phase shift angle between the two-secondary side switching legs. Both buck and boost operation MATLAB
Simulink circuits have been executed for EPS and TPS modulations and the input pulses, output voltage and
power Simulink results has been described for input voltage range of (200-400)V.
2. DIFFERENT PHASE SHIFT CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR DAB CONVERTERS
In several engineering applications, it is needed to convert a fixed voltage DC supply into a variable
voltage DC supply. A DC-DC converter, converts directly from DC to DC and is just called a DC converter.
A DC converter can be considered as DC corresponding to associate AC electrical device with an incessantly
variable turn’s magnitude relation. Sort of an electrical device, it will be accustomed step down or step up
a DC voltage supply. Control strategy is one of the important research directions for DAB-isolated
bidirectional full bridge DC-DC converter (IBDC) [13]. The control strategies for dual active bridge (DAB)
converters are introduced and analyzed in this section, and they are presented next:
2.1. Single phase shift (SPS) control
This is the most widely used control method for Dual active bridge (DAB) - Isolated bidirectional
dc-dc converter (IBDC). Only a phase-shift ratio (or angle) D can be controlled. Then, the power
flow direction and magnitude can be controlled easily. SPS control is beneficious due to small inertia, and
ease of realizing soft-switching control. Moreover, the converter cannot operate under zero voltage sequence
(ZVS) in the whole power range. Therefore, the power loss becomes much higher, and its efficiency is
greatly reduced [14].

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
An improved closed loop hybrid phase shift controller for dual active bridge converter (S. Narasimha)
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2.2. Extended phase shift (EPS) control
EPS control is a typically improved method of SPS control. The output ac voltage of one
bridge becomes a three-level wave while the another one is a two-level 50% square wave. Compared with
SPS control, the operating states of two bridges will be same when the voltage conversion states or power
flow directions are changed. Hence, the EPS control is easier to implement, and has better dynamic
performance [15].
2.3. Triple phase shift (TPS) control
The triple phase modulation is employed when the converter operates at light loads. The TPS
modulation is employed such that the practical ZVS operation can be extended to zero [16]. Hence,
TPS control is easier to implement, and its dynamic performance is excellent.
2.4. Hybrid phase shift (HPS) modulation
The HPS modulation is a combination of EPS and TPS modulations. It provides a simple closed
form implementation for the primary and secondary side phase shift angles. This HPS modulation has
the advantages of EPS and TPS modulations [17].
3. PROPOSED CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY
In this paper, a center tapped transformer (CTT) based DAB converter is proposed, by inserting
a small inductor (𝐿 𝑠) between the transformer center tap and the mid-point of split output capacitors (𝐶𝑠1
′
and
𝐶𝑠2
′
) in the conventional DAB converter topology [18, 19]. Here, the two-inductor CTT based DAB converter
is used and it is shown in Figure 1(a). The turns ratio of CTT is N1:N2 = N1:N3=n. A T-type and a Δ-type
primary-referred equivalent circuits of modified DAB converter are derived with the equivalent
transformation of transformer and impedance. The magnetizing inductance (𝐿 𝑚) of CTT is neglected in this
analysis and transformation, due to the fact that 𝐿 𝑚is larger than the phase-shift inductors [20].
The CTT associated with two phase-shift inductors driven by three ac voltages are u1, uʹ2 and uʹ3.
CTT-based ac equivalent can be directly derived, as shown in Figure 1(a). By replacing the phase-shift
inductor 𝐿 𝑠
′
with two equal inductors (𝐿2
′
and 𝐿3
′
) connected in series with the secondary windings, the CTT-
based ac equivalent circuit with three phase-shift inductors are derived and shown in Figure 1(b). The values
of the three inductors that are used in this model are expressed as [21, 22],
𝐿1 = 𝐿 𝑝 − 𝐿 𝑠
′
(1)
𝐿2
′
= 2𝐿 𝑠
′
(2)
𝐿3
′
= 2𝐿 𝑠
′
(2)
Figure 1. Proposed CTT based DAB converter topologies with (a) two inductors and (b) three inductors

