An introduction to research methodoloy
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The document discusses research methodology, defining research as a systematic inquiry aimed at obtaining information on specific topics. It outlines various types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, and fundamental, and also differentiates between quantitative and qualitative methods. Additionally, the document explains the research process and different sampling techniques including simple random, systematic, stratified, and convenience sampling.
An introduction to research methodoloy
- 1. An Introduction to Research Methodology Dr. Jaganmohana Rao Faculty of Education MITE, Kohima
- 2. Research Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
- 3. As per the dictionary definition it is a careful investigation or enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge Characteristics of Research: It is always Search for Knowledge Its moves from Known to known Systematic and careful inquiry It has the Logic reason and evidence It should fallow the scientific methods (Inductive & Deductive) It will formulate the generalisations & theories
- 4. Types of Research Descriptive vs Analytical: Descriptive research (Ex post facto research) includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Analytical research in this the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material
- 5. Applied vs Fundamental: Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problems facing by a society or an organization. Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of theory. (gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake)
- 6. Quantitative vs Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the quantitative measurements of some characteristics. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantities. Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, it is a method of inquiry that develops understanding on human and social sciences, to find the way people think and feel.
- 7. Conceptual vs Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract ideas or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. Empirical research (Experimental) relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.
- 8. Other Types of Research: One-time research Longitudinal research Field setting research / Laboratory research Clinical or diagnostic research Historical research
- 9. Research Methods vs Methodology: Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research. Research methods or techniques, thus, refer to the methods the researchers use in performing research operations. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. In it we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them.
- 10. Method Technique Observation Observational behaviour scale, score cards Case Study & Life History Cross-sectional collection of data, Longitudinal collection of data Survey Questionnaire, Schedules, Opinionnaire
- 12. Research Process: Research Process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carryout research. 1.Define research problem (nature& understanding ) 2.Review of literature 3.Formulate hypotheses 4.Research design (sample design) 5.Collecting the data (execution) 6.Analysis of data (testing hypothesis) 7.Interpretation & report writing
- 14. Simple random sampling: is also known as chance sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample Examples: Drawing names from a hat Systematic Sampling: Select a random starting point and then select every Kth subject in the population Ex: select every odd number in a class
- 15. Stratified Sampling: Divide the population into at least two different groups with common characteristic(s), then draw some subjects from each group (group is called strata or stratum) Cluster sampling: it involves grouping the population and then selecting the groups or the clusters rather than individual elements for inclusion in the sample. Area sampling: it is quite close to cluster sampling; under this sampling first we divide the total area into a number of smaller non- overlapping areas
- 16. Convenience Sampling: it is also called as deliberate sampling. This sampling involves purposive & deliberate selection (Use subjects that are easily accessible) Judgement Sampling: The researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study. Quota Sampling: A sampling method of gathering representative data from a group.
- 19. Stratified Sampling Draw a sample from each stratum
- 20. Cluster sampling Section 4 Section 5 Section 3 Section 2Section 1
- 21. 21 Convenience sampling – Use results that are easy to get 21
- 22. Quota Sampling