Assignment by group #08 forensic science
- 1. FORENSIC SCIENCE A brief introduction to Forensic Science
- 2. GROUP NO 8 18-ARID-6103 AQIB MAQSOOD 18-ARID-1810 ABDUR REHMAN 18-ARID-6097 AMAN MK ABBASI 18-ARID-6129 M JABRAN 18-ARID-6156 SHOAIB AHMAD UMER HAYAT 18-ARID-6164 M NADEEM AJMAL 18-ARID-6132
- 3. INTRODUCTION ‘‘Introduction to forensic science and introductory explanation.’’
- 4. The term “Forensic” is derived from the Latin Word “forensis” which means “the forum”. Forensic Science is that “scientific discipline which is directed to the recognition, identification, individualization and evaluation of physical evidence by the application of all principles and methods of natural sciences for the purpose of administration.”
- 5. Whenever two objects animate or inanimate, microscopic or macroscopic, in whichever physical state come in contact with each other, there would be an exchange of materials. These materials are known as the Physical Evidence. Forensic science essentially deals with the laboratory examination of different types of physical evidence, encountered at the scene of crime. Physical evidence preferred over human witness.
- 6. Forensic Science History ‘‘A brief history of forensic science from ancient to advance stepping.’’
- 7. Forensic Science History 1. The field of forensic science has come a very long way since its recorded beginnings in the 700s, when the Chinese used fingerprints to establish the identity of documents and clay sculptures. 2. This field is one of the few areas of law enforcement where science, technology and crime-solving meet. This combination supports the Theory of Transfer: "When two objects meet, some evidence of that meeting can later be found and verified." 3. A few significant advances occurred in the years prior to 1800. In 1248, a book, Hsi DuanYu (the Washing Away of Wrongs) published by the Chinese, described how to distinguish drowning from strangulation. It was the first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime. 4. In 1609, the first treatise on systematic document examination was published in France. 5. Then in 1784, one of the first documented uses of physical matching saw an Englishman convicted of murder based on the torn edge of a wad of newspaper in a pistol that matched a piece remaining in his pocket.
- 8. Eras for Forensic Science Intial days of forensic science. The 1800s Mid formation of forensic science. The 1900s Proper implantation of forensic sciences in investigation. 21st Century
- 9. In the 1800s the field of forensic science saw substantial progress. The decade saw: ● The first recorded use of questioned document analysis. ● The development of tests for the presence of blood in a forensic context. ● A bullet comparison used to catch a murderer. ● The first use of toxicology (arsenic detection) in a jury trial. ● The development of the first crystal test for hemoglobin using hemin crystals. ● The development of a presumptive test for blood. ● The first use of photography for the identification of criminals and documentation of evidence and crime scenes. ● The first recorded use of fingerprints to solve a crime. ● The development of the first microscope with a comparison bridge. Forensic science was significantly applied in 1888, when doctors in London, England, were allowed to examine the victims of Jack the Ripper for wound patterns. The 1800s
- 10. Almost every year in the 1900s recorded an advance in the field. This century saw the: ● Establishment of the popular practice of using the comparison microscope for bullet comparison in the 1920s. ● Development of the absorption-inhibition ABO blood typing technique in 1931. ● Invention of the first interference contrast microscope in 1935 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike (for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1953). ● Development of the chemiluminescent reagent luminol as a presumptive test for blood. ● Study of voiceprint identification. ● Invention of the Breathalyzer for field sobriety tests. ● Use of the heated headspace sampling technique for collecting arson evidence. ● Development of the scanning electron microscope with electron dispersive X-ray technology. ● Identification of the polymorphic nature of red cells. ● Enactment of the Federal Rules of Evidence (1975). ● Evaluation of the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer for forensic purposes,. ● Development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for clinical and forensic applications. The 1900s
- 11. ● The science of forensics is now recognized as a critical ingredient in law enforcement and the solution of crimes. Protecting a crime scene from contamination and gathering and interpreting evidence accurately have become some of the most critical ingredients in crime-solving. ● As a result, advances in technology are being applied to the finite and exacting field of forensic science, a field in which technical competency is achieved only by the synthesis of a number of factors, including training, experience, supervision, continuing education, proficiency and an appreciation of scientific methods and protocols projected against a background of stringent professional ethics. ● Now that we are in the 21st century, forensic science must continue to develop and mature. In recent years, the blend of science and technology has enabled police to solve many crimes that once would have been considered beyond resolution. ● The State Police Crime Laboratory System is at the forefront of efforts to develop new scientific crime-fighting capabilities and methods, including the use of databanks, high- tech equipment, tele-forensics and training involving the use of simulated crime scenes. 21st Century
- 12. METHODOLOGY ‘‘A brief methodology from ntitial to final step of advancing.’’
