aprevision
- 2. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards L2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise 2015
- 3. ymcaawards.co.uk Unit Aims: This unit covers the knowledge required by an instructor about basic anatomy and physiology relating to exercise programming for apparently healthy adults of all ages. Assessment Specification: The unit is assessed via an externally set multiple-choice theory paper comprising 40 questions. A minimum of 28 marks overall is required to pass (70%) L2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 4. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards The Skeleton Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 5. ymcaawards.co.uk Session Aims: • Identify and name the major bones of the human skeleton • Specify the basic functions of the skeleton • Identify and name the structures of the Axial and Appendicular skeleton • Identify the role of the spine and effects of exercise on spine alignment • Describe the effects of exercise, age inactivity and hormonal status on the skeleton
- 6. ymcaawards.co.uk • 206 bones in total • Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments • Bones are attached to muscles by tendons • Cartilage covers the end of bones at a joint and allows friction free movement What does the Skeletal System consist of?
- 8. ymcaawards.co.uk Functions of the Skeleton Muscle Attachment and Movement The long bones of the skeleton act as levers. Muscles attached to these bones and pull on them to create movement Storage of Minerals Minerals such as calcium and phosphate ions are stored in the bones to be drawn upon when necessary Protection of Vital Organs The skeleton protects vital organs and delicate structures within the body Shape The skeleton gives the body its characteristic shape and provides a framework for support Production The marrow cavity of some bones, such as the sternum, is a site of production for red and white blood cells.
- 10. ymcaawards.co.uk Axial Skeleton (80 bones) Lies on the long axis or midline of the body and includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs • This part of the skeleton provides protec;on Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) Includes bones of the shoulder girdle, arms and hands and the pelvic girdle, legs and feet • This part of the skeleton provides movement Divisions of the Skeleton
- 11. ymcaawards.co.uk Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
- 13. ymcaawards.co.uk There are 33 individual bones in total: 7 Cervical vertebrae: • 1st is called the ATLAS which supports the skull and forms a pivot with the AXIS (2nd cervical vertebrae) 12 Thoracic vertebrae: • Form joints with the ribs to form the ribcage 5 Lumbar vertebrae: • The largest and strongest vertebrae 5 Sacral: • Fused to form the sacrum 4 Coccygeal: • Fused to form the coccyx Vertebral Column (Spine)
- 14. ymcaawards.co.uk Vertebral Column (Spine) All the vertebrae join to one another to form a flexible column that: • Supports the trunk and head • Encloses and protects the spinal cord In between each vertebrae there are intervertebral discs (fibrous cartilage) which act as shock absorbers between each of the vertebrae
- 15. ymcaawards.co.uk Curves of the Spine • 4 ‘natural’ curves named after the vertebrae that form them: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral • These curves centre the head above the body and make walking and maintaining an upright posture more easy Curves of the Spine
- 16. ymcaawards.co.uk Curves of the Spine Genetic and lifestyle factors can cause curvature of the spinal to become exaggerated or excessive which gives a distorted appearance to an individuals posture • Fashion • Work/school • Emotional state • Sport • Hereditary • Injuries • Age • Pregnancy • Disability • Obesity Exaggerated Curvatures of the Spine
- 20. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Bones Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 21. ymcaawards.co.uk Session Aims: • Describe the four classifications of bone • Understand the structure of a long bone • Describe the stages of bone growth • Describe the effects of exercise, age inactivity and hormonal status on bones
- 22. ymcaawards.co.uk Bone Classifications • Long Bones Found in the limbs. Their length is greater than their breadth. They have a tubular shaft and usually an epiphysis at each end covered by hyaline cartilage Movement • Short Bones Found in the hand and foot primarily. Roughly cuboid in shape Movement / strength • Irregular Bones Composed of a thin shell of compact bone and an interior of cancellous bone Protection • Flat Bones Composed of thin and inner and outer layers of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone Muscle attachment * Also Sesamoid bones such as the Patella (knee cap)
- 23. ymcaawards.co.uk Bone Growth Bones are living and need a good blood supply in order to bring nutrients and oxygen, and to get rid of waste products The bone also needs nerves to send information to the brain about pain or damage caused to a bone Bones at birth are mainly cartilage. As the skeleton matures calcium and magnesium are deposited within the cartilage by osteoblasts (bone building cells). This process of bone growth is called OSSIFICATION Ossification is complete by the age of about 25 years The cartilage gives the bones their resilience and calcium gives them their hardness.
- 24. ymcaawards.co.uk • COMPACT BONE - forms the main shaft of the bone. • SPONGY BONE (cancellous bone) - is found at the ends of the bone • RED MARROW - which produces red and white blood cells is found within the cavity of the bone shaft • With the exception of the ends of the bone, a fibrous sheath covers the bone, this is called PERIOSTEUM • Periosteum has a rich supply of blood vessels, providing nutrients for bone cells during growth and repair. Structure of a Long Bone
- 25. ymcaawards.co.uk Structure of a Long Bone
- 26. ymcaawards.co.uk Growing bone is vulnerable to damage Exercise training with children therefore requires care Research suggests exercise with young children needs to be of moderate intensity to have a positive effect on bone development Resistance training with children should consist of high reps and low resistance Heavy/strenuous work with young children could lead to overuse injuries and fractures of the epiphyseal plates, which could effect growth and future bone development Ossification Important implications for exercise
- 27. ymcaawards.co.uk Bones change their size and shape during a lifespan Increasing age and inactivity can lead to bone demineralisation and fragile bones (osteoporosis) Regular weight bearing exercise will increase bone density, making it stronger as a result of the pulling forces exerted by the muscle on the bone Factors Affecting Bone Growth
- 28. ymcaawards.co.uk This is where bones become thinner and more fragile Exercise does not need to be vigorous; everyday activities such as walking are beneficial Any weight bearing exercise program is effective as it encourages an increase in bone density. Bones become stronger due to the pulling forces of the muscles on the bone. Without this action, bone loses calcium faster than it can be replaced Osteoporosis
- 29. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Joints Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 30. ymcaawards.co.uk Central YMCA Qualifications (CYQ) Bones Learning OutcomesSession Aims: • Understand the joints of the skeleton • Describe the classifications of joints • Describe the structure of synovial joints • Describe the types of synovial joints and their range of motion • Describe joint actions • Understand the life-course of the musculoskeletal system and its implications for special populations exercise
- 31. ymcaawards.co.uk Joint Classifications A joint is where a bone meets another bone There are 3 classifications of joints: • Immovable e.g. the skull - Also known as fused or fibrous • Slightly moveable e.g. the thoracic vertebrae - Also known as cartilaginous • Freely movable e.g. the shoulder - Known as synovial
- 32. ymcaawards.co.uk Synovial Joints – Structure • Articular cartilage – Lines the ends of bone for smooth movement – Shock absorption • Joint capsule – Sleeve-like capsule that encloses the joint cavity • Synovial membrane – Secretes synovial fluid into the joint • Synovial fluid – Lubricates the joint
- 33. ymcaawards.co.uk Synovial Joints – Structure • Ligaments – Links bone to bone and adds stability • Tendons – Tendons attach muscle to bone
- 34. ymcaawards.co.uk Synovial Joints – Structure
- 38. ymcaawards.co.uk Ball and Socket Joint
- 41. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Joint Actions Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 42. ymcaawards.co.uk Anatomical Position When analysing joint actions the starting point is the anatomical position
- 43. ymcaawards.co.uk Flexion and Extension • Flexion – to reduce the angle at the joint or to bend a limb - e.g. bending the arm at the elbow • Extension – to return from flexion, increase the angle at the joint or to straighten the limb - e.g. extending the arm or straightening the leg
- 45. ymcaawards.co.uk Abduction and Adduction • Adduction – to bring towards or across the midline of the body - e.g. drawing the leg across the body • Abduction – to take away from the midline of the body - e.g. raising the arm or leg out to the side
- 47. ymcaawards.co.uk Rotation • A rotary movement inward or outward - e.g. turning the hip in and out, or rotation of the thoracic vertebrae
- 49. ymcaawards.co.uk Circumduction • Circle movement of the body - e.g. with the arm
- 51. ymcaawards.co.uk Horizontal Flexion and Extension • Horizontal flexion – a forward movement in a horizontal plane - e.g. drawing the arm across the body as in a pec dec exercise • Horizontal extension – a backward movement in a horizontal plane - e.g. swinging the arm away from the body NB: Also known as horizontal shoulder adduction (flexion) and abduction (extension)
- 52. ymcaawards.co.uk Horizontal Flexion and Extension
- 53. ymcaawards.co.uk Elevation and Depression • Elevation – to lift or raise a joint - e.g. lifting the shoulders • Depression – to drop or lower a joint - dropping down the shoulders
- 55. ymcaawards.co.uk Lateral Flexion and Extension • Lateral flexion - to bend sideways with the truck or neck - e.g. standing side bends or tilting the head • Lateral extension - to straighten from a sideways bending movement - e.g. returning to an upright anatomical position after performing a side bend
- 56. ymcaawards.co.uk Lateral Flexion and Extension
- 57. ymcaawards.co.uk Pronation and Supination • Pronation - e.g. to turn the palm down • Supination - e.g. to turn the palm up NB: The terms ‘prone’ and ‘supine’ relevant to exercise Prone – face down Supine - face up
- 59. ymcaawards.co.uk Plantar Flexion and Dorsi Flexion • Plantar Flexion - pointing the toes away from the body - e.g. upward movement of a standing calf raise • Dorsi Flexion - to pull the toes towards the body - e.g. digging the heel in the ground
- 60. ymcaawards.co.uk Plantar Flexion and Dorsi Flexion
- 61. ymcaawards.co.uk Protraction and Retraction • Protraction - the shoulders are drawn forwards, rounding the shoulders • Retraction - the shoulders are drawn back as if to bring the shoulder blades (scapulae) as close together as possible and push the chest forwards
- 63. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise Bones & Joints Special Populations
- 64. ymcaawards.co.uk Bones and Joints - Special populations Work on a case by case basis with individuals but bear the following changes in mind • Young people in the 14 – 16 age range Growing bone not fully ossified therefore vulnerable to damage. Avoid heavy, very strenuous or repetitive exercise • Pregnancy Stability of synovial joints affected by the hormone relaxin and altered centre of gravity. Avoid high impact exercise and fast changes of direction
- 65. ymcaawards.co.uk Bones and Joints - Special populations • Ageing Decreased bone density – susceptibility to fractures/ osteoporosis Decreased synovial fluid – stiffer joints Thinning cartilage – reduced shock absorbency Less elastic ligaments and tendons – reduced joint stability Age related diseases • Disability Limitations will be specific to the disability
- 66. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise Muscles and Muscle Actions
- 67. ymcaawards.co.uk Learning Outcomes Session Aims: • Identify the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics • Describe the structure of skeletal muscle • Identify how muscles attach to the skeleton • Name and locate the main muscles • Describe the structure and function of the pelvic floor muscles • Identify joint actions by specific muscle groups
- 68. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Tissue Types There are three types of muscle tissue: • Voluntary - Skeletal or striated muscle, involved in exercise - Under conscious control • Involuntary - Smooth muscle, e.g. digestive tract, artery wall -Under unconscious control • Cardiac - Striated and involuntary - Specialist heart muscle - Under unconscious control
- 70. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Attachments Muscles attach to the skeleton via: • Tendons Muscle fascia converges to form the tendon which attaches to the bone • Aponeurosis (flattened tendons) of other muscles e.g. abdominals • Directly onto the bone via muscle fascia
- 71. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Contractions – General Rules • Muscles pull • A muscle crosses at least one joint • A muscle contracts along its line of fibre • Muscles work in pairs
- 72. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscles Muscles work in pairs: Front & back e.g. biceps & triceps • Prime mover / agonist - the muscle responsible for bringing about the action e.g. biceps curl – agonist = bicep • Antagonist - the opposite muscle that relaxes for movement to occur e.g. biceps curl – antagonist = tricep
