Applications of solvent extraction
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This document summarizes applications of solvent extraction techniques in various fields including analytical chemistry, hydrometallurgy, nuclear industry, waste water treatment, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and biochemistry. Some key applications discussed include using solvent extraction to separate analytes from matrices in samples, extract metals from electronic waste, separate uranium and plutonium from nuclear fuel, remove organic contaminants from waste water, extract biodiesel from oils, produce bioethanol from biomass, capture biogas from organic waste, and purify proteins and other pharmaceuticals. The document also provides details on specific processes like PUREX and techniques such as aqueous two-phase extraction.
Applications of solvent extraction
- 1. Analytical Chemistry Applications of solvent extraction Names of participants Ayesha Saleem, Namra Babar, Amina Ashraf, Ayesha Bibi, Kainat Sajjad, Wardah Riaz Roll numbers. 21, 51, 109, 29,37,09 Semester 5th (A) Instructor Dr. Maria
- 2. Solvent Extraction Solvent extraction is a technique which is used as a mean of sample pre-treatment or cleanup to separate analyte from matrix components that would interfere with their detection or quantitation. It is also used to pre-concentrate analytes present in samples at very low levels which might otherwise be difficult or impossible to detect or quantify.
- 3. Extraction in Hydrometallurgy Used electronic equipment became one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. The most of the contemporary research activities on recovery of base and precious metals from waste PCBs are focused on hydrometallurgical techniques as more exact, predictable and easily controlled. Hydrometallurgy is a technique which involves recycling of precious metals from used electronic equipment through leaching of substance with acids or bases.
- 4. Hydrometallurgical process Leaching • It involves the use of aqueous solutions to extract metals from metal bearing material which is brought into contact with a material containing a valuable metal. • It involves five basic leaching reactors i.e In-situ, heap, vat, tank and autoclave Concentration • After leaching next is concentration of metal ions that are to be recovered. • It involves precipitation, cementation, solvent extraction, ion exchange. Recovery of metals • The final step of hydrometallurgical process. Metals suitable for sale are often directly produced in the metal recovery step. • Primary steps of metal recovery processes are electrolysis, gaseous reduction and precipitation.
- 5. Solvent Extraction application in nuclear industry • Extraction of Uranium and Plutonium from spent nuclear fuel. • Production of radionuclide Composition of spent fuel
- 6. PUREX PROCESS (Plutonium and Uranium refining by extraction) • Process for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel to separate uranium and plutonium from the fission products and from one another. Following the dissolution of the irradiated fuel in aqueous nitric acid, uranium and plutonium are transferred to an organic phase by intensive mixing with an organic solvent extraction - 30 percent tri- butyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene is used as organic solvent - while the fission products remain in the aqueous nitric phase. Further process steps enable the subsequent separation of uranium and plutonium from one another.
- 7. Purex raffinate The term PUREX raffinate describes the mixture of metals in nitric acid which are left behind when the uranium and plutonium have been removed by the PUREX process from a nuclear fuel dissolution liquor. This mixture is often known as high level nuclear waste.
- 10. Solvent extraction in waste water treatement There are several contaminations in waste water playing important role. Many kinds of organic compounds such as pesticides, herbicides, phenols, PAHC, heterocyclic and aromatic compounds are included in the waste water. •Industrial and agriculture production , and people living could be the source of organic waste water. •Classic poisonous substances in organic waste water include the following; Water organic mattter Formaldehyde Phenols Nitrobenzene PCB’s PAH’s etc. Common form of chemical extraction using organic solvent as the extractant
- 11. Two major extraction techniques for wastewater treatment •Solute solvent separation Reverse osmosis system is the best example of solute solvent extraction for treatement of waste water in various industries. •Water solvent separation This type of separation is based on density gradient technique as the solvent forms separate layer above the water because of low density. •Phenol removal, oily water desalination etc
- 12. Extraction in biofuel • Transesterification: • For the synthesis of biodiesel, the following materials were used: oil sample , methanol , and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Methanol and potassium hydroxide were pre-mixed to prepare potassium methoxide, and then added to oil in the reactor with a mixing speed of 400 rpm for 2 h at 50 °C. The molar ratio of oil to methanol was 1:10. Finally, the mixture was left overnight to settle forming two layers, namely: biodiesel phase (upper layer) and the glycerin-rich phase (lower layer). Biodiesel extraction methods Biodiesel as one from important biofuel types is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using trans esterification and is the most common biofuel.
- 13. Extraction in Biofuel • Pretreatment is the chemical reaction that converts the complex polysaccharides to simple sugar. pretreatment of biomass is always necessary to remove or modify the surrounding matrix of lignin and hemicellulose prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) in the biomass. Pretreatment refers to a process that converts lingo cellulosic biomass from its native form. In general, pretreatment methods can be classified into three categories, including physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment. In this step, biomass structure is broken to fermentable sugars. This project focused on chemically and biologically pretreatment. • Fermentation step in which there are a series of chemical or enzymatic reactions that converted sugar into ethanol. The fermentation reaction is caused by yeast or bacteria, which feed on the sugar such as Saccharomyces cerevisae. • Distillation step in which the pure ethanol is separated from the mixture using distiller which boil the mixture by heater and evaporate the mixture to be condensate at the top of the apparatus to produce the ethanol from joined tube. Bioethanol extraction Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn or sugarcane. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non- food sources such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
- 15. Biogas extraction • Methane fermentation offers an effective means of pollution reduction, superior to that achieved via conventional aerobic processes. Methane fermentation is the consequence of a series of metabolic interactions among various groups of microorganisms. The first group of microorganisms secretes enzymes which hydrolyze polymeric materials to monomers such as glucose and amino acids, which are subsequently converted to higher volatile fatty acids, H2 and acetic acid . In the second stage, hydrogen-producing bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H2, CO2, and acetic acid. Finally, the third group, methanogenic bacteria convert H2, CO2, and acetate, to CH4 and CO2. Methane fermentation is a versatile biotechnology capable of converting almost all types of polymeric materials to methane and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions. This is achieved as a result of the consecutive biochemical breakdown of polymers to methane and carbon dioxide in an environment in which varieties of microorganisms which include fermentative microbes, hydrogen-producing, acetate-forming microbe, and methane-producing microbes (methanogens) grow and produce reduced end-products. Anaerobes play important roles in establishing a stable environment at various stages of methane fermentation.
