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Artificial Intelligence in Controlling
Infectious Diseases and Reducing
Antimicrobial Resistance
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 1
Thanks To
•Pujitha Naidu Conference Manager
Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
2023 Aver Conferences Organizers of
3rd International Conference on
Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
Dubai UAE
Copyright ©2023 All rights reserved
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 2
Changing Medical profession with Artificial
Intelligence what it means to us
• Artificial Intelligence fast
penetrating to every system and
modality of human living However
the implications of Artificial
Intelligence is truly different in
human from other
professions we should be
more aware of the ongoing
matters and choose what is
good in Human and health
care ?
• Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 3
28-11-2023
Beginning of Artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is the term used
to describe the use of computers and
technology to simulate intelligent
behavior and critical thinking
comparable to a human being.
John McCarthy first
described the term AI
in 1956 as the science
and engineering of
making intelligent
machines.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 4
28-11-2023
Where I should learn Artificial
Intelligence ?
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 5
Integrating Human Intelligence with
machines
• In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI),sometimes
called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated
by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence
displayed by humans and animals
•The term "artificial intelligence" is used to
describe machines that mimic "cognitive"
functions that humans associate with
other human minds, such as "learning"
and "problem solving".
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 6
AI applications
in Medicine
28-11-2023
• The primary aim of health-related AI
applications is to analyze relationships
between prevention or treatment
techniques and patient
outcomes.
AI programs have been developed and
applied to practices such as diagnosis
processes, treatment protocol
development, drug
development, personalized
medicine, and patient
monitoring and care
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 7
Infectious diseases
• Infectious diseases are
caused by
microorganisms belonging
to the class of bacteria, viruses,
fungi, or parasites. These
pathogens are transmitted,
directly or indirectly, and can
lead to epidemics or even
pandemics
• Recent pandemic of
Covid 19 and
associated mortality
and morbidity
shaken the world
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 8
Creating algorithm,
• Create the algorithm, the
researchers used data,
including behavioural,
demographic and
epidemic disease
trends, to create a model of
disease spread that captures
underlying population
dynamics and contact
patterns between people.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 9
HOW AI HELPS IN INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
• One of the ways that AI can help to prevent infectious
diseases is by enhancing the surveillance and
identification of emerging
infectionsand their potential sources,
vectors, and transmission routes. AI can
integrate large amounts of data from different sources, such
as genomic, epidemiological, environmental, and social data,
and use machine learning algorithms to find patterns, trends,
and anomalies that can indicate the presence or risk of an
outbreak.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 10
AI can help to treat infectious
diseases
AI can help to treat infectious diseases is by enhancing the
selection and optimization of antimicrobial therapy
and infection prevention and control measures.
AI can use machine learning to analyse data from
clinical trials, electronic health records, and
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
models, and provide personalized and evidence-based
recommendations for the best antimicrobial regimen, dosage,
duration, and route of administration for each patient
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 11
Google helps in use of Artificial
intelligence
• well-known software
program Verily, a
Google product, is
adept at predicting
both
communicable
and hereditary
genetic disorders.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 12
28-11-2023
Artificial intelligence is everywhere
AI is at your Reach
• Artificial intelligence is
everywhere, influencing
every branch of science and
humanities and now a new
addition to the infectious
disease researchers
modality to growing problem
of Infectious diseases
• Google continues to be
master of Artificial intilligence
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 13
Clinical use of AI is increasing
• Healthcare providers are
responsible for ensuring that AI
applications provide useful
technology in support of patient
care. For this reason,
gaining adequate
knowledge and skills
regarding AI applications
in medicine is crucial for
medical students, who may
even have to use applications
that did not exist during their
education.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 14
28-11-2023
The Real Time happenings in
Infectious diseases
• integration of AI in clinical
microbiology for image analysis
of gram stains, automated
digital culture plate reading,
identification of bacterial
isolates using matrix-assisted
laser desorption-
ionization/time of flight mass
spectrometry (MALDI-TOF)
data, and whole genome
sequencing of microbial
pathogens.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 15
Public health concerns on
infectious diseases can be
supported by artificial
intelligence
• Th challenges, along with rising care costs
associated with infectious disease, are met with the
concurrent emergence of artificial intelligence in
health care. Through health care informatics, AI-
based machine learning
techniques are gaining
prominence in public health
planning, by translating large, heterogeneous,
and often disparate datasets into effective public
health management tools.
