Anywave transmitter efficiency 2016.01 v2
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This document discusses transmitter designs that can reduce the cost of ownership. It defines cost of ownership as including all direct and indirect costs over an asset's lifetime, including power consumption, maintenance, floor space, and more. Power consumption, particularly by the final power amplifier, is identified as the biggest factor affecting cost of ownership. The document compares different amplifier technologies and modulation techniques, finding that Doherty modulation can provide significant efficiency improvements over traditional Class A/B designs, reducing total cost of ownership.
Anywave transmitter efficiency 2016.01 v2
- 1. 1 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES PRESENTATION TITLE: Transmitter designs to reduce the cost of ownership
- 2. 2 “Cost of ownership” is the estimate of all direct and indirect costs associated with an asset or acquisition over it‘s entire life cycle. What is “Cost of Ownership” and “Figure of Merit Efficiency” “Figure of Merit Efficiency” is the estimate of Total Transmitted Power Output versus Total Energy to operate the Transmitter.
- 3. 3 Rent Floor space required and heat into room (AC requirements) Service Robustness, Redundancy, Access, Ease of Maintenance Maintenance Routine planned, Preventative, Retrospective, Remote Control/Diagnostics Off Air Redundancy Power Consumption of the Amplifier, still key cost of a station Typically makes up 70% of a stations expenses Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters MAJOR FACTORS EFFECTING COST OF OWNERSHIP POWER CONSUMPTION IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR CONCERNING THE COST OF OWNERSHIP
- 4. 4 More than 80% (typically) of network operators costs relate to power consumption Most power is consumed by the RF power amplifier devices. Standard Class A/B design transmitters operate with poor efficiency due to the high peak to average ratio. Typical Class A/B transmitter system efficiency is between 14-20% * Amplifiers operate at highest efficiency at saturation point Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters THE FINAL POWER AMPLIFIER IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR FOR TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY
- 5. 5 A Brief history of amplifier devices What technology to choose for the best efficiency
- 6. 6 LDMOS Transistor Tianjin Radio and Television Tower First there were Vacuum tubes Klystrons Tetrodes Diacrodes Klsytrodes IOT’s The came Transistors 1960 – 2015 Significant increase in power capability Employed initially in VHF then in the 70’s to UHF Big effect on Power handling and Performance LDMOS; Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor Today: LDMOS provides 250-300W Average power per pallet ( and up to 2kW per chassis) Klystron IOT Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
- 7. 7 Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Receiver KLYSTRON IOT 25-30,000 Volts 50 Volts Choice of Amplifying device 6 Devices / Amplifier Typically 2 – 20 amplifiers per transmitter 300W LDMOS TRANSISTOR Size Safety Redundancy Efficiency ? Complexity• 6 PSU • 15 Protection mechanisms • 3 cooling systems • Low gain • Very High Voltage
- 8. 8 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters 4 25 16 18 20 21 50 42 54 KLYSTRON TRANSISTOR TETRODE KLYSTRON MSDC IOT DIACRODE MSDC IOT DRAIN MODULATION DOHERTY TRANSISTOR Device Electrical Efficiency (ATSC Signal) Electrical Efficiency (ATSC Digital) 1960’s 1970’s 1975 1985 1990 1994 2009 2011 2011
- 9. 9 The choice now is what type of transistor amplifier to use… So Vacuum Tubes are finally put to rest!
- 10. 10 Solid State Transistorized Transmitters Almost all transmitters are now employing transistors Class A/B Significant improvements from 5% to 20% system efficiency Standard Class A/B design transmitters Are no longer going to be used because of significant technology innovations Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Three choices available Class A/B Envelope Modulation Doherty Modulation Class A/B Envelope Modulation Doherty Modulation
- 11. 11 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Receiver Energy Dissipated as Heat Transmitted Radio Signal Envelope Modulation Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
- 12. 12 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Receiver V DC Energy Dissipated as Heat Modulator/Exciter ~ 30% Efficiency 70% Wasted energy as heat A1 Class A/B Amplifier Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
- 13. 13 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Energy Dissipated as Heat DC-DC Converter ~ 33% Efficiency 67% Wasted energy as heat Average Power Tracking A1 V DC Modulator/Exciter Class A/B Amplifier Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
- 14. 14 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Class A/B Amplifier Envelope Detector Envelope doesn’t track to zero ~ 44% Efficiency 56% Wasted energy as heat Envelope Power Tracking A1 Modulator/Exciter DC-DC Converter V DC Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
- 15. 15 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Class A/B Class A/B Efficiency 28% Temperature 75ᴼ C Average Junction temperature 140 ᴼ C Drain Modulation Drain Modulation Efficiency 44% Temperature 62ᴼ C Average Junction temperature 112 ᴼ C Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
