ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA & DESIGN OF WORKPLACE(2).ppt
- 1. A presentation on ANTHROPOMETRY Submitted by : Submitted by : 2013pie5217 Anil chaudhary 2013pie5141 Areesha nafees 2013pie5071Abhimanyu meena Presented to Dr. Awdhesh bhardwaj Dept. Of mech.
- 2. Work place design • The workplace today is a result of historical innovations that were designed to make the workplace a productive environment. • However the world of work continues to change, & the design factors that once were helpful are adding less value than they once did.`
- 3. WORKSITE ANALYSIS Continued FRONT BACK SYMPTOM SURVEY 1. NOTE AREAS OF PAIN OR DISCOMFORT! 2. WHAT DO YOU FEEL IS THE SOURCE? 3. WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES WOULD HELP? 4. WHAT OTHER FEEDBACK CAN BE GATHERED?
- 4. Definition & Origin ANTHROPOMETRY :- The study of human body measurements especially on a comparative basis. It refers to the measurement of the human individual for the purposes of understanding human physical variation. Anthropometrics was first used in the 19th and early 20th century in criminalities, to identifying criminals by facial characteristics. Francis Galton was a key contributor as well, and it was in showing the redundancy of Bertillon's measurements that he developed the statistical concept of correlation.
- 5. Introduction Today, anthropometry plays an important role in Industrial design Clothing design Ergonomics Architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products.
- 6. Dimensions Measured 1. Body mass: subject stood erect on a medical scale reading to 0.1kg. 2. Stature: subject stood erect heels together, looked straight ahead, arms hung loose at the sides. 3. Popliteal height: subject sat erect on the bench, feet height was adjusted to bring thighs horizontal and parallel, lower legs vertical – vertical height from foot surface to top surface of bench. 4. Knee height: subject same as (3) – vertical height from foot surface to superior aspect of right patella. 5. Thigh clearance height: subject same as (3) – vertical height from top surface of bench to the junction of thigh and abdomen. 6. Buttock-knee length: subject same as (3) – horizontal distance from block held against rearmost part of buttocks to edge of right patella.
- 7. Continued… 7. Buttock-Popliteal length: as for (6) – horizontal length to front edge of bench. 8. Buttock breadth – seated: as for (3) – horizontal width across the greatest lateral protrusion on each side of the buttocks. 9. Sitting height – normal: subject sat normally relaxed on the bench hands in lap, looking straight ahead – vertical height from top surface of bench to top middle part of the head. 10. Sitting height – erect: subject sat as in (9) – helped if necessary by a gentle push in the sacral area of the back – vertical height as in 10. 11. Elbow – elbow breadth: subject sat erect, upper arms hanging at sides, lower arms extended horizontally, palms facing each other, elbows held as tightly as possible to the sides – maximum horizontal distance across lateral surface of the elbows.
- 8. Dimensions Measured (Gallwey and Fitzgibbon)
- 9. Measurement techniques • Positions – Standing naturally upright – Standing stretched to maximum height – Lean against a wall – Sitting upright – Lying (supine posture) – “Anatomical position” (see Kroemer et al)
- 10. Continued.. • Some key measurement terms – Height – Breadth – Depth – Distance – Curvature – Circumference – Reach
- 12. Classification of Malnutrition by Indian Academy of Pediatrics Weight for age * Grade of malnutrition >80 % 71-80% 61-70% 51-60% <50% Normal Grade 1 (Mild) Grade 2 (Moderate) Grade 3 (Severe) Grade 4 (very severe)
- 13. Height Velocity Birth to 3 months 3.5cm/month 3 – 6 months 2.0cm/month 6 – 9 months 1.5cm/month 9 – 12 months 1.3cm/month 2 – 5 years 6 – 8cm/year 5 – 12 years 5cm/year At birth 50cms Gain during 1st year 25cms Gain during 2nd year 12.5cms Gain during 3rd year 7.5 to 10cms Gain during 3 – 12 years 5 to 7.5cms Adolescence 8cms/yr for girls during 12 to 16 years 10cms/yr for boys during 14 to 18 years
- 14. Expected head circumference in children Age Head circumference (cm) At birth 34 – 35 2 months 38 3 months 40 4 months 41 6 months 42 - 43 1 year 45 - 46 2 years 47 - 48 5 years 50 - 51
- 16. Continued…
- 17. Results (Gallwey and Fitzgibbon) No. Dimension Min Max Mean SD Cov (%) Mean (U.S. data) sig diff 1 Mass (kg) 47.2 95.8 73.9 8.7 11.7 76.2 0.025 2 Stature 1562 1896 1730.8 58 3.4 1732 NS 3 Popliteal height 347 512 397 34 8.6 439.5 0.0005 4 Knee height 426 578 508.4 28 5.4 541 0.0005 5 Thigh clearance height 117 192 152.7 16 10.3 144.8 0.0005 6 Buttock-knee length 473 675 600.1 28 4.7 591.8 0.0005 7 Buttock-popliteal length 415 543 486.1 24 4.8 492.8 0.01 8 Buttock breadth - seated 295 409 355.3 25 7.1 355.6 NS 9 Sitting height - normal 301 564 454.3 53 11.7 421.6 0.0005 10 Sitting height - erect 782 944 872.9 33 3.7 879.7 0.025 11 Elbow - elbow breadth 830 997 911.3 30 3.3 918.4 0.025
- 18. Anthropometric Data Dimension, In Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th 1. Stature (height) Male 63.7 68.3 72.6 Female 58.9 63.2 67.4 2. Eye height Male 59.5 63.9 68.0 Female 54.4 58.6 62.7 3. Shoulder height Male 52.1 56.2 60.0 Female 47.7 51.6 55.9 4. Elbow height Male 39.4 43.3 46.9 Female 36.9 39.8 42.8 5. Knuckle height Male 27.5 29.7 31.7 Female 25.3 27.6 29.9 13.Chest depth Male 8.4 9.5 10.9 Female 8.4 9.5 11.7
