![DSM-IV-TR Overview
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing
issues) also present?Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?
Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or
arthritis etc) also present?Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16
syndromes]) present?Axis I
89](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/apfinalreviewcopy2-150414200532-conversion-gate01/85/Ap-final-review-copy-2-89-320.jpg)
Ap final review copy 2
- 1. AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW End of Year Review for AP Psychology Exam
- 2. Prologue: Intro to Psychology • Psychology – Biology and Philosophy • Wundt’s Lab – Reaction Time/Atoms of the Mind • Structuralism – Edward Titchener – Introspection • Functionalism – William James – Charles Darwin • American Psychologists – G. Stanley Hall – Mary Calkins – Margret Washburn • Psych Perspectives (in order of history) – Psychodynamic • Freud – Gestalt “whole” – Behavioral • Watson, Skinner – Humanistic • Maslow, Rogers – Biological – Evolutionary – Cognitive – Social-Cultural
- 3. Wilhelm Wundt G. Stanley Hall B.F. Skinner Sigmund Freud William JamesEdward Titchener John B. Watson Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Mary Calkins Margret Washburn Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt Psychology Behaviorism Humanistic PsychologyPsychoanalytic Psychology Carl Jung Ivan Pavlov Red “X” means that they disagreed Max Wertheimer
- 4. Psychology’s Basic Perspectives • Biological – How hormones, drugs, neurotransmitters and brain structures influence the body and behavior • Evolutionary (Darwin, James) – How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes (survival of the fittest) • Psychodynamic (Freud, Jung) – How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts • Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow) – Self Actualization and humans reaching full potential • Behavioral (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner) – How we learn through observable responses and consequences; states that learning is automatic and thoughtless • Cognitive (Beck, Ellis) – Behavior is influenced by how a person thinks and remembers • Social-Cultural – How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
- 6. Chapter 1: Research Methods • Op. Definitions of Variables – Replicate research • Descriptive Research Methods – Case Study (Unique People) – Naturalistic Observation – Surveys • Wording Effects • Volunteer Bias • Random Sample • Correlations (Prediction) – Correlation does not prove causation Third variables – Scatterplot, Pearson’s r – Illusory Correlation • Experiments (Cause/effect) – Independent Variable – Dependent Variable – Random Assignment – Single v. Double Blind • Types of Studies – Longitudinal Studies – Cross Sectional Studies • Ethical Considerations – Protect from harm – Informed Consent – Confidentiality – Debriefing • Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central tendency • Mean, Median, Mode – Measures of Variation • Range • Standard Deviation • Inferential Statistics – Pearson’s r (-1 to +1) – Statistical significance (T-Test) • P-value (p < .05)
- 7. Random Sample vs. Random Assignment Used to generalize to a population Used to equalize (make even) two groups (control & exp)
- 8. Longitudinal vs. Cross Sectional Studies Longitudinal: Watch the same group grow up over time, periodically testing them Pros: Eliminate difference variables between people Cons: Expensive, time consuming and people die Cross Sectional: Different people with similar characteristics being tested at the same time Pros: Quick, less expensive Cons: Different people might have different backgrounds, which leads to confounding variables. Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Age 1 Age 5 Age 10 Same Day, Different Ages Same People, Different Days
- 10. Positive Correlation: Muscle size and exercise Negative Correlation: Smoking and health No Correlation: Weight and GPA
- 12. Psychology Stats Descriptive Statistics: • Describes a set of data • Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) • Measures of Variation (Range and Standard Deviation) Inferential Statistics: • Draws conclusions or makes prediction about a set of data • Correlations measured by Pearson’s r (-1 to +1) • Statistical Significance measured by T-Tests and ANOVAs (p < .05) • Use mean when data has a normal distribution • Use median when data is skewed or has outliers • Correlations seek to predict the relationship between two variables • T-Tests & ANOVAs test to see if there is statistical significance between two groups
- 13. Chapter 2: Psychobiology • Neurons – Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon, Synaptic Vesicles, Synapse – Action Potential (All or none) – Types of neurons (Efferent, Afferent, Inter) • Neurotransmitters – Dopamine – Endorphins – Acetylcholine (ACh) – Serotonin – GABA – Epinephrine – Agonist vs. Antagonist – Reuptake • Nervous Systems – Spinal Reflexes (reflex arc) – Central – Peripheral • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic • Endocrine System – Hormones – Glands • Observing the Brain – CT Scan – PET Scan – EEG Waves – fMRI • The Brain Structures – Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum, Reticular Formation – Limbic System – Association Areas – Cerebral Cortex & Hemispheres • Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital • Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Thalamus – Plasticity, Phineas Gage • Language and the Brain (Aphasia) – Broca, Wernicke and Angular Gyrus • Split Brain Studies – Sperry& Gazzaniga – Corpus Callosum
- 15. Agonist (Heroin) vs. Antagonist (Botox) Mimic & Excite Block & Inhibit
- 17. Nervous Systems
- 18. Types of Brain Scans PET SCAN MRI fMRI EEG Brain Wave Activity
- 20. Sensory and Motor Cortexes
- 23. Chapter 4: Development • In the Womb – Zygote, Embryo, Fetus – Teratogens • Newborns – Reflexes (Rooting, Moro) – Habituation • Cognitive Development – Jean Piaget • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete operations • Formal Operations – Lev Vygotsky • Zone of Proximal Development • Attachment – Lorenz Critical Period • Imprinting – Harlow’s Monkeys – Ainsworth • Strange Situation Test – Parenting Styles • Authoritative • Authoritarian • Permissive • Adolescence – Identity Development • Erik Erikson’s Stages – Identify v. Role Confusion – Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Heinz Dilemma – Pre, Post Conventional • Carol Gilligan’s debate of Kohlberg’s research • Adulthood – Alzheimer's Disease – Senile Dementia – Crystallized v. Fluid Intelligence • Death & Dying – Kuebler-Ross • D, A, B, D, A
- 24. Schemas • Assimilation – Taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema • Accommodation – Taking new information and creating a new schema or changing the existing one Accommodate it by making its own category or adjusting your schema for horse Assimilate it by saying it is a type of horse
- 28. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Is his Research Biased against women? -Coral Gilligan
- 30. Kuebler-Ross Stages of Death: can be applied to the majority of grief situations D, A, B, D, A
- 31. Sensation • Bottom-up v. top-down processing • Sensation – Absolute Thresholds – Difference Thresholds • Weber’s Law • Signal Detection Theory – Hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection • Sensory Adaptation – Pool, Music in Car • Feature Detectors – Hubel and Wiesel Study – Specific areas of brain dedicated to lines and edges • Transduction – Retina, Basilar Membrane • Vision – Parts of the Eye – Rods, Cones in retina – Bipolar Cells – Theories of Color • Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) • Opponent Processing • Hearing – Parts of the Ear – Hearing Loss • Sensorineural (Cochlea Implant) • Conductive – Theories of Hearing • Place Theory • Frequency Theory (Volley Principle) • Touch – Lips are sensitive – Gate Control Theory • Chemical Senses – Smell (Olfactory) – Taste (Gustatory) • Vestibular Sense – Balance
- 32. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down • Slow • No Prior Knowledge • Individual Elements are observed before the whole • Fast • Processing based on prior knowledge • The whloe is osbevred beofre its parts
- 33. Signal Detection Theory Examples: Air Traffic Controllers, Forest Rangers, Soldiers on Guard
- 34. Feature Detectors (Hubel and Wiesel)
- 35. The Eye
- 36. Color Vision Theories Trichromatic Theory (Y-H Theory) Cones see in red, blue and green, helps explain color blindness Opponent Processing Theory Opponent cells get stimulated after exposure to opposite colors.