- 73. ymcaawards.co.uk Types of Muscle Contraction • Concentric Muscle develops tension and shortens, overcoming load and gravity • Eccentric Muscle lengthens (with tension), resisting gravity, returning a load to the starting position in a controlled manner • Isometric Static or held • Isotonic Moving contraction (concentric and eccentric phases)
- 74. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Fibre Types Skeletal muscles are made from several different types of fibre and vary in two ways: • Colour • Speed of contraction
- 75. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Fibre Types Slow twitch fibres Fast twitch fibres Type l Type llb Type lla slow oxida;ve fibres fast glycoly;c fibres fast oxida;ve glycoly;c red in colour white in colour pink in colour contain large numbers of mitochondria contain low numbers of mitochondria larger amount of mitochondria than type llb fibres endurance type ac;vi;es strength / anaerobic type ac;vi;es intermediate fibres assist type1 & typellb
- 76. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Fibre Recruitment The nervous system controls muscular contraction Motor units consist of a single motor nerve and all the muscle fibres it innervates All of the fibres in that motor will be recruited when the stimulus is sent from the nervous system – ‘all or none law’ More units will be recruited when more strength is required
- 78. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Muscles of the Body Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 79. ymcaawards.co.uk Anatomical Terms Anatomical terms help you to distinguish between different parts of the anatomy, they also help with learning muscle names The terms relate to the anatomical position
- 80. ymcaawards.co.uk Muscle Origins and Insertions There are some general rules to help you to understand muscle origins and insertions: • Origin: usually nearer the midline of the body or superior • Insertion: usually away from the midline or inferior There are exceptions e.g. some muscles that run vertically reverse this rule e.g. rectus abdominis
- 82. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Muscles of the Upper Limb Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 83. ymcaawards.co.uk Biceps • Origin - Scapula • Insertion - Radius • Joints crossed - elbow & shoulder • Joint action - flexes the elbow & supinates the forearm e.g. biceps curl
- 84. ymcaawards.co.uk Triceps • Origin - scapula and humerus • Insertion - ulna • Joints crossed - elbow & shoulder • Joint action - extension of the elbow e.g. triceps dips
- 85. ymcaawards.co.uk Brachialis • Origin - humerus • Insertion - ulna • Joint crossed - elbow • Joint action - flexes elbow
- 86. ymcaawards.co.uk Deltoid • Origin - clavicle and scapula • Insertion - humerus • Joint crossed - shoulder • Joint action - abducts the arm, assists in shoulder rotation & flexion e.g. Dumbell lateral raise
- 87. ymcaawards.co.uk Latisimus Dorsi • Origin -lumbar and sacral vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae 7 12 • Insertion - humerus • Joint crossed -shoulder • Joint action - adducts, extends and inwardly rotates the shoulder e.g. Lat pulldown
- 88. ymcaawards.co.uk Pectoralis Major • Origin - clavicle and sternum • Insertion - humerus • Joint crossed - shoulder • Joint action - horizontal flexion, adduction and inward rotation of the arm e.g. Press up, pec dec
- 89. ymcaawards.co.uk Trapezius • Origin - C7, all thoracic vertebrae • Insertion - clavicle and scapula • Joint crossed - shoulder girdle • 3 Joint actions: - Upper fibres extend the neck - Middle fibres retract the scapula - Lower fibres depress the scapula e.g. Shoulder shrugs
- 90. ymcaawards.co.uk Rhomboids • Origin - spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae (C7 & T1–T5) • Insertion - medial border of scapula • Joint crossed - shoulder girdle (moves scapula relative to rib cage) • Joint actions - retracts scapula downwardly rotates scapula (works as a synergist with pectoralis minor) e.g. Pulling the shoulder blades together
- 91. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Trunk/Core Muscles Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 92. ymcaawards.co.uk Transverse Abdominis • Origin - iliac crest, lumbar fascia and cartilage of interior six ribs • Insertion - xiphoid process, linea alba and pubis • Joint crossed – lumbar vertebrae • Joint action - compress the abdomen, pulls the abdomen in for posture and spine support e.g. the plank
