Arif Presentation

Presented By: MUHAMMAD ARIF ZIA MS MANAGEMENT Multiple Roles for Branding In International Marketing

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the inter-related relationships among various branding issues such as brand orientation, brand re-positioning, brand performance and international marketing issues in terms of international marketing strategy, financial performance, control of international marketing activities, international commitment and macro-marketing environment.

Design/methodology/approach A mail survey with 315 useful samples drawn from the Austrade database was conducted. The steps suggested by Churchill, Cheng and Andersen and Gerbing were rigorously followed to purify the constructs and measurement models. Finally, structural equation modeling using partial disaggregation method was performed to test the whole structured model.

Brand? A brand is a product, service, or concept that is publicly distinguished from other products, services, or concepts so that it can be easily communicated and usually marketed. A brand name is the name of the distinctive product, service, or concept. Branding is the process of creating and disseminating the brand name. Branding can be applied to the entire corporate identity as well as to individual product and service names.

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the international branding strategy

It activities within the overseas markets refers to the use of controls as authority over operational and strategic decision-making employed by international marketers to guide inter- and intra-firms activities. This study draws upon the items developed by Driscoll and Paliwoda (1997), and modifications have been made to suit the purpose of this research. In total, there are three items representing the construct, each of which covers both the operational and strategic decisions. Control of international branding activities (Control) Variables

1. Our firm wanted to have a considerable influence over the marketing of the products/services (CON1) 2. Our firm wanted to control major decision-making of the foreign operation (CON2) Table A1. 3. Our firm wanted to make the decisions relating to the integrity of the brand (CON3) Control of international branding activities (Control) Variables

It denotes the similarities between domestic and international markets in which an international marketer operates. These can be generally grouped into four environmental aspects: economic, sociocultural and technological (Preble et al., 1988; Subramanian et al., 1993). Each represents a set of overseas market characteristics that international marketers need to take into consideration when deploying an international marketing strategy. From the work of Wong and Merrilees (2006), 11 items and a series of in-depth interviews was used to establish the items for the construct. Congruence of marketing environment (Cul) Variables

1. In relation to the domestic market, the foreign market is more unstable (CUL1) 2. In relation to the domestic market, customers in this foreign market behave differently (CUL2) 3. In relation to the domestic market, disposable income of this foreign market is lower (CUL3) 4. In relation to the domestic market, customers in this foreign market are wealthier (CUL4) 5. In relation to the domestic market, the motivation of customers in the foreign market is harder to understand (CUL5) 6. In relation to the domestic market, people in this foreign market tend to value individual time more (CUL6) 7. In relation to the domestic market, interpersonal relationships in this foreign market are more important (CUL7) 8. In relation to the domestic market, the technological knowledge of customers in this foreign market is more sophisticated (CUL8) 9. In relation to the domestic market, visual aspects such as packaging and colours are more important in this foreign market (CUL9) 10. In relation to the domestic market, the distribution system in this foreign market is more complex (CUL10) 11. In relation to the domestic market, the culture in this foreign market is totally different (CUL11) Congruence of marketing environment (Cul) Variables

It refers to the adaptation of domestic brand’s market position in the overseas customers’ minds, to suit the overseas market situation. The concept of brand repositioning has moved from marketing mix adaptation to a broader notion of brand repositioning. Six itemswere developed by Wong andMerrilees (2006). The variables capture both physical aspects such as product features, and psychological aspects like target markets. Brand repositioning (Repos) Variables

1. Compared to the domestic market, the quality of the product in the foreign market was increased (BR1) 2. Compared to the domestic market, the target market of the brand in the foreign market was moved upmarket (BR2) 3. Compared to the domestic market, the approach of promotion/advertising in the foreign market was different (BR3) 4. Compared to the domestic market, the product features in the foreign market were different (BR4) 5. Compared to the domestic market, the distinctive identity of the brand in the foreign market was different (BR5) 6. Compared to the domestic market, the distribution of the brand in the foreign market requires a different method of distribution/outlet (BR6) Brand repositioning (Repos) Variables

It describes the extent to which resources are made available for marketers in international marketing activities. These resources consist of both financial and human resources. This construct is operationalised by five items from the studies of Cavusgil and Zou (1994) and Mavondo and Rodrigo (2001). International commitment (Comm) Variables

1. We have promised resources (e.g. information technology and human resources) to the international ventures (COM1) 2. The extent of management commitment to the international marketing venture is substantial (COM2) 3. Our firm sets aside adequate funds to develop overseas markets (COM3) 4. Our firm’s executives travel frequently to foreign markets (COM4) 5. International business is a high priority activity in our company (COM5) International commitment (Comm) Variables

The firm’s overall international marketing performance indicates the extent to which a firm’s economic and strategic objectives with respect to marketing a product/service to a foreign market are achieved through planning and execution of its international marketing strategy. Given the overwhelming support for a multidimensional approach to international marketing performance (Cavusgil and Zou, 1994; Styles, 1998), two dimensions will be used, financial and brand. The items used in this study capture the essential ideas of measuring brand performance in terms of awareness, satisfaction and loyalty from studies of Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) and Reid (2002). Overall international marketing performance Variables

