Antimicrobial resistance in STREPTOCOCCUS SPP
- 1. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus spp Presented by: Yakubu Tahir 20/03/01/141 Supervised by: Ali Abba Gana Benisheikh Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Borno State University July, 2024
- 2. INTRODUCTION Streptococcus spp are common causes of bacterial infections worldwide, responsible for a range of diseases including pharyngitis, pneumonia, and meningitis (Kadioglu et al., 2018). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Streptococcus spp is a growing concern, threatening the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy (World Health Organization, 2019).
- 3. Epidemiology of AMR in Streptococcus spp High rates of resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines have been reported in Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae (Sahu et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2020). Resistance to penicillin and ampicillin is also increasing in some regions (Kim et al., 2019; García-Cobos et al., 2020). Prevalence of AMR in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Nigeria: 73.1% (Ogbuehi et al., 2019). Prevalence of AMR in Streptococcus pyogenes in Nigeria: 63.2% (Nwadioha et al., 2020).
- 4. Enzyme-mediated degradation of antibiotics, such as beta-lactamases (Drawz and Bonomo, 2010). Active efflux of antibiotics, mediated by efflux pumps (Li et al., 2013). Alterations in target proteins, such as penicillin- binding proteins (Munoz et al., 2018). Mechanisms of AMR in Streptococcus spp
- 5. Risk factors for AMR in Streptococcus spp Prior antibiotic exposure, which selects for resistant strains (Levy and Marshall, 2004). Inadequate antibiotic use, including inappropriate prescribing and poor adherence (World Health Organization, 2019). Poor infection control practices, which facilitate the spread of resistant strains (Pittet et al., 2008).
- 6. Consequences of AMR in Streptococcus spp Increased morbidity and mortality: AMR in Streptococcus spp. leads to increased morbidity and mortality (Ogbuehi et al., 2019) - Longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs: AMR in Streptococcus spp. results in longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs (Ezejiofor et al., 2019)
- 7. Prevention and control of AMR in Streptococcus spp Appropriate antibiotic use and stewardship, which aims to optimize antimicrobial therapy and minimize the selection of resistant strains (Ducher et al., 2019). Vaccination, which can prevent infections and reduce the need for antimicrobial therapy (Klugman et al., 2019). Infection control practices, such as hand hygiene and sterilization, which can prevent the spread of resistant strains (Pittet et al., 2008).
- 8. Conclusion AMR in Streptococcus spp. is a significant public health concern, requiring urgent attention and action. A multi-faceted approach, including appropriate antibiotic use, vaccination, and infection control practices, is necessary to combat AMR in Streptococcus spp.
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