- 37. The Ear PLACE THEORY The place in the cochlea where hair cells are stimulated determines pitch FREQUENCY THEORY The number of times per second the hair cells are stimulated determines pitch
- 38. Other Senses Vestibular Sense • Inner Ear (Semi Curricular Canals) • Determines the position of our head and balance • Example, Spinning in a chair until you are dizzy Kinesthetic Sense • Throughout the body • Determines our position of various body parts • Example: Close your eyes and touch your nose
- 39. Perception • Selective Attention – Moon Walking Bear • Intentional Blindness – Cocktail Party Effect – Change Blindness – Choice Blindness – Stroop Effect • Gestalt Principles – Top-down processing – Closure, proximity, similarity, etc… • Binocular Cues (Two Eyes) – Retinal Disparity – Convergence • Monocular Cues (One Eye) – Relative Size – Interposition – Linear perspective – Texture Gradient – Motion Parallax • Perception Consistency – Phi Phenomenon – Ames Room – Context Effects – Moon Illusion (distance/size) – Stroboscopic Motion • Human Factors – Ergonomics – How humans relate to machines • Perceptual Adaptation – Vision Goggles, Living by a train • Perceptual Set – Visual Capture (sound location)
- 40. Change Blindness • Selective Attention • Cocktail Party Effect • Inattentional Blindness • Change Blindness
- 41. 41 Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away. Interposition: If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer Relative Clarity: Hazy objects appear farther away than near objects Texture Gradient: Fine textures indicate a close object; course textures indicate an object is far away Relative Height: Objects higher in our visual field appear to be farther away Relative Motion (motion parallax): When we are moving, objects that are stable appear to move- objects that are farther away move slower than closer objects Light & Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes Linear Perspective: Parallel lines converge in the distance Monocular Cues (one eye)
- 42. 42 Binocular Cues (two eyes) Retinal Disparity Convergence
- 44. Stroop Effect
- 45. Consciousness • Circadian Rhythms – 25 hour Cycle – Melatonin (Pineal gland) – Superchiasmatic Nucleus • Sleep Stages – Measured by EEG Waves – Stage 1 – Stage 2 (Spindles) – Stage ¾ (Deep Sleep) – REM Sleep • Sleep Disorders • Apnea, Narcolepsy, Night Terrors, Somnambulism • Dreams – Manifest/Latent Content – Psychodynamic Perspective – Information Processing – Activation Synthesis • Hypnosis – Post Hypnotic Suggestion – Age Regression – Psychoanalysis (Freud) – Dissociation (pain control) • Hidden Observer (Hilgard) • Drugs and Consciousness – Withdrawal, Tolerance – Stimulants • Cocaine • Nicotine – Depressants • Alcohol – Hallucinations • LSD • Marijuana
- 46. Sleep
- 47. Learning • Classical Conditioning – Ivan Pavlov • Dog Salivate Study • US, UR, CS, CR – John B. Watson • Little Albert Study – James Garcia • Taste Aversion • Other Conditioning Terms – Extinction – Spontaneous Recovery – Generalization – Discrimination – Higher-Order Conditioning • Operant Conditioning – B.F. Skinner • Operant conditioning chamber – Reinforcement (+/-) – Punishment (+/-) – Schedules of Reinforcement • VI, VR, FI, FR – Shaping & Chaining – Overjustification Effect – Superstition • Latent Learning – E.C. Tolman – Cognitive Maps • Observational Learning – Bandura (Bobo Doll) – TV Violence – Modeling – Mirror Neurons
- 48. Secondary or Higher Order Conditioning: Could pairing light with a bell cause the dog to salivate to the light alone? Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
- 49. Watson's Classical Conditioning Little Albert Generalized his fear to be afraid of all white furry things
- 52. Memory • Aktkinson-Shriffin Model – Encoding – Storage – Retrieval – Effortful vs. Automatic Processing • Braddeley Model – Working Memory/Central Executive • Sensory Memory – Iconic (< second) – Echoic (3-4 Seconds) • Short-Term Memory – George Miller- 7 +/- 2, – 30 Seconds – Chunking • Long-Term Memory – Context Dependent – State Dependent – Mood-Congruent – Hermann Ebbinghaus • Forgetting Curve • Spacing Effect • Serial Position Effect – Primacy/Recency Effects • Amnesia Types – Antrograde Amnesia – Retrograde Amnesia – Source Amnesia • Ways we Forget – Encoding Failure (penny) – Storage Decay (forgetting curve) – Interference • Proactive • Retroactive – Repression (Freud) • Long-term Potentiation – Synaptic changes after we learn • Brain & Memory – Implicit/Procedural (Cerebellum) – Explicit/Facts (Hippocampus) • Mnemonic Devices – Peg Word – Method of Loci • Misinformation Effect – Elizabeth Loftus – Cars Smash/Hit Study – Sexual Abuse Cases
- 53. Atkinson and Shiffrin Model of Memory Braddeley’s Working Model of Memory
- 54. DECLARATIVE/ EXPLICIT MEMORY NON-DECLARATIVE, IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL MEMORY SEMANTIC MEMORY EPISODIC MEMORY MEMORY
- 55. Ebbinghaus’ Serial Position Effect & Forgetting Curve Most Forgotten Nonsense Syllables Beginning Middle End
- 56. Forgetting 56Mr. Burnes Encoding Failure with pennies Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall.
