Architecting for Change: QCONNYC 2012
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The document summarizes Kellan Elliott-McCrea's presentation on the architecture and engineering practices at Etsy. It discusses how Etsy optimizes its systems for continuous change and deployment through principles like not betting against the future, favoring global over local optimizations, and making failures cheap. Key practices include continuous deployment with feature flags, metrics-driven development, blameless post-mortems, and optimizing for mean time to recovery over mean time between failures.
![Continuous Deployment:
feature flags
if ($cfg[‘awesome_new_search’]) {
# new hotness
$rsp = do_solr();
} else {
# boring old stuff
$rsp = do_grep();
}
Monday, June 18, 12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qcon2-120618131616-phpapp01/85/Architecting-for-Change-QCONNYC-2012-14-320.jpg)
![Etsy: judicious application of force
list($v, $res, $shar) = @fopen(‘/proc/self/statm', 'r');
$mine = $res-$shar;
if ($mine > $cfg[‘sizelimit’]) {
$pid = getmypid();
@exec("kill -USR1 $pid");
}
Monday, June 18, 12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qcon2-120618131616-phpapp01/85/Architecting-for-Change-QCONNYC-2012-44-320.jpg)
![MySQL: Introspection
web0038 : [Mon Jun 18 09:58:38 2012] [error] [client 10.101.1.12]
[C6kds9y1MVptEDMoOe5KCYha9VWl] [error] [ORM_LONG_QUERY] [/var/etsy/
current/phplib/EtsyORM/Query/RawSql.php:752] [15877310] Query exceeded 10
seconds: long_query_time=83.0927 long_query_string='/* [etsy_shard_005_A] [/
remove_favorite_listing.php] */ DELETE FROM `users_favoritelistings` WHERE
`user_id` = ? AND `listing_id` = ?' long_query_trace='#10 __construct() /EtsyModel/
UserFavoriteListingMirror.php:310 #4 delete() /EtsyModel/UserFavoriteListing.php:39
#3 delete() /EtsyModel/User.php:1840 #2 unfavoriteListing() /Controller/
Favorites.php:344 #1 removeFavoriteListingRecord() /Controller/Favorites.php:94 #0
performRemoveFavoriteListing() /var/etsy/current/htdocs/remove_favorite_listing.php:
9', referer: http://www.etsy.com/people/kellanem/favorites?page=5
SQL Comments are awesome!
Monday, June 18, 12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qcon2-120618131616-phpapp01/85/Architecting-for-Change-QCONNYC-2012-54-320.jpg)
![bcn.etsy.com: beaconed event stream
{"event_guid":"c2ffb51808b.6d2be52959ef{".user_id":
8528531,"php_event_name":"s2","php_unique_id":"4fdf1cb5d5c078.37523961","php_event_dat
e":"18/Jun/2012:08:19:01","locale_currency_code":"USD","pref_language":"en-
US","region":"US","detected_region":"US","accept-languages":"en-
US,en","isMobileDevice":"0","isMobileSupported":"0","isTabletSupported":"0","isTouch":"0","isEt
syApp":"0","listing_ids":[60274277,101504389,98682771,88585080],"cids":
[14103953,14239293,14247717,14209614],"query":"blue","keywords":
["blue","blue","blue","blue"],"position":1,"replay_number":1,"s2_cached":
1,"php_ab_test_names":"orm_record_instance_caching;mobile_detector.all_blackberry;multila
ng_shops_listings.view;ga_replacement_cookie;disable_search_autosuggest;admin_toolbar;tra
nslations.live_translations;ab_analytics_test;search_type_experiment;search_ads.max_replays_
less;search_diversity_experiment;search_cached_listing_cards;placefinder.cache_memcached_
migration;search_stream_a;search_all_items_ignores_supplies;search_default_type;search.two
_cluster_deploy;search_parameter_sample;thrift_category2_transform;search.similar_listing_b
rowse_page;orm_replicant_safe_find_many;bottom_first;foreign_language_carousel;search.rel
ated_searches_all_items;weddings.srp_promos;search_log_page_position;newrelic;clientlog;go
ogle_analytics_async;personalized_endpoint;search_no_dropdown;community_nav_popout;se
curity_settings;search_changes_tooltip;inline_listing_hearts;framelogger;log_normal;analytics_
second_beacon;analytics_second_beacon_privileged;analytics_second_beacon_mobile","php_a
b_var_names":"1;1;1;1;control;1;0;A;ponycorn_v3;1;threshold_off;1;1;1;0;all_sans_supplies;
0;1;1;1;1;0;top;0;0;1;0;1;0;1;1;1;0;1;1;1;0;1;0;1","php_ab_selector_names":"
Monday, June 18, 12](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qcon2-120618131616-phpapp01/85/Architecting-for-Change-QCONNYC-2012-61-320.jpg)
Architecting for Change: QCONNYC 2012
- 1. Optimized for change: Architecture @ Etsy Kellan Elliott-McCrea @kellan CTO, Etsy Monday, June 18, 12
- 2. Monday, June 18, 12
- 3. Launched June 18, 2005 875,000 active sellers 33.5MM items for sale $65.9MM in sales, in May 1.4B page views, in May 102 engineers 32 releases, last Friday Monday, June 18, 12
- 4. LAMP any questions? 8BitLit, http://www.etsy.com/listing/90066890/ Monday, June 18, 12
- 5. Why? Monday, June 18, 12
- 6. 3 inevitabilities we design for: 1. Things break, unexpectedly 2. What we're building changes 3. We don't get to start over Monday, June 18, 12
- 7. 2 years of change. Monday, June 18, 12
- 8. Architectural Principles * Don't bet against the future. * Our customers are humans. * Simplicity always wins, in the end. * Favor global vs local optimization. * Ambiguity kills momentum. * Make failure cheap. * Technical debt is an inevitable by-product of shipping code. * Optimize for change. Monday, June 18, 12
- 10. Complex systems and change 1. Distributed systems are inherently complex. 2. The outcome of change in complex systems is hard to predict. 3. The outcome of small, frequent, measurable changes are easier to predict, easier to recover from, and promote learning. Ckrickett, http://www.etsy.com/listing/90611466 Monday, June 18, 12
- 11. Continuous deployment, Metrics Driven Development, Blameless Post-Mortems Ckrickett, http://www.etsy.com/listing/90611466 Monday, June 18, 12
- 12. Continuous deployment: Small, frequent changes to production Ckrickett, http://www.etsy.com/listing/90611466 Monday, June 18, 12
- 13. Continuous Deployment: No branching. “All existing revision control systems were built by people who build installed software” - Paul Hammond, Always Ship Trunk, Velocity 2010 Thursday, March 17, 2011 Monday, June 18, 12
- 14. Continuous Deployment: feature flags if ($cfg[‘awesome_new_search’]) { # new hotness $rsp = do_solr(); } else { # boring old stuff $rsp = do_grep(); } Monday, June 18, 12
- 15. Continuous Deployment: Ramp - ups (on top of feature flags) 1. Launch to staff only 2. Launch to 1% of all users 3. Launch to members of a beta group Monday, June 18, 12
- 16. Continuous Deployment: any engineer can launch a feature to 1% of users Monday, June 18, 12
- 17. Continuous Deployment: ~200 experiments live right now Monday, June 18, 12
- 18. Metrics driven development: introspection isn’t optional. measure everything, log everything Monday, June 18, 12
- 19. Metrics driven development: Metrics happen when you make it easy. And visible. Monday, June 18, 12
- 20. Metrics driven development: Teach computer to read graphs holtWintersConfidence(Upper|Lower) Monday, June 18, 12
- 21. Metrics driven development: More info: http://www.slideshare.net/ mikebrittain/metricsdriven-engineering Monday, June 18, 12
- 22. Optimize for MTTR, not MTBF Monday, June 18, 12
- 23. How? Monday, June 18, 12
- 24. Etsy Monday, June 18, 12
- 25. Etsy EMR/S3 PCI BCP, Cold Monday, June 18, 12
- 26. inbound request CDNs - diversified at the DNS level Internet providers - diversified at borders AWS Etsy network appliances analytics imstor etsystatic.com/ etsy.com/ bcn.etsy.com EMR S3 photos api.etsy.com JRuby/ /atlas Squid Cascading apache apache apache S3 logs php application php PHP logrotate MySQL imstor MySQL HDFS search analytics NFS memcache async http StatsD sqlite gearman logs MySQL server/OS search mail out PCI hardware Thrift SMTP dbindex Jetty dbshards X-Yarnblaster Solr slaves via jsonp, dbaux datasets no privileged access dbdata Solr master etc HBase sharded MySQL Monday, June 18, 12
- 27. CDNs: Put a slider on it Just works via weighted DNS Monday, June 18, 12
- 28. Apache * Well known * PHP is native * apache_note * fast start time * cheap in place replacement * .htaccess * Challenge: memory usage Monday, June 18, 12
- 29. Apache: apache_note intr Addit osp ive! ecti insa on nely thro apache_note('etsy_uaid', $id); ugh usefu the l! life cyc le Monday, June 18, 12
- 30. Apache: log format LogFormat "%{X-Forwarded-For}i % {True-Client-IP}i %l %u %t "%r" %>s %b "%{Referer}i" "%{User- Agent}i" % {etsy_shop_id}n % {etsy_uaid}n %V % {etsy_ab_selections}n % {etsy_request_uuid}n % {etsy_api_consumer_key}n % {etsy_api_method_name}n % {php_memory_usage_bytes}n % {php_time_microsec}n %D" combined Monday, June 18, 12
- 31. Etsy: the App * 487,000 lines of PHP * 214,000 lines of Javascript * Monolithic codebase * 3 front ends, Etsy.com, API, Atlas Monday, June 18, 12
- 32. Etsy: the App * routing handled by Apache * scripts fronting OO PHP5 * PHP, fast by default * opcode caching * Challenge: liveliness when calling services Monday, June 18, 12
- 33. Etsy: coding patterns * light weight, home rolled “framework” * ORM handles DAO across backends * config and feature flags systems used everywhere * small slow moving datasets stored as PHP arrays * A/B tests * Smarty * StatsD * Concurrency * memcache Monday, June 18, 12
- 34. Etsy: A/B tests * beaconed * inserted into logs via apache_note * conditionalized on feature flags * nightly reports on conversion, bounce rate, etc * nightly reports on page speed, memory usage, etc Monday, June 18, 12
- 35. Etsy: Smarty * pre-compiled * pre-compiled per language Monday, June 18, 12
- 36. Etsy: StatsD StatsD::increment("logins.success"); StatsD::timing("gearman.time", $msec); * 340,000 application metrics Monday, June 18, 12
- 37. Etsy: Concurrency * no native concurrency in PHP * asynchronous HTTP calls * Gearman Monday, June 18, 12
- 38. Etsy: Async HTTP calls * curl_multi_exec * non-blocking, per request time outs * used for optional aspects of a page * curl against http://localhost to avoid network overhead Monday, June 18, 12
- 39. Etsy: Gearman * language agnostic job server * don’t use an MQ when you want a job server * 150 job types * persistent jobs flushed to MySQL, read from memory * non-persistent jobs just stored in memory * NP queue is wicked fast. Monday, June 18, 12
- 40. Etsy: Gearman * scaling CPU of cron jobs * denormalizing data * pushing to 3rd party services Monday, June 18, 12
- 41. Etsy: Challenges * Apache memory usage * liveliness talking to services, no concurrency, blocking by default Monday, June 18, 12
- 42. Etsy: graph of distributed failure Monday, June 18, 12
- 43. Etsy: Challenges * Apache memory usage * liveliness talking to services: no concurrency, blocking by default Enforce liveliness with a judicious application of force Monday, June 18, 12
- 44. Etsy: judicious application of force list($v, $res, $shar) = @fopen(‘/proc/self/statm', 'r'); $mine = $res-$shar; if ($mine > $cfg[‘sizelimit’]) { $pid = getmypid(); @exec("kill -USR1 $pid"); } Monday, June 18, 12
- 45. Etsy: judicious application of force Bowhunter * Find long running PHP processes * Try to avoid those mid-post open(APACHE, "/usr/bin/curl -s http://localhost/server- status|") || die "$!"; Monday, June 18, 12
- 46. Etsy: judicious application of force Query_killer * Same idea, long running queries * MySQL “SHOW PROCESSLIST();” Monday, June 18, 12
- 47. Memcache * Caching, obviously * Cache invalidation is hard * Write buffering * multi_get * rate limits Monday, June 18, 12
- 48. Memcache * atomic INCR is awesome * slice your time windows to reduce risk of cache eviction * we’ve been unlucky, lots of segfaults :( * multi_get slows down the more boxes in the pool Monday, June 18, 12
- 49. MySQL: By the numbers * 25K+ queries/sec avg * 3TB InnoDB buffer pool * 15TB + data stored * 50 servers * 99.99% queries under 1ms Monday, June 18, 12
- 50. MySQL: a NotMuchSQL server * no joins * no foreign keys * no transactions or locks * no sub-selects * store data like you want to read it. * also: no auto_increment Monday, June 18, 12
- 51. MySQL: a NotMuchSQL server “Normalization is for sissie.” - Cal Henderson, Flickr Monday, June 18, 12
- 52. MySQL: scale horizontally * objects shared by key * lookups maintained in dbindex (MySQL is a FAST key-value store) * avoid key hashing, range partitions, and partitioning functions more: http://www.slideshare.net/jgoulah/the-etsy-shard-architecture-starts-with-s-and-ends-with-hard Monday, June 18, 12
- 53. MySQL: Master-Master * objects hashed to a side, avoid split brain * allows in place schema upgrades without slave promotion * simplified capacity planning more: http://codeascraft.etsy.com/2012/04/20/two-sides-for-salvation/ Monday, June 18, 12
- 54. MySQL: Introspection web0038 : [Mon Jun 18 09:58:38 2012] [error] [client 10.101.1.12] [C6kds9y1MVptEDMoOe5KCYha9VWl] [error] [ORM_LONG_QUERY] [/var/etsy/ current/phplib/EtsyORM/Query/RawSql.php:752] [15877310] Query exceeded 10 seconds: long_query_time=83.0927 long_query_string='/* [etsy_shard_005_A] [/ remove_favorite_listing.php] */ DELETE FROM `users_favoritelistings` WHERE `user_id` = ? AND `listing_id` = ?' long_query_trace='#10 __construct() /EtsyModel/ UserFavoriteListingMirror.php:310 #4 delete() /EtsyModel/UserFavoriteListing.php:39 #3 delete() /EtsyModel/User.php:1840 #2 unfavoriteListing() /Controller/ Favorites.php:344 #1 removeFavoriteListingRecord() /Controller/Favorites.php:94 #0 performRemoveFavoriteListing() /var/etsy/current/htdocs/remove_favorite_listing.php: 9', referer: http://www.etsy.com/people/kellanem/favorites?page=5 SQL Comments are awesome! Monday, June 18, 12
- 55. MySQL: Deletes are expensive * update objects to state=‘deleted’ * use partitions * truncatenator - on ext3, hard link file, move, delete slowly. Monday, June 18, 12
- 56. Anatomy of a feature: Shop Stats Monday, June 18, 12
- 57. Anatomy of a feature: Shop Stats “Never get into a land war in Asia, and never build an analytics tool on top of MySQL. Monday, June 18, 12
- 58. Anatomy of a feature: Shop Stats * buffer writes in Memcache using predictable keys * flush to MySQL tables periodically via cron * bake old data into all possible date ranges, and archived to S3 * truncate tables Monday, June 18, 12
- 59. Monday, June 18, 12
- 60. bcn.etsy.com: beaconed event stream * Server-side and javascript event stream * At least one per page view * Apache serving static assets * Aggregated on HDFS via logrotate * Archived on S3 * Analyzed via JRuby/Cascading on Hadoop * Doesn’t use: Flume, Scribe, etc Monday, June 18, 12