- 13. METHODOLOGY Evidence and their collection. PHASE 2 Prescence of crime team which will handle crime and make further proceedigs. PHASE 1 Delivery of Labortary Proceedings. PHASE 3 Composition of Authority Action. PHASE 4
- 14. A group of professional’s investigators, each trained in a variety of special disciplines. Team Members ● First Police Officer on the scene – ● Medics (if necessary) ● Investigator(s) ● Photographer and/or Field Evidence Technician Lab Experts ● Pathologist ● Serologist ● DNA expert ● Toxicologist ● Forensic odontologist ● Forensic anthropologist ● Forensic psychologist ● Forensic entomologist ● Firearm examiner ● Bomb and arson expert ● Document and handwriting experts ● Fingerprint expert Crime Scene Team
- 15. RESOURCES ● Thumb fingerprint ● Pharmacists ● Police scene icons ● Police line vector ● Prints graphic ● Medical healthcare infographic ● Chemistry research ● Flat body skeleton ● Emergency survival kit flat design ● Tire tracks ● Modern cctv sign collection flat VECTORS ● Tubes laboratory ● X-ray human head PHOTOS ● Crime investigation ICONS
- 16. ● Blood, semen, saliva, hair, human or animal, biological samples ● Documents-handwriting, type, ink, indented, obliterations, burned ● Drugs-illegal substance-sale, manufacture, distribution. ● Explosives- explosive charge material and residues ● Fibers, Hair, Paint ● Fingerprints, latent and visible ● Firearms and ammunition ● Glass-particles, fragments ● Impressions- tire marks, shoeprints, tracks, bite marks ● Organs and physiological fluids-existence of drugs or poisons, alcohol ● Petroleum products-e.g. gas residues, grease or oil ● Plastic bags-e.g. garbage bag in homicide or drug case ● Rubber, other polymers- remnants linked to objects recovered in suspects possession ● Powder residues- gun powder ● Serial numbers- ID numbers ● Soil and minerals-e.g. soil in shoes or safe insulation ● Tool marks-object containing impression of another object ● Vehicle lights- filament condition ● Wood and other vegetative matter- wood, sawdust, plant material, linking person or object to the crime scene Common types of Physical evidence
- 17. ● Blood ● Urine ● Hair ● Nails ● Saliva ● Tissues ● Exhaled breath ● Unidentified pills ● Powders, ● Liquids, and ● Gases Labortary Proceedings Biological Samples Non-Biological Samples
- 18. ● Documents Division. ● Chemistry Division. ● Biology Division. ● Physics Division. ● Ballistics Division. ● Toxicology Division. ● Serology Division. ● Narcotics Division. ● Arson & Explosives Division. ● Forensic Psychology Division/ Polygraph Division. ● Photo Division. ● Computer Forensics Division. ● DNA Finger Printing Division. Labortary Proceedings Divisions of Forensic Proceedings
- 19. ● Producing the evidence in a legally admissible form. ● Scientific examination and analysis of clue materials. ● Evaluating the result of scientific analysis and interpreting them. ● Effective use of forensic findings in the prosecution. ● Helping the IOs and police in the following manner. ● Recognition of evidence material at the scene of crime. ● Collection and preservation of the clue material so recognized. ● Analysis, examination and testifying the forensic findings. ● Interpretation of the forensic clues. Labortary Proceedings Role of the Forensic Science laboratories
- 20. Authorities • Usually 1st on the scene • Make the arrest, if possible • Call ambulance if needed Police Officers • May or may not be present to determine a preliminary cause of death. Medical Examiner • Secure the scene • Collection, preservation and dispatch of samples. • Maintains the record. CSI UNIT • May be called in if evidence requires expert analysis- Entomologists Forensic scientists Forensic psychologists Specialists • Interview witnesses and consult with the CSI unit Investigate the crime by following leads provided by witnesses and physical evidence Detectives
- 21. PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC ‘‘Basic principles of forensic on which forensic science is advancing.’’
- 22. PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 Law of Individuality Principle of Exchange Law of Progressive Change Law of Probability Law of Analysis Law of Circumstantial Facts Law of Comparison
- 23. ● Every object natural or man-made has all individual which isn’t duplicated in any other object. ● The individuality has been verified in certain fields. The most extensive work has been carried out in fingerprints. The law of individuality is of judgmental importance in forensic science. Principle of Individuality
- 24. ● According to this, when a criminal or his instrument of crime come in contact with the victim or the objects surrounding him, they leave traces, and the criminal or his instrument picks up traces from the same contact. Principle of Exchange
- 25. ● “Everything changes with the passage of time”. ● Its impact on forensic science is immense. ● The criminal, the crime scene and objects involved in the crime all undergo changes, hence may become unrecognizable Principle of Progressive Change
- 26. ● “Only the likes can be compared”, is the law of comparison. ● It emphasizes the necessity of providing like sample and specimens for comparison. Principle of Comparison
- 27. ● “The analysis can be no better than the sample analyzed.” ● The principle emphasizes the necessity of correct sampling and packaging for effective use of experts. Principle of Analysis
- 28. ● All the identifications, definite or indefinite, are made consciously or unconsciously, on the basis of probability. Principle of Probability
- 29. ● “Facts do not lie, men can and do,” hence the importance of circumstantial evidence is as good as oral evidence. ● Oral evidence depends upon so many factors such as power of observation, assimilation, auto suggestion. Principle of Circumstantial Facts
- 30. FORENSICS IN PAKISTAN ‘‘Introductory summary of origin of forensics science in Pakistan”
- 32. ● NFSA is the latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to facility criminal justice system ● It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof ● Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards. ● The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million ● In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch. ● The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007 NATIONAL FORENSIC SCIENCE AGENCY
- 33. ● Audio Visual Analysis Department ● Forensic Toxicology Department ● Trace Evidence Department ● Firearms & Tool Marks Department Sub-Departments ● Crime Scene Investigation ● Computer Forensic Department ● Forensic Pathology ● Questioned Documents Department ● DNA & Serology Department
- 34. ● National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad ● Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad ● Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore ● Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore ● Chemical Examiner, Multan ● Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi ● Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi Investigation Facilities in Pakistan
- 35. IMPORTANCE OF FORENSICS ‘‘The use and importane of forensic science in conceptual era”
- 36. IMPORTANCE Forensics science is used by investigators to help understand what happened to a crime scene. Detective agencies are getting fast to work on forensic and many police and legal workers are working on forensic. Forensic science can help investigators to understand how blood spatter patterns occur, find out who was at the crime scene, when the crime occurred, and who committed the crime. Forensic tools and techniques must be aided by the knowledge, experience, intuitive detectives, police and other experts’ role
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