- 93. ymcaawards.co.uk Rectus Abdominis • Origin - pubis • Insertion - ribs • Joints crossed - lumbar and thoracic vertebrae • Joint action - flexes the thoracic and lumbar spine e.g. curl ups
- 94. ymcaawards.co.uk Erector Spinae • Origin - sacrum , ilium to thorax • Insertion - ribs, vertebrae, to occipital bone (base of skull) • Joints crossed - vertebrae • Joint action - extends the spine rotates the thoracic spine e.g. dorsal raise, side twists
- 95. ymcaawards.co.uk External Obliques • Origin - lower ribs • Insertion - ilium • Joints crossed – the vertebrae • Joint action - laterally flexes the thoracic spine e.g. oblique curls
- 96. ymcaawards.co.uk Internal Obliques • Origin - ilium • Insertion - lower ribs • Joint crossed - vertebrae • Joint action - laterally flexes the thoracic spine, rotates the thoracic spine e.g. lying side bends
- 97. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Muscles of the Lower Limb Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise
- 98. ymcaawards.co.uk Iliopsoas (Hip Flexors) • Origin - all lumbar vertebrae and ilium • Insertion - femur • Joint crossed - hip • Joint action - flexes the hip e.g. kicks
- 99. ymcaawards.co.uk Gluteals/Abductors • Origin - ilium and sacrum (Gluteus maximus only) • Insertion - femur • Joint crossed - hip • Joint action - extends and outwardly rotates the hip (gluteus maximus), abducts and inwardly rotates the hip (Gluteus minimus and medius) e.g. kick backs and squats Gluteus Medius
- 100. ymcaawards.co.uk Adductors • Origin - pubis and ischium • Insertion - femur • Joint crossed - hip • Joint action - adducts and outwardly rotates the hip e.g. kicking across the body ad stabilising the pelvis
- 101. ymcaawards.co.uk Hamstrings • Origin - ischium • Insertion - tibia and fibula • Joints crossed - hip and knee • Joint action - knee flexion, hip extension e.g. hamstring curls
- 102. ymcaawards.co.uk Quadriceps • Origin - femur and Ilium • Insertion - tibia (via patella tendon) • Joints crossed - knee and hip (rectus femoris is the only quadricep to cross both hip and knee joints) • Joint action - all four muscles extend the knee, the rectus femoris also flexes the hip e.g. leg extension
- 103. ymcaawards.co.uk Gastrocnemius • Origin - femur • Insertion - calcaneus • Joints crossed - ankle and knee • Joint action - ankle plantarflexion, assists in knee flexion e.g. heel raises
- 104. ymcaawards.co.uk Soleus • Origin - fibula and tibia • Insertion - calcaneus • Joint crossed - ankle • Joint action - ankle plantarflexion e.g. heel raises
- 105. ymcaawards.co.uk Tibialis Anterior • Origin - tibia • Insertion – first metatarsal • Joint crossed - ankle • Joint action - ankle dorsiflexion e.g. heel digs
- 106. ymcaawards.co.uk Pelvic Floor Muscles Situated under the pelvis A double layered muscle consisting of a deep and superficial layer of muscle tissue and connective tissue Provides stability for the pelvic girdle Controls organs and growing foetus in pregnancy Controls continence
- 107. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise Special Populations The Muscular System
- 108. ymcaawards.co.uk Special Populations The Muscular System Work on a case by case basis with individuals but bear the following changes in mind • Young people in the 14 – 16 age range Muscle growth does not keep up with bone growth, leading to clumsiness, motor skills are affected • Pregnancy The muscular system is affected by relaxin, muscles are less pliable. This may have and affect on balance and coordination
- 109. ymcaawards.co.uk Special Populations The Muscular System • Ageing Reduction in number of muscle fibre and fibre size Loss of contraction tissue Reduction in motor units and neurons Loss of power, strength and endurance Changes in posture Decreased motor skills, balance and coordination Increased risk of falls
- 110. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise The Circulatory System
- 111. ymcaawards.co.uk Session aims: • Identify the location of the heart • Describe the structure and function of the heart • Describe how blood moves through the heart • Describe the systemic and pulmonary circulation • Describe the structure and function of blood vessels • Define blood pressure classifications • Identify blood pressure classifications
- 112. ymcaawards.co.uk The Heart • Located in the chest, slightly to the left • A pump to maintain circulation • Two halves - Right, deoxygenated blood - Left, oxygenated blood • Four chambers - 2 upper collecting chambers – atria - 2 lower pumping chambers – ventricles • Valves ensure the flow is one way • Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