- 16. 16 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters William Doherty - 1936 Bell Labs (Western Electric) Successful developments by Continental Electronics (James B. Weldon / Joseph Sainton) 50kW AM transmitters Various versions including parallel Class AB and C tubes (Continental 317C) 9 tubes versus RCA’s 32 tubes! Follow on development by NXP (Ex-Philips) LDMOS design using standard format two transistor pallet Current models BLF888B (Narrowband) and BLF888D (Broadband) – 250W output (average power – UHF) Up to 55% Drain Efficiency (at the transistor) Doherty Modulation
- 17. 17 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Wilkinson Splitter 0ᴼ 90ᴼ Main PA = Class A/B Carrier Amplifier 90ᴼ Phase Shift Matching Section Output Input Identical amplifiers (in phase and gain), but the Peak PA is biased in Class C, which means that V g < V pinchoff A1 A2 Peak PA = Class C (Peaking amplifier) Doherty Modulation
- 18. 18 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Wilkinson Splitter 0ᴼ 90ᴼ Main PA = Class A/B Carrier Amplifier Peak PA = Class C (Peeking amplifier) 90ᴼ Phase Shift Matching Section Output Input A1 A2 At Low Power The Main PA is ON The Peak PA is OFF Z1 = 100 Ω Z2 = 25 Ω Zout = 50 Ω Zout² = Z1 x Z2 Dependent on Operating Frequency Doherty Modulation
- 19. 19 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Curtesy of NXP Doherty Modulation using BLF888D Wide band combiner
- 20. 20 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Temperature Class A/B Class A/B Efficiency 28% Temperature 75ᴼ C Average Junction temperature 140 ᴼ C Drain Drain Efficiency 43% Temperature 66ᴼ C Average Junction temperature 115 ᴼ C Doherty Doherty Efficiency 53% Temperature 67ᴼ C Average Junction temperature 117 ᴼ C
- 21. 21 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Doherty Modulation Structure No change in the architecture of the transmitter Number of Components No additional components Consumption Significantly higher efficiency Reliability Significantly lower junction temperature; leading to higher MTBF
- 22. 22 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Nothing is for free! Increased Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) Increased Signal to Noise (SNR) Bandwidth limitations Doherty Modulation
- 23. 23 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Performance Comparison between Class A/B and DOHERTY Amplification 1kW UHF OFDM AMPLIFIER Shoulders BEFORE correction Shoulders AFTER correction Difference MER BEFORE correction MER AFTER correction Difference 24dB 42dB 18dB 21dB 39dB 18dB 17dB 39dB 21dB 14dB 36dB 22dB With DOHERTY Modulation correction has to work 3 – 4dB harder Class A/B DOHERTY
- 24. 24 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Efficiency Calculation – ANYWAVE® MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology vs. Market average Air Cooled Transmitter MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology Market Average Transmitter Pin Pout Power Efficiency Required Energy/Year 24/7 Expected Energy Costs at $0.12 / Year 24/7 Saved Energy Costs / Year Energy Costs in 5 Years Saved Energy Costs in 5 Years 4246 W 1550 W 36.5% 37195 KW/h $4,463 $3,684 $22,315 $18,420 7750 W 1550 W 20.0% 67890 KW/h $8,147 $40,735 Five to Six Years for complete capital investment pay off
- 25. 25 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology Market Average Transmitter Pin Pout Power Efficiency Required Energy/Year 24/7 Expected Energy Costs at $0.12 / Year 24/7 Saved Energy Costs / Year Energy Costs in 5 Years Saved Energy Costs in 5 Years 1940 W 640 W 33% 16994 KW/h $2,039 $2,166 $10,195 $10,830 4000 W 640 W 16.0% 35040 KW/h $4,205 $21,025 Efficiency Calculation – ANYWAVE® LPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology vs. Market average Air Cooled Transmitter
- 26. 26 DOHERTY TECHNOLOGY makes it possible to improve the efficiency of a broadcast amplifier WITH COFDM (DVB-T2. ISDB-T and ATSC3.0) efficiency increases from 20% to 40% WITH SINGLE CARRIER SYSTEMS (ATSC 1.0) Efficiency increases from 25% to 50% TYPICAL SAVINGS PER KILOWATT For a standard 1.5kW transmitter can be over $3,000 USD per year SAVINGS Can equate to over 100% of capital investment in five years Efficiencies are improved by 50% over traditional Class A/B. Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Summary
- 27. 27 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Typical Peak to Average Ratio of OFDM (ISDB-Tb) is nearly 10dB Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation? PeakAverage
- 28. 28 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Typical Peak to Average Ratio of NTSC (Analog) is only 2.5dB Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation PeakAverage
- 29. 29 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters As no significant Peak to Average Ratio in Analog, NO Advantage in efficiency with DOHERTY Disadvantage is still the significant non-linearity caused by the Class A/B stage Conclusion: DOHERTY does not operate efficiently with Analog Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation
- 30. 30 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters As DOHERTY configuration is slightly more expensive than standard Class A Performance is compromised with DOHERTY No efficiency improvements at lower power ROI is less at lower power Should DOHERTY by used at all Powers?