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Mode 1 operation is considered as an example to explore the operation of modified DAB converter
with the Extended phase shift (EPS) control, and due to the symmetry, only three stages over the half
switching are described.
3.1. TPS modulation
To extend the ZVS range, the TPS modulation is applied, and the added control freedom is
the phase-shift angle (∅ 𝑠). For the sake of shortening control and analysis, phase-shift angle (∅ 𝑠) is expected
to be better than or equal to zero always. Figure 2 depicts the equivalent circuits of modified DAB converter
with TPS control. Depending on the sequence in time of the dropping and rising edges of 𝑢1and 𝑢 𝑠,
six operating modes for bidirectional power flow can be identified. Modes 1 and modes 4 exist both in
forward and reverse power flows, whereas modes 2 and modes 3 occur only in the forward power flow, and
modes 2B and modes 3B exist in the reverse power transfer [23].
Figure 2. Equivalent circuits of modified DAB converter with TPS control

1173
3.2. HPS control strategy
For high-voltage MOSFETs, low currents (0<𝐼 𝑍𝑉𝑆<2A) are insufficient to recharge the parasitic
drain-to-source capacitance within a 200ns dead time interval, leading to increased switching losses.
Therefore, 𝐼 𝑍𝑉𝑆=2A is adopted as the practical ZVS condition. To simplify the following analysis and design,
the transformer turns ratio N1:N2:N3 is assumed as 1:1:1. Here, the worst switching current (𝑖 𝑤𝑠𝑡) and worst
switching leg for each operating mode under TPS have been identified. To enable the practical ZVS
operation of all power transistors, the practical ZVS condition for the worst switches should be satisfied.
The primary-secondary phase-shift angle (φ) is used to act the main control, variable regulating the output
voltage (𝑉𝑠), and the other two phase-shift angles 𝜑 𝑝 and 𝜑𝑠 are utilized to maximize the efficiency
performance [24-25]. The HPS control scheme applied to the modified DAB converter is depicted in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. HPS control scheme applied to the modified DAB converter
When the transferred power is relatively low, the HPS controlled converter is modulated with TPS.
When the power is large enough, 𝜑𝑠 decreases to 0, and the converter is EPS modulated [26]. Which means
that the transmission power is independent of the phase-shift angle 𝜑𝑠, but is mainly dominated by the phase-
shift angle φ. This is beneficial to decoupling the regulation of output voltage (𝑉𝑠) and the realization of
practical ZVS operation. On the other hand, the addition of 𝜑𝑠 can assist all power switches to achieve
practical ZVS; thereby, significantly minimizing the switching losses. Therefore, the HPS control is superior
over the EPS control.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, depending on the application, by changing the phase shift angles, one can achieve
buck/boost operation. MATLAB Simulink software is used for investigating both EPS and TPS modulations
for different operating modes of buck and boost operations. Here, four modes of operations are performed.
For each mode of operation, MATLAB simulation circuit, output voltage and power waveforms are
provided [27]. In Mode 1 operation, buck operation wave forms are presented. In Mode 2 and Mode 3
operations, boost operation wave forms are presented. In Mode 4, again buck operation wave forms are
presented. By using the EPS control method, Mode 1 operation will give the buck operation. Figure 4 depicts
the switching pulses applied to the power electronic devices.
Figure 4. Switching pulses applied to power electronic devices

