Antibiotics classification on bases of mode of action and industrial production
- 1. ANTIBIOTICS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF ACTION AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION By : Aghera Raj IMSC Biotechnology Parul Instiute Of Applied Sciences
- 2. Introduction Substance derived from microorganism or produce synthetically, that destroy or limits growth of living organisms. One of the wonder discovery of 20th century. Antibiotics resistance is public health issue with a significant impact on • Morbidity • Mortality • Health-care associated costs
- 3. What is antibiotics? A medicine that inhibits growth of living organisms or destroy microorganisms. Originally, an antibiotics was a substance produced by one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another.
- 4. Antibiotic classification According to antimicrobial activity Bactericidal Bacteriostatic According to bacterial spectrum of activity Narrow spectrum Broad spectrum According to absorbability from the site of administration to attain significant concentration for the treatment of systemic infection Locally acting systemic
- 6. Classification of antibiotics based on mode of action Nitu met | sultan | in ceptember with a fluid pen and a car Nit- nitrofurans Met- metronidazole Sul- sulphonamides Cep- cephalosporin Flu- fluoroguinolones Pen- penicillin Car- carbapenem DNA synthesis inhibitor Tetrahydro folate synthesis inhibitor Peptidoglycans DNA gyras enzyme inhibition Peptides synthesis inhibitors
- 7. Protein synthesis inhibitors Ma Life At Cell Ma- macrolides Li- lincosamides A- aminoglycosides T- tetracyclins 30S 50S C- clindamycin E- erythromycin L- linezolid 50S 30S 50S
- 8. Mechanism of major antibacterial agents
- 9. Antibiotic resistance Production of enzyme that inactivates drug β-lactamase S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomanas, H. influenza Altered permeability to the drug result to decreased effective intracellular concentration Synthesis of altered structural targets for the drug Streptomycin resistance – mutant protein in 30S ribosomal subunit delete binding site Enterobacteriaceae Multi-drug resistance pump • Bacteria actively export substances including drug in exchange for protons
- 10. Industrial production of antibiotics Inoculum: A small amount of material containing bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that is used to start a culture. A high yielding strain (Bacteria) is a prerequisite for antibiotic production. The Inoculum is prepared usually in the form of a spore suspension, which is transferred into the fermenter.
- 11. Fermenter / Bioreactor: Antibiotic are generally produced in stainless steel fermenters used in the batch or fed mode, see in figure below. Water cooling is often used to maintain the temperature between 24-26° C. Generally, the fermenter is maintained at above atmospheric pressure which reduces contamination risk and enhances O2 supply. The final stage fermenter is preferably used for antibiotic production for the longest period.
- 13. Initial stages of fermentation are designed for considerable microbial growth; these are carried out in seed stage fermenters of smaller size. One or more seed stages may be used, depending on the process and the strain, to produce the maximum amount of biomass. Flow diagram
- 14. Process description The production fermenter is run in a fed batch mode in which a nutrient e.g., glucose is added continuously throughout the fermentation to enhance the duration of antibiotic production. This is accompanied by withdrawal of small volumes of broth to check increase in volume of the broth in the fermenter. Antifoaming agents are added at the appropriate stage of fermentation.
- 15. Selected microbiological, physical and chemical features are monitored during the fermentation in order to achieve proper control. At the end of final production stage incubation, the broth contains only a low concentration (3-35% If the total solutes in the broth) of the antibiotic. Antibiotic recovery is done by separation of cells from the broth by filtration or centrifugation which is followed by purification. Removal of cells: The first step in product recovery is the separation of whole cells and other insoluble ingredients from the culture broth by technique such as filtration and centrifugation.
- 16. The product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug, so it is dissolved and then precipitated as a potassium salt to separate it from other substances in the medium.
- 17. Quality control Retained Sample Analysis of finished product Sampling Validation Records Batch inspection and sampling SOP GMP
- 18. Packaging Primary packaging Secondary packaging Tertiary packaging