- 61. bcn.etsy.com: beaconed event stream {"event_guid":"c2ffb51808b.6d2be52959ef{".user_id": 8528531,"php_event_name":"s2","php_unique_id":"4fdf1cb5d5c078.37523961","php_event_dat e":"18/Jun/2012:08:19:01","locale_currency_code":"USD","pref_language":"en- US","region":"US","detected_region":"US","accept-languages":"en- US,en","isMobileDevice":"0","isMobileSupported":"0","isTabletSupported":"0","isTouch":"0","isEt syApp":"0","listing_ids":[60274277,101504389,98682771,88585080],"cids": [14103953,14239293,14247717,14209614],"query":"blue","keywords": ["blue","blue","blue","blue"],"position":1,"replay_number":1,"s2_cached": 1,"php_ab_test_names":"orm_record_instance_caching;mobile_detector.all_blackberry;multila ng_shops_listings.view;ga_replacement_cookie;disable_search_autosuggest;admin_toolbar;tra nslations.live_translations;ab_analytics_test;search_type_experiment;search_ads.max_replays_ less;search_diversity_experiment;search_cached_listing_cards;placefinder.cache_memcached_ migration;search_stream_a;search_all_items_ignores_supplies;search_default_type;search.two _cluster_deploy;search_parameter_sample;thrift_category2_transform;search.similar_listing_b rowse_page;orm_replicant_safe_find_many;bottom_first;foreign_language_carousel;search.rel ated_searches_all_items;weddings.srp_promos;search_log_page_position;newrelic;clientlog;go ogle_analytics_async;personalized_endpoint;search_no_dropdown;community_nav_popout;se curity_settings;search_changes_tooltip;inline_listing_hearts;framelogger;log_normal;analytics_ second_beacon;analytics_second_beacon_privileged;analytics_second_beacon_mobile","php_a b_var_names":"1;1;1;1;control;1;0;A;ponycorn_v3;1;threshold_off;1;1;1;0;all_sans_supplies; 0;1;1;1;1;0;top;0;0;1;0;1;0;1;1;1;0;1;1;1;0;1;0;1","php_ab_selector_names":" Monday, June 18, 12
- 62. Search Search Master BitTorrent to distribute indexes Thrift, with server affinity Search Slave01 Web01 to improve cache hit ratio, just returns ids Search Slave02 Web02 Search SlaveNN WebNN 100% of all indexes on each slave incremental index, every 7 minutes, avoid even numbered cron times hydrate IDs via multi-get, ignore a few failures pull via cron, push via gearman denormalized listing store, databases and memcache transition from MySQL to Hbase, not user facing Monday, June 18, 12
- 63. Search * Solr trunk * Custom ranking via crunched datasets * BitSet fields for personalized search * Scaling the JVM * 32% of visits, 40% of sales * Also powers categories, unshardable queries * Next time, just use HTTP * Up next: custom codecs * Avoiding sharding Monday, June 18, 12
- 64. Search * JVM slow start * Search deployinator does rolling restart * HotSpot and GC causes unpredictable throughput * Overfetch - ask multiple servers, go with 1st response * Index size is important. Don’t store too much. Monday, June 18, 12
- 65. Photos * 400 million photos * Uploaded locally, then streamed to S3 * GraphicsMagick FTW * Working set is tiny, served out of Squid * 2% read failure rate during full S3 outage. * 0% write failure rate during full S3 outage. JonathanOtis, http://www.etsy.com/listing/96361102/ Monday, June 18, 12
- 66. Technology no longer part of the stack * Python Twisted * PostgreSQL and stored procedures * Scala and MongoDB * Clojure and Tokyo Tyrant * Rails * ActiveMQ * RabbitMQ * a "Routes" framework * building RPMs * Lighttpd Monday, June 18, 12
- 67. Take aways 1. A few simple, boring, well known components 2. Extensive instrumentation 3. Rapid iteration and feedback loops 4. Human centric 5. A few tweaks on the classics for scale 6. Technology supports business goals Monday, June 18, 12
- 68. Questions? More info: http://codeascraft.etsy.com http://slideshare.net/etsy http://github.com/etsy http://www.etsy.com/jobs kellan@etsy.com Monday, June 18, 12