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Figure 5 depicts the output voltage in buck mode operation (i.e., Mode 1). For the given input
voltage of 400V, the obtained output voltage is 375V, and this can be seen from Figure 5. Figure 5 also
shows the output power in buck mode operation with EPS control (i.e., Mode 1 operation). For the given
input voltage of 400V, the obtained output power is 878W, and it can be seen from Figure 5.
Figure 5. Output voltage and output power of the converter with EPS control (in Mode 1)
for the input voltage of 400V
4.1. TPS Control Approach
In Mode 2 operation, 𝑆𝑠1 and 𝑆𝑠4 are turned ON and this interval ends up with 𝑆 𝑝3 being switched
OFF. In Mode 3 operation, 𝑆𝑠1 is triggered ON and this interval ends up with 𝑆 𝑝1 being switched OFF.
In TPS control method (i.e., Mode 2), the boost operation will give 543V output voltage for a given input
voltage of 200V. Then, the output power is 1881W. Figure 6 depicts the output voltage of converter with
TPS control boost operation (i.e., Mode 2 operation). For the given input voltage of 400V, the obtained
output voltage is 1087V, and this can be observed in Figure 6. Figure 6 also shows the output power of
the converter in boost (i.e., Mode 2) operation with TPS control. For the given input voltage of 400V,
the obtained output power is 7385W, and it can be observed in Figure 6.
Figure 7 presents the output voltage of the converter in boost operation (Mode 3). For the given
input voltage of 400V, the obtained output voltage is 596V. Figure 7 also depicts the output power of
the converter in boost operation (i.e., Mode 3). For the given input voltage of 400V, the obtained power
output is 2225W. Figure 8 depicts the output voltage of the converter in buck operation (i.e., Mode 4
operation). For the given input voltage of 400V, the obtained output voltage is 154V, and it can be seen from
Figure 8. Figure 8 also depicts the output power of the converter in buck operation (i.e., Mode 4). For the
given input voltage of 400V, the obtained power output is 148W.

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Figure 6. Output voltage and power of the converter with TPS control (Mode 2) for the input voltage of 400V
Figure 7. Output voltage and power of the converter (i.e., Mode 3) for the input voltage of 400V

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Figure 8. Output voltage and power of the converter (i.e., Mode 4) for the input voltage of 400V
4.2. Hybrid phase shift (HPS) feedback control structure with characteristic table
The HPS control scheme is a combination of EPS and TPS modulations. By using the feedback
control with characteristic table method, the phase shift required to get 400V output voltage for any given
input voltage in the range of (200-400)V is calculated, by using 1D lookup table. The table data contains time
break points (1e-6, 6e-6, 4e-6, 2e-6, 1e-6) and voltage break points (200V, 250V, 300V, 350V and 400V),
which are calculated by using trial and error method. For any given input voltage range of (200-400)V,
the phase shift time is calculated and applied to get 400V constant output voltage. The output voltage
waveforms without closed loop feedback and with closed loop feedback control of characteristic table
method are compared in this section. The ripple factor has been reduced by using the feedback control.
Figure 9 depicts the comparison of output voltage with and without the feedback control.
Figure 9. Comparison of output voltage waveforms for with and without the feedback control

1177
Ripple factor is defined as,
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑉 𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∗ 100 (4)
Ripple factor without feedback is calculated as,
370−367
370
∗ 100 = 0.8% (5)
Ripple factor with characteristic table closed loop feedback control is calculated as,
397−395
397
∗ 100 = 0.5% (6)
From the above (5) and (6), it is clear that the ripple factor without feedback is 0.8% and the with
feedback is 0.5%. From this, it can be observed that the ripple factor has been reduced significantly with
characteristic table closed loop feedback control. Table 1 presents the comparison of output voltage and
power values for the given input voltage of 400V. In the Table, Mode 1 represents the buck operation,
Modes 2 and Modes 3 represents the boost operations, Mode 4 represents the buck operation.
Table 1. Comparison of output voltage and power in four modes
Mode of operation For 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 400𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
Mode1 375𝑉 878𝑊
Mode2 1087𝑉 7385𝑊
Mode3 597𝑉 2225𝑊
Mode4 154𝑉 149𝑊
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel modiﬁed dual active bridge (DAB) converter and a simple HPS control
scheme for a 0.5-1 variation in the voltage conversion ratio is proposed. The HPS control scheme is
a combination of EPS and TPS modulations, and it provides a very simple closed-form implementation for
the primary and secondary side phase shift angles. When this modiﬁed DAB converter operates at light loads,
the TPS modulation is employed such that the practical ZVS operation can be extended to zero load.
For heavy loads, the secondary side phase shift angle decreases to zero, and the EPS modulation is applied.
By using the 1D look up table, the proposed dual active bridge (DAB) converter provides constant 400V for
any given input voltage range of (200-400)V and the ripple factor has been reduced from 0.8% to 0.5%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work has been carried out based on the support of “TKR College of Engineering &
Technology's research funding - (2019-2020)” and “Woosong University's Academic Research Funding -
(2019-2020)”.
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