28-11-2023
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 16
What the The Medical Futurist says
• At The Medical Futurist, we are
sure that Artificial
Intelligence is not going to
replace medical
professionals; it’s going to
be the stethoscope of the
21st century and successful
collaboration between humans
and technology could bring us
the positive change in medicine
that we all so strongly wish.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 17
28-11-2023
Tracking the Infectious diseases
Greater use in Pandemics
• Artificial intelligence track
the infection outbreaks
faster, Aimed to assist
public health officials
identify and treat
individuals with
undiagnosed infectious
diseases, the algorithm was
created with the hope it
could reduce how quickly
disease spreads.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 18
Information ML tools In Infectious
diseases
• We found 60 unique ML-clinical decision support systems
(ML-CDSS) aiming to assist ID clinicians. Overall, 37 (62%)
focused on bacterial infections, 10 (17%) on viral infections,
nine (15%) on tuberculosis and four (7%) on any kind of
infection. Among them, 20 (33%) addressed the diagnosis
of infection, 18 (30%) the prediction, early detection or
stratification of sepsis, 13 (22%) the prediction of treatment
response, four (7%) the prediction of antibiotic resistance,
three (5%) the choice of antibiotic regimen and two (3%)
the choice of a combination antiretroviral therapy.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 19
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 20
Future of Artificial Intelligence in
Medicine
• Artificial intelligence moved from
being a futuristic promise into a
reference point for innovation. The
technology also started to
transform medicine with great
vigor. In the last couple of
years, the number of A.I.-
related studies, research
projects, university courses,
and companies has grown
exponentially, not to speak about
the rapid improvement in the
precision of the technology.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 21
28-11-2023
Artificial intelligence reduces costs and
optimize the detection and control of
infectious diseases
•Considering the ballooning
costs of care, the continued
emergence of new infectious
diseases, and the rise of
antimicrobial resistance,
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 22
Indispensable tool for public health
policy planning
•AI will likely become an indispensable tool for
public health policy planning. In the future,
algorithms will facilitate more accurate and
efficient intervention and prevention
strategies, optimize the allocation of scarce
resources, and ultimately curtail the spread of
infectious disease
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 23
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 24
Artificial intelligence
helps in monitoring
infectious diseases
• This capability has the potential
to produce effective tools to assist
in infectious-disease prevention
and the discovery of cures. If used
effectively and judiciously in the
coming months and years, AI’s
unparalleled ability to
maximize and create new
opportunities to detect and
monitor infectious diseases will
be realized.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 25
The Lancet Endorses the Importance
of Internet based surveillance
• A study published in 2013 in
the journal The Lancet
confirmed that Internet-based
surveillance can detect
outbreaks of infectious
diseases such as influenza and
dengue fever one to two
weeks sooner than traditional
reporting methods,
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 26
Use Misuse of Antibiotics
Widespread use of
antibiotics in clinical
practice has not only
resulted in drug
resistance but has also
increased the threat of
super-resistant
bacteria emergence.
•
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 27
Designing New drugs and Antibiotics
• AI has been applied to
design new antibiotics,
and generates a synergy of a
combination of drugs The
machine-learning algorithms
analyse patterns in data on
antimicrobial use and
resistance to predict which
micro-organisms are likely to
develop resistance to certain
drugs.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 28
Artificial Intelligence in Detection of
Antibiotic resstiance
• Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is, unfortunately, a result
of antibiotic misuse. As AMR drastically reduces
antibiotic therapeutic efficacy, it is critical that we
follow its emergence and dissemination . Currently,
two approaches for diagnosing AMR are commonly
utilized. One is called the whole-genome
sequencing for antimicrobial susceptibility
testing (WGS-AST) and the other one is antibiotic
susceptibility testing (AST).
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 29
Great questions and emerging
challenges
• How to develop artificial
Intelligence at our Institutions
• How to train to Medical
Nursing and Paramedical
professionals
• Costs of Infrastructure who
will bear it
• How to regulate the Matters
•Legal Implication in
treating the patients
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 30
Where We stand in Use of Artificial
Intelligence ???
• Everyone should study and learn
about these areas related to
artificial intelligence:
• What is artificial intelligence?
• How could I apply it in my
area of interest?
• How will it change our short
term and long-term future?
• What are the challenges and
opportunities presented by
AI?
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 31
Future of Artificial intelligence
?
•The rise of powerful
AI will be either the
best, or the worst
thing, ever to happen
to humanity. We do
not yet know which,"
said Stephen
Hawking.
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 32
References
• Use of artificial intelligence in infectious diseases -Said Agrebi a , Anis
Larbi b,ca Yobitrust, Technopark El Gazala, Ariana, Tunisia, b
• Singapore Immunology Network, Agencyfor Science, Technology and
Research, Singapore, Singapore, cDepartment of Microbiology &
Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of
Singapore,Singapore,
• Machine learning for clinical decision support in infectious diseases:
narrative review of current applicationsN. Peiffer-Smadja 1, 2, *, T.M.