1. Growth rate of sales in the overseas markets in the last 12 months (FP1) 2. Your market share in the overseas markets in the last 12 months (FP2) 3. Profitability of your firm in the overseas markets in the last 12 months (FP3) 4. Overall financial performance in the overseas markets in the last 12 months (FP4) 5. We are very satisfied with our sales performance in the overseas markets (FP5) 6. The total return on your investment (ROI) of the overseas market (FP6) 7. Overall, our firm has fully capitalised on the potential that overseas markets afford for our firm (FP7) 8. We are satisfied with the ratio of overseas to domestic sales (FP8) 9. We are satisfied with the sales profitability ratio from the overseas market (FP9) Overall international marketing performance Variables

It is a mindset that ensures that the brand will be recognised, featured and favoured in the marketing strategy. It is very much a “state of mind” process to establish a foundation for the deployment of a firm’s international marketing activities (Urde, 1994, 1999). This construct is operationalised by six items developed by from the tri-method approach (literature review, in-depth qualitative interviews, and quantitative analysis; see Wong and Merrilees, 2005), six items were developed to make up the construct. Brand orientation (BO) Variables

1. Branding flows through all our marketing activities (BO1) 2. Branding is essential to our strategy (BO2) 3. Branding is essential in running this firm (BO3) 4. Long term brand planning is critical to our future success (BO4) 5. The brand is an important asset for us (BO5) 6. Everyone in this firm understands that branding our product/service is a top priority for our business (BO6) Brand orientation (BO) Variables

It refers to the deployment of the marketing mix to create a sustainable advantage within the international marketplace. It is a comprehensive marketing effort that international marketers make to launch their product/service in overseas markets. The international marketing strategy construct combines the measures developed by Appiah-Adu (1997) consisting of the four Ps of the marketing mix (product, price, promotion, and place), which reflects the fundamentals of the marketing concept and the variables related to branding strategy. International marketing strategy (Strat) Variables

1. Our firm modifies existing products to a great extent (IMS1) 2. Our firm emphasizes product quality and warranties (IMS2) 3. Our firm engages in development, testing and introduction of new products to a great extent (IMS3) 4. Our firm eliminates products that do not satisfy customer needs to a great extent (IMS4) 5. Our firm engages in analysis of competitors’ prices to a great extent (IMS5) 6. Our firm frequently offers discounts (IMS6) 7. Our firm sets strategic promotional objectives (IMS7) 8. Our firm carefully develops advertising/promotion messages (IMS8) 9. Our firm provides after sales services (IMS9) 10. Our firm builds strong relationship with distributors (IMS10) 11. Our firm provides a lot of channel support (IMS11) 12. Our firm carefully evaluates alternative channels of distribution (IMS12) 13. Our firm engages in designing and implementing effective dealer relations programs (IMS13) International marketing strategy (Strat) Variables

Hypothesis H2. International marketing strategy is a positive determinant of financial performance. H1. International marketing strategy is a positive determinant of brand performance. H3. Brand performance is a positive determinant of financial performance. H4. Brand orientation is a positive determinant of international marketing strategy. H5. International commitment is a positive determinant of international marketing strategy.

Hypothesis H7. Control is a positive determinant of international commitment. H6. Brand repositioning is a positive determinant of international marketing strategy. H8. The lack of congruency between marketing environments is a positive determinant of brand repositioning. H9. Control of foreign branding activities is a positive determinant of brand orientation. H10. International commitment is a positive determinant of brand repositioning.

Findings The results from structural equation modeling method confirm significant relationships between the constructs in the model. All major fit indices from structural equation modeling analysis show satisfactory results for both the measurement models and the structural model.

Originality/value The major values of this study are the establishment of the role of branding in international business. Both brand orientation and brand repositioning have significant impacts on international marketing strategy, which in turn positively affects a firm’s performance. Developments of new constructs such as brand orientation, brand repositioning, brand performance and cultural aspects are statistically validated.

Corporate Branding and Corporate Brand Performance Fiona Harris, Open University Business School, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, Leslie de Chernatony, The Birmingham Business School, The University of Birmingham, UK Figure 2. The relationships between internal brand resources and brand performance Reference:

International Branding: Demand of Supply driven opportunity Leslie de Chernatony, Open University Business School, Milton Keynes, UK Chris Halliburton, European School of Management, Oxford, UK Ratna Bernath, Brand Stratergy Consultant, Chicago, USA Reference:

A Brand Oriented Typology for SMEs: a case Research Approach Ho Yin Wong, Department of Marketing, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia Bill Merrilees, Department of Marketing, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia Reference:

Extending the view of Brand Alliance Effect: An integrative examination of the role of Country of origin Author(s): Christian Bluemelhuber, Larry L. Carter, C. Jay Lambe Reference:

International market entry mode strategies of manufacturing firms and service firms: A resource-based perspective Ikechi Ekeledo, K. Sivakumar Reference:

Competitive determinants of organizational risk-taking attitude: the role of strategic reference points Aviv Shoham, Avi Fiegenbaum Reference:

Building brand identity in competitive markets: a conceptual model The Authors Bhimrao M. Ghodeswar, School of Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand Reference:

The resource-based view of the firm: some stumbling-blocks on the road to understanding sustainable competitive advantage John Fahy, Department of Management & Marketing, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland Reference:

Research limitations/implications The findings provide insight to international marketers with regard to deploying resources, establishing strategy and adapting the strategy to the culture within overseas markets. Judicious investments in finance and personnel are required for overseas expansion. International branding strategy can be used to enhance a firm’s brand and financial performances abroad.

Arif Presentation

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Arif Presentation