- 114. ymcaawards.co.uk Arteries • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart supplying vital organs and tissues* - Remember ‘A’ = ‘A’way • Thicker, muscular wall to allow blood to be shunted around the body • Dealing with blood under high pressure * except for the pulmonary artery - transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
- 115. ymcaawards.co.uk Veins • Veins carry deoxygenated blood back towards the heart* - Remember ‘Ve-in’ = ‘way in’ • Thin muscular wall • Valves to assist blood flow back to the heart and prevent back flow * except for the pulmonary vein – transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
- 116. ymcaawards.co.uk Capillaries • Arteries become smaller to form arterioles which link to capillaries • Capillaries are one cell thick to allow gaseous exchange • From the capillaries venules take blood into the veins, into the Vena Cavae
- 118. ymcaawards.co.uk Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation • The pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and then back to the left side of the heart. (Lower pressure) • The systemic circulation – the flow of blood from the left side of the heart to all parts of the body. (Higher pressure)
- 119. ymcaawards.co.uk Blood Pressure • The pressure within the arteries • Produced by the contraction of the heart • Measured by: - Systolic pressure – when the heart contracts - Diastolic pressure – when the heart relaxes • Regular exercise can lead to the reduction or normalising of high blood pressure
- 120. ymcaawards.co.uk Blood Pressure Guidelines • Blood pressure guidelines vary • Source up to date and reliable guidelines, such as NICE, BHF, ACSM or WHO
- 121. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise The Respiratory System
- 122. ymcaawards.co.uk Session Aims: • Identify the location of the lungs • Describe the function of the lungs • Describe the structure of the lungs • Identify the main muscles involved in breathing • Describe the passage of the air through the respiratory tract • Describe the process of gaseous exchange • Describe the effects of age, pregnancy and disability on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
- 123. ymcaawards.co.uk The Lungs Located in the thorax, protected by the ribs
- 124. ymcaawards.co.uk The Air we Breathe Normal Air Exhaled Air 78% nitrogen 78% nitrogen 21% Oxygen 16% Oxygen 0.04% Carbon dioxide 4% Carbon Dioxide
- 125. ymcaawards.co.uk Respiratory Muscles • Diaphragm • A dome-shaped muscle • When it contracts, it flattens increasing the abdominal cavity
- 126. ymcaawards.co.uk Respiratory Muscles • Internal and external obliques • External – pull the ribs upwards and outward • Internal – pull the ribs downward and inward
- 128. ymcaawards.co.uk Gaseous Exchange • Diffusion - The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) within the lungs - This occurs within the capillaries that surround the alveoli in the lungs
- 130. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Children - Lower blood volume - Less efficient temperature regulation - Heart chambers are smaller so heart rate is higher and stroke volume is lower - Less efficient in processing oxygen
- 131. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise The Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations
- 132. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Young people in the 14 – 16 age range Decrease blood volume Poor temperature regulation Higher maximum heart rate Lower stroke volume Smaller heart – high uptake of O2 , limited anaerobic ability
- 133. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Pregnancy Cardiovascular system is enhanced Blood volume ↑ Stroke volume and cardiac output ↑ Resting heart rate ↑ Venous return ↓
- 134. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Ageing Decreased cardiac output Reduction in VO2 max Decreased maximum heart rate Increased blood pressure Reduced tolerance to lactic acid and fatigue
- 135. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Ageing Decreased cardiac output Reduction in VO2 max Decreased maximum heart rate Increased blood pressure Reduced tolerance to lactic acid and fatigue