- 58. Amnesia TimeOnset of Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Memory Loss Memory Loss Source amnesia: Forgetting where you saw or acquired the information
- 59. Thinking & Language • Concepts and Prototypes – Concepts- general – Prototypes- specific • Problem-Solving – Algorithm – Mental Set – Functional Fixedness • Errors in Thinking – Belief Bias – Confirmation Bias – Framing Effect • Heuristics – Representativeness – Availability • Convergent and Divergent thinking – Creativity is divergent thinking • Kohler’s Insight & Incubation Study – Sultan the Ape and Bananas – Insight happens in right temporal lobe • Language Structure – Phonemes- sounds – Morpheme- prefix, suffix – Semantics-meaning – Syntax- order – Overregualization – Telegraphic speech • Noam Chomsky – Language acquisition device – Deep vs. Surface structures • Linguistic Determinism – Whorf’s Hypothesis – Language determines the way we think (snow)
- 60. Concepts and Prototypes Concept “General Category” Prototype “Specific Representation” Why is a penguin not a typical prototype?
- 61. Representativeness and Availability Heuristics Availability Heuristic What ever comes to mind quickest Is it safer to fly or drive? More words that begin with K or have K as the third letter? Representativeness Heuristic What ever best fits our schema best Is this man more likely a banker Or a pro basketball player? Gambler’s Fallacy
- 62. Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism
- 66. Motivation • Theories of Motivation – Instinct Theory • Fixed Action Patterns – Drive Reduction • Homeostasis – Incentive Theory – Arousal Theory • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Physiological, Safety, Love/belongingness, Esteem, Self-Actualization • Hunger – Lateral Hypothalamus – Ventromedial Hypothalamus • Hunger Hormones – Insulin (pancreas) – Orexin (Hypothalamus) – Ghrelin (Stomach) – Leptin (Fat Cells) – PYY (Intestine) • Eating Disorders – Anorexia Nervosa • Extreme dieting – Bulimia Nervosa • Binge & Purge • Sex & Sexual Response Cycle – Alfred Kinsey Study – Masters and Johnson • Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution (refractory period in men) • Sexual Hormones – Testosterone helps with sex drive – Testosterone seems to increase visual-spatial abilities • Achievement Motivation – High intrinsic motivation – Flow- Focused state of consciousness that engages the mind
- 67. Theories of Motivation Theories of Motivation Description Instinct Theory Reflexes cause us to perform certain behaviors (genetic fixed action patterns) Drive Reduction Body tries to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) by create a drive Incentive Theory Pull us toward a goal with rewards Optimum Arousal Completing behaviors because we find these stimulating (i.e. base jumping, cave exploring, skydiving) Types of Motivation Description Intrinsic Motivation Finds tasks enjoyable and pleasurable just for the joy of doing the behavior (overjustification effect diminishes this) Extrinsic Motivation Motivation caused by outside factors (rewards and punishments) such as money or candy
- 69. Hunger & Hypothalamus Stimulate Lesion (destroy) Lateral Hypothalamus Eat More Less hungry Ventromedial Hypothalamus Don’t Eat Very Much Hungry Hormone Tissue Response Orexin increase Hypothalamus Increases hunger Ghrelin increase Stomach Increases hunger Insulin increase Pancreas Increases hunger Leptin increase Fat cells Decreases hunger PPY increase Digestive tract Decreases hunger
- 70. Stress and Health • General Adaptation Syndrome – Found by Hans Selye – Three Stages • Immune System – Can be conditioned through classical conditioning (sweetened water and radiation) • Type A and B Personalities – Type A- heart attacks with anger and time conscious – Type B- easy-going • Aerobic Exercise – Works better at relieving depression than meds (sometimes) • Perceived Control – Will do better if you can control/predict stress in environment • Types of Conflicts – Approach-Approach – Avoidance-Avoidance – Approach-Avoidance • Biofeedback – Machine to help learn to control relaxation (muscle tension) • Stress Hormones – Cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine
- 71. Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Body’s Response to Stress
- 72. Immune System Classical Conditioning Similar to Garcia Effect on Taste Aversion
- 73. Emotion • Theories of Emotion – James-Lange Theory • First physiological, second emotion – Cannon-Bard Theory • Same Time – Schatcher-Singer Theory • Two-Factor Theory involves cognition • Spill-over Effect • Arousal and Performance – Complex tasks- you want low arousal – Simple tasks- you want high arousal • Cognition and Emotion – Lazarus Study- Cognitive appraisal of a situation is needed to perceive emotion – Zajonc Study- no conscious thinking involved • Nonverbal Communication – Paul Ekman • Display rules and micro expressions • Gestures differ by culture, but facial expressions are the same – Read faces in the right temporal lobe and amygdala • Major Emotions – Anger/fear • Amygdala – Catharsis Theory • Releasing anger (can be harmful in the long-run) – Happiness • Relative Deprivation • Adaption level phenomenon • Feel-good, Do-good
- 75. Personality • Psychodynamic Perspective – Freud – Free Association – Id, Ego Superego – Psychosexual Stages • O-A-P-L-G – Neo-Freudians • Carl Jung (Collective Unconscious) • Alfred Adler (inferiority) • Karen Horney • Humanistic Perspective – Rogers, Maslow – Free Will and Self-Determinism – Ideal vs. Actual Self leads to incongruence – Unconditional Positive Regard • Behavioral Perspective – Rewards Punishments and observations influence personality development • Biological-Trait Perspective – Gordon Allport – Cattell’s 16PF – Eysenck’s Two dimensions – Costa and McCrae’s Big Five Model • OCEAN • Social Cognitive Perspective (Bandura) – Reciprocal determinism – Michel’s Person-situation controversy (debate trait theory) • Personality Tests – Projective • Rorschach, TAT – Objective • MMPI, Myers-Briggs (jung) • Other Information – Self-efficacy – Self-Serving Bias – Learned Helplessness – Positive Psychology
- 76. Freud’s Theory of Personality
- 78. • Carl Rogers & The Self – Believes that personality is determined by free will and self-determinism – Believes that people are naturally good – Congruence: The consistency between one’s self- concept and one’s experience (ideal vs. actual self) – Unconditional Positive Regard: not judging people; if parents don’t judge their children, but love them for who they are, they will develop a positive self-concept – Person-centered Approach: Personal growth is determined by being genuine, accepting and empathic others 78
- 79. Big-Five Trait Theory of Personality Criticized by Walter Michel for person-situation controversy O C E A N
- 80. Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism (Social Cognitive Theory of Personality) PERSONALITYI like photography I hang out with people who like photography and I decorate my house with my photographs I take pictures with my friends
- 81. • Meet the Neo-Freudians – Carl Jung • Jung believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. He called these archetypes which later leads to the Myers-Briggs Personality Test. – Alfred Adler • Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. People who cannot overcome their inferiority will have trouble later in life. – Karen Horney • Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of blended psychology and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy.” Truly she was a feminine force in psychology. 81
- 82. Examples of Projective Tests 82
- 83. Intelligence • Theories of Intelligence – Spearman’s Factor g – Thurestone Primary Abilities – Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (Savants) – Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory – Mayer’s Emotional EQ • Binet & Terman – Binet- mental reasoning abilities – Terman- Stanford-Binet test, studies longitudinal study of geniuses and finds they are well adaptive • IQ Formula – Mental age/chronological age x 100 • Modern IQ Tests – David Weschler verbal and performance scales • Achievement vs. Aptitude • Reliability and Validity – Test-retest, Split half, alternative forms – Content, criterion (predictive) • Bell Curve – Normal curve & %’s – +/- skews – Flynn Effect – Standardization • Nature vs. Nurture of Intelligence – Identical twins raised apart have similar IQ scores – Biological offspring have similar IQ scores to Biological (not adoptive) parents • Cultural Bias in IQ tests – Can’t find any because they have good predictive validity • Stereotype Threat/Vulnerability – Works only for women and minorities
- 84. Theories of Intelligence Theory Name Person Description g- general intelligence Charles Spearman Factor g is an underlying intelligence; developed factor analysis Seven Primary Abilities LL Thurstone Seven different abilities that all relate to one another, basis for SAT Multiple Intelligence Theory Howard Gardner Based on Savant Syndrome, 8 different intelligences that are each unique Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Robert Sternberg Three intelligences: Analytic (Book/School); Creative (New Ideas); Practical (Everyday skills) Emotional Intelligence (EQ) Jack Mayer, Dan Goleman Social Intelligence that helps us manage and understand others emotions
- 86. Reliability and Validity Types of Reliability (Consistency) Types of Validity (Accuracy) Split-Half: Give odd numbered questions, then even numbered questions to see if scores are the same Criterion (Predictive/Concurrent): Do the SATs predict academic abilities accurately? Test-Retest: Test now, then give test two months later to see if scores are the same Content: Is the test measuring the right topic (i.e. psychology test actually have psychology questions on the test) Inter-rater: Make sure that two or more people measuring a variable are scoring the same Construct: Does the test actually measure what it is suppose to measure?