- 19. Anthropometric Data Dimension, In Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th 6. Height, sitting Male 33.1 35.7 38.1 Female 30.9 33.5 35.7 7. Eye height, sitting Male 28.6 30.9 33.2 Female 26.6 28.9 30.9 8. Elbow rest height, Male 7.5 9.6 11.6 sitting Female 7.1 9.2 11.1 9. Thigh clearance Male 4.5 5.7 7. height Female 4.2 5.4 6.9 10.Knee height, sitting Male 19.4 21.4 23.3 Female 17.8 19.6 21.5 11.Buttock-knee Male 21.3 23.4 25.3 distance, sitting Female 20.4 22.4 24.6 12.Popliteal height, Male 15.4 17.4 19.2 sitting Female 14.0 15.7 17.4
- 20. Basic meaning • Design of workplace is a part of Ergonomics • Ergonomics is Derived from two Greek words: “Ergon” meaning work “Nomoi” meaning natural laws Hence, ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands.
- 21. ERGONOMICS DEFINED Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the human body. The art and science that addresses workers’ job performance and well-being in relation to their job tasks, tools, equipment and environment. The study of the relationship between people and machines or between employees and their environment.
- 22. ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT Improve quality. Improve absenteeism. Maintain a healthier work force. Reduce injury and illness rates. Acceptance of high-turnover jobs. Workers feel good about their work. Reduce workers’ compensation costs. Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness. ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP:
- 23. ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT “It is estimated that in the United States, 97% of the money spent for medical care is directed toward treatment of an illness, injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on prevention.” Self-help Manual for your Back H. Duane Saunders, MSPT by Educational Opportunities
- 24. ERGONOMICS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH Economics Sociology Physiology Psychology Biomechanics Physical Sciences Management Philosophies Engineering, Industrial Design Safety & Health, Human Factors Engineering THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE:
- 25. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS WORK STATION DESIGN TOOL SELECTION AND DESIGN OFFICE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS (VDT’S) SAFETY BACK INJURY REDUCTION AND PREVENTION MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING IMPROVEMENT CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDER (CTD) REDUCTION
- 26. Design of workplace Principle of motion economy 1) Principles that apply to the use of the human body 2) Principles that apply to the workplace arrangement 3) Principles that apply to the design of tooling and equipment But we are concern about ergonomic & anthropometric design of workplace
- 27. Principles for workplace arrangement • 1) Locate tools and materials in fixed positions within the work area
- 28. 2) Locate tools and materials close to where they are used. • Poor arrangement of tools & work piece
- 29. Good arrangement of parts and tools in workplace 3) Locate tools and materials to be consistent with sequence of work elements.
- 30. 4). Use gravity feed bins to deliver small parts and fasteners.
- 31. 5)Use gravity drop chutes (channels, tubes) for completed work units where appropriate. • Elevated Sorting Enclosure, Pitch hoppers and take-away conveyors
- 32. 6)Provide adequate illumination • In below diagram required illumination for specified location at workplace is shown in unit lux(unit of measurement of illumination) • Lux is derived unit based of lumen, and lumen is derived unit based on candela. • 1Lux= 1lm/m2= 1cd.sr/m2
- 33. 7) A proper chair should be provided for the worker
- 34. JOB AND WORK STATION DESIGN GOOD JOB DESIGN REDUCES Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions AVOIDS Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints, Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance ABATES Accidents, Production Problems, Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework
- 35. Continued GOOD JOB DESIGN PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power, Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering JOB AND WORK STATION DESIGN PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise, Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods & Equipment EMPLOYEE: EMPLOYER:
- 36. Continued WORK STATION DESIGN Design for the Range-of-Motion of the Worker Design for the Field of Vision of the Worker Design out Extreme Ranges-of-Motion Reduce Force in Job Accomplishment Reduce the Frequency of Motions Required Reduce the Duration of a Specific Task Design to Provide Adequate Support to Back, and Legs DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- 37. DO NOT DESIGN FOR THE AVERAGE! DO NOT DESIGN FOR YOURSELF! THE LARGE MUST BE ABLE TO FIT! THE SMALL MUST BE ABLE TO REACH! DESIGN FOR A RANGE! DESIGN FOR ADJUSTABILITY! Continued WORK STATION DESIGN THE BOTTOM LINE
- 38. TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Consider the Gender and Age of Users. The Specific Use of the Tool Is Critical. Contact Manufactures for Their Assistance. Make Informed Decisions Before You Buy. Don’t be Fooled by Misleading Advertising. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- 39. TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS STRAIGHT WRIST FIRM GRIP WEIGHT SAFE BALANCE VIBRATION TORQUE PINCHPOINTS
- 40. TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION TOOLS COME IN ENDLESS VARIETY, THE NEXT FEW SLIDES PROVIDE SOME CONSIDERATIONS TO THINK ABOUT.