Rawson 1, R. Ahmad 1, A. Buchard 3, P. Georgiou 4,F.-X. Lescure 2, 5
G. Birgand 1 A.H. Holmes 1
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 33
28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 34

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Artificial Intelligence in Controlling Infectious Diseases and Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance

  • 1. Artificial Intelligence in Controlling Infectious Diseases and Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 1
  • 2. Thanks To •Pujitha Naidu Conference Manager Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2023 Aver Conferences Organizers of 3rd International Conference on Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Dubai UAE Copyright ©2023 All rights reserved 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 2
  • 3. Changing Medical profession with Artificial Intelligence what it means to us • Artificial Intelligence fast penetrating to every system and modality of human living However the implications of Artificial Intelligence is truly different in human from other professions we should be more aware of the ongoing matters and choose what is good in Human and health care ? • Dr.T.V.Rao MD Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 3 28-11-2023
  • 4. Beginning of Artificial intelligence • Artificial intelligence (AI) is the term used to describe the use of computers and technology to simulate intelligent behavior and critical thinking comparable to a human being. John McCarthy first described the term AI in 1956 as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 4 28-11-2023
  • 5. Where I should learn Artificial Intelligence ? 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 5
  • 6. Integrating Human Intelligence with machines • In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI),sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals •The term "artificial intelligence" is used to describe machines that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 6
  • 7. AI applications in Medicine 28-11-2023 • The primary aim of health-related AI applications is to analyze relationships between prevention or treatment techniques and patient outcomes. AI programs have been developed and applied to practices such as diagnosis processes, treatment protocol development, drug development, personalized medicine, and patient monitoring and care Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 7
  • 8. Infectious diseases • Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms belonging to the class of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These pathogens are transmitted, directly or indirectly, and can lead to epidemics or even pandemics • Recent pandemic of Covid 19 and associated mortality and morbidity shaken the world 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 8
  • 9. Creating algorithm, • Create the algorithm, the researchers used data, including behavioural, demographic and epidemic disease trends, to create a model of disease spread that captures underlying population dynamics and contact patterns between people. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 9
  • 10. HOW AI HELPS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES • One of the ways that AI can help to prevent infectious diseases is by enhancing the surveillance and identification of emerging infectionsand their potential sources, vectors, and transmission routes. AI can integrate large amounts of data from different sources, such as genomic, epidemiological, environmental, and social data, and use machine learning algorithms to find patterns, trends, and anomalies that can indicate the presence or risk of an outbreak. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 10
  • 11. AI can help to treat infectious diseases AI can help to treat infectious diseases is by enhancing the selection and optimization of antimicrobial therapy and infection prevention and control measures. AI can use machine learning to analyse data from clinical trials, electronic health records, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models, and provide personalized and evidence-based recommendations for the best antimicrobial regimen, dosage, duration, and route of administration for each patient 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 11
  • 12. Google helps in use of Artificial intelligence • well-known software program Verily, a Google product, is adept at predicting both communicable and hereditary genetic disorders. Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 12 28-11-2023
  • 13. Artificial intelligence is everywhere AI is at your Reach • Artificial intelligence is everywhere, influencing every branch of science and humanities and now a new addition to the infectious disease researchers modality to growing problem of Infectious diseases • Google continues to be master of Artificial intilligence 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 13
  • 14. Clinical use of AI is increasing • Healthcare providers are responsible for ensuring that AI applications provide useful technology in support of patient care. For this reason, gaining adequate knowledge and skills regarding AI applications in medicine is crucial for medical students, who may even have to use applications that did not exist during their education. Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 14 28-11-2023
  • 15. The Real Time happenings in Infectious diseases • integration of AI in clinical microbiology for image analysis of gram stains, automated digital culture plate reading, identification of bacterial isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption- ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) data, and whole genome sequencing of microbial pathogens. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 15
  • 16. Public health concerns on infectious diseases can be supported by artificial intelligence • Th challenges, along with rising care costs associated with infectious disease, are met with the concurrent emergence of artificial intelligence in health care. Through health care informatics, AI- based machine learning techniques are gaining prominence in public health planning, by translating large, heterogeneous, and often disparate datasets into effective public health management tools. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 16