- 136. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Ageing - Some of the age-related changes can be as follows: • Cardiac output ↓ • VO2 Max ↓ • Maximum heart rate ↓ • Blood pressure ↑ • General reduction in efficiency
- 137. ymcaawards.co.uk Cardio Respiratory System Special Populations • Disability There are a range of medical conditions and disabilities which can have an impact on the function of the cardio and respiratory systems These will be specific to each individual
- 138. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise Energy Systems
- 139. ymcaawards.co.uk Session Aims: • Understand energy systems and their relation to exercise • Describe how carbohydrates, fats and proteins are used in the production of energy • Explain the use of the three energy systems during aerobic and anaerobic respiration • Describe the effects of age, pregnancy and disability on the energy systems Learning Outcomes
- 140. ymcaawards.co.uk Energy • Energy comes from the food we eat: - Carbohydrate - stored in muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen - Fat - stored as adipose tissue - Protein - used as the building material for growth and repair
- 142. ymcaawards.co.uk Energy • Energy is released in the body by the breakdown of carbohydrates, fat and protein to produce: - Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - The body’s energy ‘currency’
- 143. ymcaawards.co.uk ATP
- 144. ymcaawards.co.uk The Energy Systems • Phosphocreatine system - Used for high intensity/short duration activities lasting up to 15 seconds - Anaerobic - Energy supplied by creatine phosphate
- 145. ymcaawards.co.uk The Energy Systems • Lactic acid system - Used for moderate to high intensity/short duration activities lasting 30 – 40 seconds - Anaerobic - Energy supplied by glycogen
- 146. ymcaawards.co.uk The Energy Systems • Aerobic system - Used for low to moderate intensity / longer duration activities lasting 90 seconds or more - Aerobic - Energy supplied by glycogen and fat
- 147. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise Special Populations The Energy Systems
- 148. ymcaawards.co.uk The Energy Systems Special Populations Work on a case by case basis with individuals but bear in mind the following • Young people in the 14 – 16 age range Limited supply of muscle and liver glycogen Smaller stores of fuels High anaerobic threshold Limited anaerobic capacity
- 149. ymcaawards.co.uk The Energy Systems Special Populations • Pregnancy More carbohydrates than fat is used during moderate exercise Blood sugar levels susceptible to a sudden drop after exercise • Disability Limitations will be specific to the disability
- 150. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise The Nervous System
- 151. ymcaawards.co.uk Learning Outcomes Session aims: • Understand the nervous system and its relation to exercise • Describe the role and functions of the nervous system • Describe the ‘all or none’ law/motor unit recruitment • Describe how exercise can enhance neuromuscular connections and improve motor fitness
- 152. ymcaawards.co.uk The Nervous System • Functions - Controls all the actions of all bodily systems - Maintain ‘homeostasis’ the body maintaining balance to operate effectively
- 153. ymcaawards.co.uk The Nervous System • Sensory input - To sense changes inside and outside the body • Interpretation - To analyse and interpret incoming information • Motor output - To respond to the information by activating the relevant bodily system
- 154. ymcaawards.co.uk The Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) - The brain and the spinal cord • The peripheral nervous system - 31 pairs of nerves that branch from the CNS - Sends messages back to the CNS - Two branches: • Somatic • Autonomic - Sympathetic - Parasympathetic
- 155. ymcaawards.co.uk The Nervous Systems Response to Training • Strengthening/growing new connections within the nervous system • Speeding up the frequency of nerve impulses to the motor units • Improved synchronous recruitment of motor units resulting in stronger muscle contractions
- 156. ymcaawards.co.uk YMCA Awards Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise Special Populations The Nervous System
- 157. ymcaawards.co.uk The Nervous System and Special Populations Disorders of this very complex system can affect all special populations. There are hundreds of disabling neurological diseases and disorders This is very complex and requires specialist knowledge and care