- 87. Social-Cultural Perspective Individualistic = Independent, promotes diversity Collectivistic = Interdependent, promotes conformity
- 88. Abnormal Psychology • Medical Model – Found by Syphilis • Rosenhan Study – Sane in the Insane world w/pseudopatients • DSM-IV & 5 Axis Model • Anxiety Disorders – Panic Attacks, Phobias, OCD, PTSD, GAD • Dissociative Disorders – Dissociative Fugue – Dissociative Identity Disorder • Somatoform Disorders – Conversion Disorder – Hypochondriasis • Mood Disorders – Major Depressive Episode – Dysthymic Disorder – Bipolar Disorder • Schizophrenia – Positive and negative symptoms – Five subtypes – Causes • Personality Disorders – 3 Cluster subtypes – Antisocial Personality Disorder
- 89. DSM-IV-TR Overview Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?Axis IV What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning? Axis V Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?Axis III Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis II Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?Axis I 89
- 90. Therapy Methods • Group/Family Therapy – No person is an island • Psychodynamic – Freud – Free association, transference, dreams • Humanistic Tx – Rogers, active listening, unconditional positive regard • Behavioral Tx – Joseph Wolpe, Mary Cover Jones, exposure tx, aversion tx, systematic desensitization, token economies • Cognitive Tx – Beck and Ellis – Change Irrational thoughts • Alternative Therapies – Light Therapy (SAD) – Shapiro’s EMDR (PTSD) • Drug Therapies – Neuroleptics (Psychotropic) – Antianxiety – Mood Stabilizers – Antidepressants • Biomedical Therapy – ECT (depression) – rTMS (depression) • Psychosurgery – Prefrontal Lobotomy • Deinstitutionalization of the 1950’s – Psychotropic drugs allow mental patients to be released from mental institutions
- 91. Therapy Methods PSYCHOANALYTIC (Freud- psychodynamic) TAT Projective Test- look at a picture and describe a story (too subjective) Rorschach Projective Test- inkblot testing (too subjective) Free association- stream into unconscious memories Transference- transfer feelings to therapist Resistance- shows that the client has anxiety about a topic Dream Interpretation- Manifest & latent content BEHAVIORAL (Joseph Wolpe and Mary Cover Jones) Counter Conditioning: Exposure Therapy (Flooding) Systematic Desensitization: Progressive Relaxation Adverse Conditioning: Antibuse or fingernail biting taste Token Economy: Operant Conditioning HUMANISTIC (Maslow/Rogers) Active-listening- repeat what the client says for understanding Unconditional positive regard (non-judgmental) Client-Centered therapy Nondirective Therapy- Client talks about self actualization/fulfillment COGNITIVE (Beck/Ellis) MMPI testing- empirical testing based on case histories Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Change mental thinking Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT)- Activating-Belief-Challenge Beck’s Therapy: Cognitive Restructuring- change false assumptions Metacognition: Thinking about thinking BIOMEDICAL Drug Therapy (psychopharmacology) ECT- Electroshock therapy (used for severe depression, SE- memory loss) rTMS- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (depression) Prefrontal lobotomy for schizophrenia (not done anymore) Alternative Treatments Light Therapy- Reset circadian rhythm for seasonal affective disorder EMDR (Shaprio): Waving a finger in front of eyes to reduce PTSD
- 92. Social Psychology • Fundamental Attribution Error – Fritz Heider – Actor-Observer Bias • Foot-in-Door – Yard Sign Study • Door-in-Face • Central and Peripheral Routes of Persuasion • Zimbardo Prison Study – Cognitive Dissonance • Asch’s Line Study – 37% conform – Normative Influence – Informational Influence • Milgram’s Study on Obedience – 63% will obey authority • Social Facilitation/Social Inhibition • Social Loafing – Tug of War Study • Deindividuation – Riots • Group Polarization • Group Think – Bay of Pigs, Challenger Shuttle • In-group Bias – Ethnocentrism • Just World Phenomenon • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis • Mere Exposure Effect • Social Trap – Game Theory • Altruism – Bystander Effect • Kitty Genovese Murder – Social Exchange Theory – Reciporcity Norm • Robber’s Cave Study – Superordinate Goals
- 93. Social Psychology Terms Fundamental Attribution Error Judging a person’s behavior based more on their personality even when it is probably the situation they are in Self-Serving Bias refers to individuals attributing their successes to internal or personal factors but attributing their failures to external or situational factors Self-Efficacy The belief that you will perform well Correlates well with intrinsic motivation and internal locus of control Social Facilitation/Social Inhibition When others watch us, we perform better if we find the task easy/ when others watch us we perform worse if we find the task difficult