  • 17. What the The Medical Futurist says • At The Medical Futurist, we are sure that Artificial Intelligence is not going to replace medical professionals; it’s going to be the stethoscope of the 21st century and successful collaboration between humans and technology could bring us the positive change in medicine that we all so strongly wish. Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 17 28-11-2023
  • 18. Tracking the Infectious diseases Greater use in Pandemics • Artificial intelligence track the infection outbreaks faster, Aimed to assist public health officials identify and treat individuals with undiagnosed infectious diseases, the algorithm was created with the hope it could reduce how quickly disease spreads. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 18
  • 19. Information ML tools In Infectious diseases • We found 60 unique ML-clinical decision support systems (ML-CDSS) aiming to assist ID clinicians. Overall, 37 (62%) focused on bacterial infections, 10 (17%) on viral infections, nine (15%) on tuberculosis and four (7%) on any kind of infection. Among them, 20 (33%) addressed the diagnosis of infection, 18 (30%) the prediction, early detection or stratification of sepsis, 13 (22%) the prediction of treatment response, four (7%) the prediction of antibiotic resistance, three (5%) the choice of antibiotic regimen and two (3%) the choice of a combination antiretroviral therapy. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 19
  • 21. Future of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine • Artificial intelligence moved from being a futuristic promise into a reference point for innovation. The technology also started to transform medicine with great vigor. In the last couple of years, the number of A.I.- related studies, research projects, university courses, and companies has grown exponentially, not to speak about the rapid improvement in the precision of the technology. Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 21 28-11-2023
  • 22. Artificial intelligence reduces costs and optimize the detection and control of infectious diseases •Considering the ballooning costs of care, the continued emergence of new infectious diseases, and the rise of antimicrobial resistance, 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 22
  • 23. Indispensable tool for public health policy planning •AI will likely become an indispensable tool for public health policy planning. In the future, algorithms will facilitate more accurate and efficient intervention and prevention strategies, optimize the allocation of scarce resources, and ultimately curtail the spread of infectious disease 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 23
  • 25. Artificial intelligence helps in monitoring infectious diseases • This capability has the potential to produce effective tools to assist in infectious-disease prevention and the discovery of cures. If used effectively and judiciously in the coming months and years, AI’s unparalleled ability to maximize and create new opportunities to detect and monitor infectious diseases will be realized. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 25
  • 26. The Lancet Endorses the Importance of Internet based surveillance • A study published in 2013 in the journal The Lancet confirmed that Internet-based surveillance can detect outbreaks of infectious diseases such as influenza and dengue fever one to two weeks sooner than traditional reporting methods, 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 26
  • 27. Use Misuse of Antibiotics Widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice has not only resulted in drug resistance but has also increased the threat of super-resistant bacteria emergence. • 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 27
  • 28. Designing New drugs and Antibiotics • AI has been applied to design new antibiotics, and generates a synergy of a combination of drugs The machine-learning algorithms analyse patterns in data on antimicrobial use and resistance to predict which micro-organisms are likely to develop resistance to certain drugs. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 28
  • 29. Artificial Intelligence in Detection of Antibiotic resstiance • Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is, unfortunately, a result of antibiotic misuse. As AMR drastically reduces antibiotic therapeutic efficacy, it is critical that we follow its emergence and dissemination . Currently, two approaches for diagnosing AMR are commonly utilized. One is called the whole-genome sequencing for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (WGS-AST) and the other one is antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 29
  • 30. Great questions and emerging challenges • How to develop artificial Intelligence at our Institutions • How to train to Medical Nursing and Paramedical professionals • Costs of Infrastructure who will bear it • How to regulate the Matters •Legal Implication in treating the patients 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 30
  • 31. Where We stand in Use of Artificial Intelligence ??? • Everyone should study and learn about these areas related to artificial intelligence: • What is artificial intelligence? • How could I apply it in my area of interest? • How will it change our short term and long-term future? • What are the challenges and opportunities presented by AI? 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 31
  • 32. Future of Artificial intelligence ? •The rise of powerful AI will be either the best, or the worst thing, ever to happen to humanity. We do not yet know which," said Stephen Hawking. 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 32
  • 33. References • Use of artificial intelligence in infectious diseases -Said Agrebi a , Anis Larbi b,ca Yobitrust, Technopark El Gazala, Ariana, Tunisia, b • Singapore Immunology Network, Agencyfor Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore, cDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Singapore, • Machine learning for clinical decision support in infectious diseases: narrative review of current applicationsN. Peiffer-Smadja 1, 2, *, T.M. Rawson 1, R. Ahmad 1, A. Buchard 3, P. Georgiou 4,F.-X. Lescure 2, 5 G. Birgand 1 A.H. Holmes 1 28-11-2023 Dr.T.V.Rao MD@Artifical intilligence 33