- 16. Solvent extraction in pharmaceutical and biochemical • Human insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) • Can be separated through solvent extraction. • An aqueous two-phase extraction procedure was used which partitions soluble non-active (IGF-1) and biomass solids into separate liquid phases. Purification of pharmaceutical proteins • Amino acids are constituents of proteins. Not only amino acids are partitioned by aqueous two phase system but also proteins can be separated. • Production and partitioning of lactic acid can also done by aqueous two phase system Partitioning of amino acids and oligopeptides
- 17. Purification of pharmaceuticals from plants Ecdosyne and 20-hydroxyacdosyne,hormones both are steroids but soluble in water. Their partitioning behavior was manipulated by adding ethanol, sodium chloride or sodium sulphate to the primary two-phase system. The recovery of Ecdosyne increased when ethanol was added to the system. Partitioning of porphyrin compound can also done by aqueous two- phase system.
- 18. Solvent extraction Ion-Chromatography of Molybdenum isotopes A procedure was developed that allows precise determination of molybdenum isotope abundances in natural samples. Purification of molybdenum was first achieved by solvent extraction using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Further separation of molybdenum from isobar nuclides was obtained by ion chromatography using AG1-X8 strongly basic anion exchanger. Finally, molybdenum isotopic composition was measured using a multiple collector inductively coupled plasma hexapole mass spectrometer. The abundances of molybdenum isotopes resulting in an atomic mass of 95.9304. After internal normalization for mass fractionation, no variation of the molybdenum isotopic composition is observed among terrestrial samples within a relative precision on the order of 0.00001-0.0001. This demonstrates the reliability of the method, which can be applied to searching for possible isotopic anomalies and mass fraction.
- 19. Experiment • Separation Chemistry: • The procedure we developed was inspired by the work of Qi-Lu and Mas da,11,12,15 who took advantage of the affinity of molybdenum for di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(C16H35O4P, HDEHP)18 and used a strongly basic anion exchanger (AG1-X8, 100-200 mesh, chloride form)19 in order to achieve fine separation of molybdenum from potential interfering species. • After digestion of the samples in a suitable medium,20 the solution was evaporated to dryness and taken up in 5 mL of perchloric acid(HClO4), 4 M. • The solution was poured into a 10-mL polypropylene centrifuge tube where it was equilibrated with 5 mL of tube where it was equilibrated with 5 mL of HDEHP diluted to 0.72 M with cyclohexane (C6H12). • During this step, the molybdenum was strongly partitioned into the organic phase, while most matrix elements remained in the aqueous phase. The supernatant was hand-pipetted and washed three times with 5 mL HClO4, 4 M, and two times with 5 mL nitric acid (HNO3), 10 M. Next, molybdenum was back-extracted from the organic phase by two equilibrations with 5 mL HNO3/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 10 M/1 M.
- 20. Experiment • The back extractant was transferred into a 15-mL Teflon PFA vessel. • The solution was doped with 2 mL of H2O2, 9.9 M, and baked overnight at 400 K in order to ensure oxidation and subsequent loss of ruthenium and trace organic phases. The back extractant was evaporated to dryness and taken up in 1 mL of hydrofluoric acid (HF)/hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1 M/0.5 M, which was then loaded onto a Bio-Rad Poly-Prep column filled with 0.6 mL of AG1-X8, 200-400 mesh, chloride-form resin previously washed and conditioned with 5 mL of H2O; 5 mL of HCl, 6 M; 5 mL of H2O; 5 mL of HCl, 1 M; 5 mL of H2O; and finally, 5 mL of HF/HCl, 1 M/0.5 M. • Matrix elements were removed using 6 mL of HF/HCl 1 M/0.5 M. Zirconium was eluted with 4 mL of HCl, 6 M. Finally, molybdenum was stripped from the column using 6 mL of HCl, 1 M. The ion exchange step was repeated twice. Molybdenum was then ready for mass spectrometric analysis.
- 21. Conclusion • Solvent extraction of molybdenum allows large quantities of sample to be treated. Ion exchange chromatography makes itpossible to separate molybdenum completely from interfering species. • The recent advent of MC-ICP-Hex-MS offers high sensitivity and efficient correction of isobaric interferences. • These advances permit natural molybdenum isotope variations to be investigated with unprecedented precision. • Important subjects such as inheritance of molybdenum nucleosynthetic anomalies in the solar system, isotope mass fractionation by use of the multiple spike technique, electron capture of the possible extinct radionuclide 97Tc to form 97Mo, production of molybdenum isotopes from fission, anomalous isotope effects, double â decay of 96Zr to form 96Mo, and molybdenum isotope variations resulting from cosmic ray exposure in space can be dressed confidently with this method
- 22. Any Question?
- 23. Thankyou