Skeletalsystem 111027103336-phpapp01
- 2. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments
- 3. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
- 5. 1. Movement: Skeletal system provides points of attachment for muscles. Your legs and arms move when the muscles pull on the bones.
- 6. 2. Support: The backbone is the main support center for the upper body. It holds your head up and protects your spinal cord.
- 7. 3. Protection: The bones of your skull protect your brain. Your ribs protect your lungs and heart from injury.
- 8. 4. Makes Blood: Red and white blood cells are formed by tissue called marrow, which is in the center of the bone.
- 9. 5. Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, for use by the body
- 10. BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY The skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue
- 11. BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone
- 12. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE
- 13. Bones areclassified by their shape: •long •short •flat •irregular
- 14. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
- 15. Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone
- 16. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone
- 17. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone
- 18. STRUCTURES OF A LONG BONE Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane
- 19. Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients
- 20. Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients
- 21. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals
- 22. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
- 23. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories
- 24. TYPES OF BONE CELLS Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells
- 25. Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- 26. CHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETON In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
- 27. CHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETON Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints
- 28. BONE GROWTH Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed
- 29. BONE GROWTH Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage
- 31. BONE FRACTURES A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
- 32. BONE FRACTURES Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
- 33. COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
- 34. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
- 35. Axial skeletonsupports and protects organs of head,neck and trunk
- 36. Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton
- 37. 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage
- 38. 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle = 206 bones in all
- 40. THE AXIAL SKELETON Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts -Skull -Bony thorax -Vertebral column
- 43. BONES OF THE SKULL
- 45. HUMAN SKULL, SUPERIOR VIEW
- 46. HUMAN SKULL, INFERIOR VIEW Figure 5.9
- 47. PARANASAL SINUSES Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
- 48. PARANASAL SINUSES Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
- 49. THE HYOID BONE The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
- 50. THE HYOID BONE
- 51. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
- 52. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature
- 53. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
- 55. Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused)
- 57. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRAE
- 58. True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (1st 7 pairs) Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib two pairs of floating ribs
- 60. Joints •Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints.
- 61. Joints •Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or ribs.
- 62. Joints •Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid.
- 63. • A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together. • There are three typesof joints classified by the amount of movement they allow:
- 64. Types of Joints Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
- 65. Types of JointsHinge- A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
- 66. Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
- 67. Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
- 68. Pivot joints enable rotating the forearm at the elbow and turning the head from side to side.
- 70. Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid- carpal and mid- tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)
- 71. Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid- carpal and mid- tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)
- 72. WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF BONE?
- 73. Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and development.
- 74. Beneath the outer membrane is a layer of compact bone (hard and dense, but not solid – it is filled with holes and has small canals for blood vessels and nerves).
- 75. Inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone. It has many small spaces, is light weight, but strong. Spongy bone is also found at the ends of bones.
- 76. –In the spaces of many bones there is a soft connective tissue called marrow. –Two types of Marrow: ►Red ►Yellow
- 77. –Red Marrow produces most of the body’s blood cells. –Yellow Marrow stores fat that can serve as an energy reserve.
- 78. The structure of bones make it both strong and light weight. 20 % of an adults body weight is bone.
- 79. Bone is made up of 2 minerals: ►Calcium ►Phosphorus
- 80. HOW DO BONES DEVELOP? –As an infant, most of your skeleton is cartilage. –Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue.
- 81. CLAVICLE OR COLLARBONE ►The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your little finger.
- 83. ►The scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for the arms.
- 84. 1) The cervical region (neck bones) 2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to) 3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)
- 85. 1) The cervical region (neck bones) 2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to) 3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)
- 88. RADIUS AND ULNA
- 89. CARPALS OR (WRIST BONES)
- 90. METACARPALS (TOP OF HANDS)
- 92. RIB CAGE
- 94. PELVIS
- 95. FEMUR (LARGEST BONE IN THE BODY)
- 96. THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
- 97. TARSALS
- 98. METATARSALS
- 99. PHALANGES
- 100. WHAT ARE JOINTS? • A joint is a place where two bones come together. • Joints allow the bones to move in different ways. • Two types of joints: • Immovable • Movable
- 101. WHAT ARE IMMOVABLE JOINTS? • A joint that allows little or no movement
- 102. WHAT ARE MOVABLE JOINTS? • Most of the joint are movable joints. • Allow the body to move in a wide range of movements. • Bones in movable joints are held together by strong connective tissue called ligaments. • Four types of movable joints: • Hinge • Ball-and-socket • Pivot