- 41. TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION Continued HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS CRITERIA CONSIDERATION DIAMETER - AVOID ONE SIZE FITS ALL HAND FIT - AVOID GROOVES AND CONTOURS THAT CAUSE RESSURE POINTS HANDLE - NON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL - TEXTURED TO AVOID SLIP OR TWIST - CONSIDER THICKNESS ORIENTATION - ACCOMMODATES STRAIGHT WRIST? SPAN - NOT TOO LARGE TO GRASP EASILY?
- 42. Design of workplace with anthropometric data IMAGINE SITTING INFRONT OF A COMPUTER. A designer has used anthropometric data to decide the correct height of the chair and the desk. Health and Safety rules in industry also dictate how far the monitor should be away from the user and the angle of the screen so that the user can see the screen clearly when the muscles in their eyes are relaxed. When using a keyboard or mouse your arms should be straight. If your elbows are below your wrist and you are bending your wrists you are restricting the blood flow to your hands, which can damage them over a period of time.
- 43. Anthropometry of man infront of computer
- 44. Correct body texture infront of computer
- 46. Anthropometry of human body
- 48. Case study SYSTEMATIC ERGONOMIC WORKPLACE DESIGN IN SEWING WORK.
- 49. Introduction Company: MEWA Textile-Service AG & Co. Management OHG Country: Germany Sector: Manufacture of textiles Address: John-F.-Kennedy-Strabe 4. D-65189 Wiesbaden Germany Website: www.mewa.de
- 50. The issue under discussion The number of work-related diseases and lost working hours has increased in the German sewing industry, mainly due to spine and shoulder/arm disorders. These account for more than 34% of all working days lost in this sector, which is considerably higher than elsewhere. Sewing involves highly repetitive movements of the shoulder and arm. Static postures of the spine and lower extremities - leaning a long way forwards while sitting - are involved for much of the work. The height of many sewing tables is still the same as the foot-operated machines common at the end of the 19th century. There is not enough room for the legs between the workbench and foot pedal
- 51. Action taken The leather industry and textile and clothing professional associations initiated a project aimed at developing an ergonomically designed model sewing workstation and accompanying operational instructions (BGI 804 2). The project, supported by the HVBG, was carried out by the Schwan engineering company in eight sewing companies. At MEWA, 40 sewing workstations were redesigned according to the BGI 804 2 standard. The spatial arrangement of the workspace under the workbench and the foot pedal were altered to encourage an upright working posture and relieve the strain on the spinal column.
- 52. Action taken a redesigned foot space with a pedal release enabled the unhindered movement of feet and legs. a work table of adjustable height was introduced that can switch easily between sitting and standing. adjustable support areas for the hands and arms to reduce the static strain on the shoulders and neck were introduced.
- 54. Results achieved The workers' acceptance of the intervention was high. A clear reduction in strains and stress and increased job satisfaction were reported to MEWA's management. The cost of these measures came to €1,500 /workstation. The overall investment of about €60,000 proved profitable in just a few months: the no. of working days lost fell by 16%, the needle operating time for the redesigned machine increased by up to 50% & productivity rose around 15%.
- 55. Effect of changes in sitting material A constant sitting material is the source of various aches for the employees of the apparel Industry An adjustable sitting material, however, avoids most of the problems and provides A more comfortable working environment
- 56. Continued.. This approach can be applied directly to other sewing workstations and is transferable to workplaces in other sectors, such as those using assembly workstations.
- 57. Conclusion • Manufacturers are moving ahead by promoting comfortable work areas and ergonomically designed tools. This results in happy workers, better safety, and improved productivity. • Anthropometry has become a critical factor in workplace safety. • Comfortable employees offer productivity with quality. • Anthropometry plays a vital role in increasing human comfort and there by increasing productivity
- 58. References • Human Factors in Engineering and Design by Sanders and McCormick (seventh edition) Motion and time study applications. Newyork. John Wiley and sons. Fourth edition, 1961. Ralph M. Barns, Motion & Time Study Design and Measurement of Work. • http://livehealthyosu.com/2012/09/24/designing-an-ergonomic- sewing-workspace-to-fit-your-body/ • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10865763 • http://www.ergonomics4schools.com/lzone/anthropometry.ht m • http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/ • www.designingforhumans.com/idsa/anthropometric_data/ • www.eurasianjournals.com_index
- 59. THANKS