- 31. 31 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Cost of Ownership $0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 SAVINGSINUSD TRANSMITTER OUTPUT POWER Fixed Drain Drain Mod. Doherty Based on 24 hours 365 days per year operation, $0.1 KW/H electricity cost. Class A/B Optional Doherty
- 32. 32 SO WHAT ELSE EFFECTS TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY Fans, couplers, combiners, Power Supplies ….
- 33. 33 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters SMALL BUT NOT TO COMPACT TO LIMIT SERVICABILITY Small footprint is good, as long as it does not impede easy access INCREASING REDUNDANCY TO REDUCE OFF AIR TIME Multiple amplifying devices with appropriate isolation Multiple fans with plenty of cooling headroom Multiple Power Supplies and quick release IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF OTHER PARTS OF THE TRANSMITTER Variable speed fans Low loss couplers High Efficiency (98%) Power Supplies SYSTEM CONTROL and REMOTE Easy to read, access and diagnose MAKE THINGS OVER SIZED TO INCREASE MTBF Ensure that everything is overrated by at least 30% Cooling, Fans, Power Supplies, cable capacities etc…
- 34. 34 WHAT ELSE IS IMPORTANT? Serviceability.. Ease of access… more information to make better decisions.
- 35. 35 Remote Control MONITORING All Voltages and Currents All Powers FWD, Reflected Transport Stream rate Frequency of Operation Fan speeds ADJUSTMENT Power Non-Linear Correction Linear Correction Exciter Main/Standby COMPLETE REMOTE CONTROL Via RJ45 Standards Web Browser
- 36. 36 Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters Most improvements can be obtained with more efficient amplifiers Other improvements are possible but have less effect High Efficiency using DOHERTY Modulation Compromises using DOHERTY; performance DOHERTY not applicable at lower powers and in Analog DOHERTY : Clearly a huge jump in technology and the future of Digital TV Summary
- 37. 37 ANYWAVE About
- 38. 38 ANYWAVE About Locations and Products
- 39. 39 ANYWAVE Locations USA Headquarters Lincolnshire, Illinois China Headquarters Shanghai
- 40. 40 ANYWAVE Created in 2007 Originally LINX ELECTRONICS Employees: 200+ 30% of revenue spent on R&D Anytime, Anyhow, Anywhere…
- 41. 41 Today’s Core business: o Exciters o Transmitters o Gap fillers ANYWAVE Anytime, Anyhow, Anywhere…
- 42. 42 VHF UHF All standards (ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T2) Adaptive and automatic correction Continuous measurement of SNR/IMD Direct Digital Up-conversion. Measures POWER, SNR and SHOULDERS. Full remote control via web browser. ANYWAVE Exciters
- 43. 43 1W 2W 20W 30W 100W 140W 200W 280W 400W 560W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W 2000W 2500W 3000W 4000W OFDM and ATSC average transmitter power at the output of the filter. 1W to 3000W OFDM 2W to 4000W ATSC ANYWAVE LPTV & MPTV Transmitters
- 44. 44 ANYWAVE HPTV Transmitters UHF (Band IV and V) Liquid cooled Doherty Modulation: High Efficiency Modular OFDM: 800W – 6KW (2030 mm) ATSC: 1kW - 5kW (80”) Analog: 2kW - 8.5kW (2030 mm) Up to 20kW digital in multiple cabinets
- 45. 45 ANYWAVE Containerized Transmitters Transmitters Translators 1W to 200W Choice of… o RF Input o ASI Input o Satellite Input o CVBS/SD-SDI Input
- 46. 46 ANYWAVE Digital Encoders MPEG-2 / 4 SD / HD STAT-MUX 2 – 12 Inputs EAS Switching Static and Dynamic PSIP
- 47. 47 ANYWAVE RF Filters & Components Filters Combiners Cables Connectors
- 48. 48 ANYWAVE for all your transmission needs
- 49. 49 ANYWAVE FRANK W MASSA INTERNATIONAL SALES MANAGER ANYWAVE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD 300 KNIGHTSBRIDGE PARKWAY, 53/64 SARACHA VILLA, SANSUK LINCOLNSHIRE, IL 60069-3655, USA MUANG CHONBURI Thailand SEND US AN EMAIL frank.massa@anywavecom.com CALL US (+66) 83 618 9333 (+1) 831 264-4159 VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.anywavecom.com/en For Product Inquiries, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
- 50. 50 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ANYWAVE ANYWAVE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD 300 KNIGHTSBRIDGE PARKWAY, LINCOLNSHIRE, IL 60069-3655, USA