Approach and Methods in TESOL-The Designer Methods
- 1. APPROACHES AND METHODS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING The Designer Methods Presented by Lian Afiftyanto Aishia Nur Khalimatun S Avinda Meidzul Qoidah Rohmatun Nisa’
- 2. A. Total Physical Response (TPR) Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language through physical (motor) activity Procedures includes : • Review. This was a fast-moving warm-up in which individual students were moved with commands. • New commands. These verbs were introduced. • Role reversal. Students readily volunteered to utter commands that manipulated the behavior of the instructor and other students. • Reading and writing. The instructor wrote on the chalkboard each new vocabulary item and a sentence to illustrate the item. Then she spoke each item and acted out the sentence. The students listened as she read the material. Some copied the information in their notebooks.
- 3. Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher, a professor emeritus of psychology at San José State University. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR, instructors give commands to students in the target language, and students respond with whole- body actions. Adventages It is fun and easy It does not require a great deal of preparation on the part of the teacher It is a good tool for learning vocabulary Class size does not need to be a problem There is no age barrier Disadvantages It is not a very creative method. Students are not given the opportunity to express their own views and thoughts in a creative way It is easy to overuse TPR It is limited, since everything cannot be explained with this method. It must be combined with other approaches
- 4. B. The Silent Way Silence is used as a tool to achieve this goal; the teacher uses a mixture of silence and gestures to focus students' attention, to elicit responses from them, and to encourage them to correct their own errors. The Silent Way is a language-teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching method. You can start with something simple like colors. Listing off the colors, and then building up to a sentence like, "It´s a blue block" or "This is a blue block". You can add some actions into it, like "Pick up the blue block", or "Take the blue block", and have the students instruct each other or the teacher. Then, you start building simple objects with the blocks (example: a chair), and introduce "It´s a chair". You can point at the color charts to remind the student.
- 5. Advantages : 1. Students interact not only with teachers but also with each other. 2. Students correct the errors themselves and teachers view these errors as the responses to the teaching and give students some hints and help. 3. Because Silent Way teachers speak so little, they are free to observe their students carefull y and be available to them. Disadvantages : 1. Teachers must know their teaching objectives clearly and make use of the teaching aidseff ectively. 2. Students may be confused with the symbols of the colored wooden rods if use it in this me thod. 3. Students waste too much time struggling with a concept that would be easily clarified by t he teachers’ direct guide. 4. It is difficult for teachers to evaluate students’ progress in their learning process. 5. It is criticized as being too focused on building structure, and misses out on cultural input t hrough the language. 6. The silence of the teacher can prevent students from hearing many active models of correc t usage that they may find useful. 7. In trying to create a less teacher-orientated classroom, many say that the Silent Way goes t oo far to the opposite extreme. 8. Other problems are a little more practical in nature.
- 6. C. Suggestopedia Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively. It has been called an affective-humanistic approach because there is respect for students’ feelings Some of the key elements of Suggestopedia include a rich sensory learning environment (pictures, colour, music, etc.), The intended purpose of Suggestopedia was to enhance learning by tapping into the power of suggestion. The types of activities that are more original to suggestopedia are the listening activities, which concern the text and text vocabulary of each unit. These activities are typically part of the “pre-session phase”, which takes place on the first day of a new unit Teacher will find different situation and different types of students in learning. Therefore, teacher should be creative and smart in choosing and using different types of methods in teaching different skill of language. Teacher can use suggestopedia as teaching method in their teaching. Using suggestopedia is very interesting but challenging to do. It can be seen from some considerations. In one side it has some benefits, but on the other side it also has some weaknesses
- 7. Advantages of Suggestopedia A comprehensible input based on dessugestion and suggestion principle Authority concept Double-planedness theory Peripheral learning Disadvantages of Suggestopedia Environment limitation The use of hypnosis Infantilization learning
- 8. D. Natural Approach The natural approach developed by Tracy Terrell and supported by Stephen Krasen, is a language teaching approach which claims that language learning is a reproduction of the way humans naturally acquire their native languange. The approach adheres to a communicative approach to language teaching and rejects earlier methods such as the audiolingual method and the situasional language teaching approach which krasen and Terrell (1983) believe are not based on”actual theories of language acquistion but theories of the structure of language. Krasen and Terrel view communication as the primary function of language, and adhere to a communicative approach to language teaching, focusing on teaching communicative abilities rather than sterile language structures. Krashen grounded the Natural approach on a number of theory of learning tenets. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis