Answer to review quesion of environmental science
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1. The document contains review questions about environmental ethics. 2. Industries pollute to cut costs and increase profits. Proper waste disposal and energy consumption can be expensive for companies. 3. Normal economic forces were historically against pollution control because it would reduce corporate profits. However, attitudes are changing as regulations require companies to consider environmental impacts. 4. A totally unpolluted environment is unrealistic since manufacturing waste is inevitable, but efforts should be made to minimize pollution and find new uses for residues.
Answer to review quesion of environmental science
- 1. Review Questions Chapter II (Page 36) ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 1) How does personal wealth relate to ethics? Can you provide personal example? 2) Why do industries pollute? 3) Why would normal economic forces against pollution control? Do you fell that is changing? 4) Is it reasonable to expect a totally unpolluted environment? Why or why not? 5) What has been the dominant societal attitude toward resource use? 6) Describe the differences between development, preservation, and the conservation ethics. Must there always be conflict among these ethics? 7) What is a major motivating force of corporate management? 8) Why do decision makers view the actions of corporations differently from the way they view the actions of individuals?
- 2. 1. How does personal wealth relate to ethics? Can you provide personal example? Personal wealth is very a main factor that relate to ethic (especially environmental ethic) because like individuals, we should have a fundamental ethical responsibility to respect nature and to care for the Earth. And we have to recognize that each of us is individually responsible for the quality of the environment we live in and that our personal actions and person wealth affect environmental quality for better or worse. o For example: personal wealth includes our specific person's assets, money, car, house, and value of possessions. 2. Why do industries pollute? Industry is naturally dirty because it consumes energy and resources, and it produces waste that must be discarded/throw away. Proper waste disposal and energy consumption can be costly, and ultimately reduce profits for the company. Many companies choose to pollute in order to cut down cost in exchange for higher profits. In industry workers always do many works like, procuring raw materials, manufacturing and marketing, and disposing if waste. So industry or company has adopted pollution as a corporate policy, and corporation are legal entities designed to operate at a profit. In our industrial world, discarding materials taken from the Earth at great cost is also generally unwise. Perhaps material and products that are no longer in use should be termed residues rather than waste, so industrials need to pollute to environment after their products or material can’t use anymore, they will waste it out. 3. Why would normal economic forces against pollution control? Do you feel that is changing? Because it doesn’t want to lose benefits or bankrupt or go down the, factories or industries. If it doesn’t force against pollution control, it is going to reduce the benefits from the factories or industries. Nowadays, before they generate or build something just like industry or factory, they always consider about the environment first how to prevent or how find the solution to deal with or solve with it. For instance, they have an industry to find mine in the ground. Procuring raw materials (Mine is in the ground). In order to get the mine, we have to cut the trees. When we cut the trees, it makes animals lose or don’t have
- 3. their refuge/shelter. So, it causes trouble to the environment. However, when they dig the ground, it leads to have smoke move/go to in the air, the dusty ground cause to atmosphere, and the sound makes the animals afraid or run away. When they get the mine, they have to take it to wash. The water that wash these mine it flows/drain into the water to lake, stream, river, or sea. When they wash that mine already and these mines are not pure, so they have to use chemical substances to divide it. After they utilize, those chemical substances drop or drain to the water. So, it harms to the environment. o If they don’t force against pollution control, they have to obey or respect the laws or policies of the environment or United Nation. So, they have to think about polluting from their industry or find the solution to deal with or solve those problems. 4. Is it reasonable to expect a totally unpolluted environment? Why or why not? No, it is not. Because the production of waste is inevitable when processing raw materials. The by-product of processing needs to be considered a residue rather than a waste, and the residues need to be recycled or a new use should be found. So, it is probably not reasonable to expect a totally unpolluted environment; manufacturers should consider it a goal in which they should attempt to achieve. 5. What has been the dominant societal attitude toward resource use? The dominant societal attitude that has been toward resource use is business and technological development that have increased the exploitation to natural resource. o For example, the energy industries need a lot of fossil fuel and some other technological such desalination which remove salt from seawater also takes a lot of energy. 6. Describe the differences between development, preservation, and the conservation ethics. Must there always be conflict among these ethics? The development ethic – based on individualism or egocentrism. It assumes that the human race is and should be the master of nature and that the Earth and its resources exist for our benefit and pleasure.
- 4. o It means that human is the master of natural resources includes: biological resources/living things and physical resources/non-living things. However, human has right to take or use the natural resources depend on they want because all of them belong to the human. The preservation ethic - considers nature special in itself. Nature has intrinsic value or inherent worth apart from human appropriation. o It means that we should preserve/keep/save the natural resources for fresh, beautiful, clean air, not to cut down or touch them, or human relax the stress for fun. This moral don’t care about economics. The conservation ethic – also called the management ethic. It is related to the scientific preservationist view but extends the rational consideration to the entire Earth and for all time. o It means that we should balance between natural resources and development. This moral is about green growth economics or blue economics. o For example, if one area has less short forests or it don’t have much important for animals or people, we should develop it to be farm area/rice field or paddy field for people grow crops or plant rice. If an area has a lot of big forests; it is very significant for animals or birds to live, find food, or give birth/deliver a baby. Or it is essential/necessary for people to bring advantage from the forests, we should prevent or preserve together in order to sustainable. 7. What is a major motivating force of corporate management? The major motivating force of corporate management is profitability because stockholders expect immediate return on their investment. The profits of corporate management are about the environment and the profits of business because the environment is supremely significant for all biological resources/organisms or physical resources on the Earth. However, they have to practice in balance. It means that we get both the benefits from corporate management and help or protect the environment.
- 5. o For example, we have the land one hundred Ares or one hectare to plant the rice. First of all, we consider about the environment when we plant the rice. Rice can live in condition good when it has enough water, shine, fertilize, or insecticide (chemical substance to kill or protect the insect). Our rice only uses natural fertilize (dung) and merely utilize insecticide one time in one year. Let’s say we get input from our rice 5 tons in one year when we use like this and in order to protect the environment and help our land long-used as well. 8. Why do decision makers view the actions of corporations differently from the way they view the actions of individuals? Decision makers view the actions of corporations differently from the way they view the actions of corporations of individuals because when we are corporate in the groups, it is easy to share opinion or experiences or to deal with or solve the problems. When someone produces something that lead to something bad or wrong, the member of the groups help to tell or correct to be better. o For instance, we are corporate to build/generate a factory. We have a lot of idea how to get the benefits from the factory and how to protect the environment. First of all, getting the benefits from the factory by helping people has a job to do in the factory reduce the rate of unemployment in the country. Secondly, if we have factories, they can supply the material or something in the country let’s say the factories produce clothes. Finally, these factories can help economic of the country increased. How to protect the environment when we are corporate. We know that when we create the factories, they are polluted a lot of smoke, waste, or polluted water. In order to prevent the smoke, we can buy the layer to cover smoke tube so as to reduce the chemical substances. Moreover, the waste has to pack in the sack or litter bins in order. Furthermore, we should dig a well in order to stock the water that flow or drain from the factories or recycling that water if we have ability. o When you do individual, you know you harm the environment. It means that you think it justice.