Attention, Willpower and Decision-making for Design of Learning
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The document discusses the science of attention, willpower, and decision-making, focusing on cognitive load theory and its implications for instructional design. It highlights the various types of attention, the impact of emotional and social cues on learning, and the complexities of decision-making influenced by extraneous factors. Additionally, it offers practical suggestions for improving clarity and engagement in e-learning environments.
Attention, Willpower and Decision-making for Design of Learning
- 1. THE SCIENCE OF ATTENTION, WILLPOWER, AND DECISION- MAKING DevLearn 2015 Julie Dirksen, Usable Learning
- 2. WHO HAS THE MOST BORING TOPIC? You get a Prize!
- 3. HYPOTHESIS: One of the primary responsibilities of Instructional Design is the Ruthless Management of Cognitive Load Agree?
- 4. COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY (SWELLER) 2 x 4 = 8 The online math textbook won’t load and it’s really annoying! Intrinsic Germane Extraneous
- 5. COGNITIVE LOAD IN ELEARNING Global Navigation Local Navigation / Instruction s Learning Content Learning Content In this activity, you will identify where errors occurred.
- 8. HOW ARE YOU ALL DOING? Mostly thinking about happy hour
- 9. WHO DROVE HERE TODAY? Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory • Unusual or surprising • Emotional reaction • Meaningful or relevant • Previous experience • Interacted with • Repetition
- 10. IF YOU WERE CHECKING PEOPLE IN AT DEVLEARN…
- 11. WE’VE ALL SEEN THIS SLIDE How does it do? • Unusual or surprising • Emotional reaction • Meaningful or relevant • Previous experience • Interacted with • Repetition
- 12. ATTENTION A Resource Allocation Problem
- 13. WE ARE GOING TO DO A LITTLE EXPERIMENT Group B 5 + 2 3 - 1 2 x 4 Group A 37 + 283 697 – 12 23 x 19
- 14. ANYBODY WANT A SNACK? (SHIV & FEDORIKHIN)
- 15. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF WILLPOWER (GAILLOT & BAUMEISTER)
- 16. HOW LONG IS THE AVERAGE ATTENTION SPAN?Most of what you’ve heard is wrong. Nobody here cites actual research.
- 17. PROCEED WITH CAUTION (MCCABE & CASTEL) People rate articles with images of the brain as more credible than the same article with other images. Or at least we think they do. Replication studies are mixed. The part of your brain overly persuaded by pictures of the brain.
- 18. TYPES OF ATTENTION Voluntary (I need to read this…) Involuntary (Squirrel!) Habitual (Did you say something? Sorry, I was checking my phone…)
- 19. VOLUNTARY ATTENTION: WHAT ARE YOU PAYING ATTENTION TO RIGHT NOW?
- 20. WHAT ARE THE CUES? What are the cues telling you what to pay attention to?
- 21. SOCIAL CUES (OKITA) The belief that they were interacting with a live person increased arousal, attention and learning.
- 22. CUES DEPEND ON THE AUDIENCE (VOGT & MAGNUSSEN) What the general population focuses on: What an artist focuses on:
- 23. CUES DEPEND ON THE AUDIENCE (VOGT & MAGNUSSEN) What the general population focuses on: What an artist focuses on:
- 24. LET’S COMPARE Intrinsically motivated attention Extrinsically motivated attention
- 25. HYPERBOLIC DISCOUNTING (KAHNEMAN AND TVERSKY)
- 26. WE CAN FORCE OURSELVES TO PAY ATTENTION, BUT …
- 27. NEUROENERGETIC THEORY (KILLEEN) “Lack of control is often due to fatigue of the relevant processing units in the brain caused by insufficient resupply of the neuron's preferred fuel, lactate, from nearby astrocytes.”
- 28. DOODLING TO REDUCE ATTENTION DRIFT (ANDRADE)
- 29. DECISION MAKING Allocation of attention or
- 30. SOMATIC MARKERS (DIMASSIO) Rational Decision Making (is probably a myth…)
- 31. IOWA GAMBLING TASK (BECHARA ET AL) Blue Deck / Red Deck 50 cards = hunch there was an issue 80 cards = figured out the strategy 10 cards = physical stress response and a shift in behavior
- 32. SOMATIC MARKERS (DUTTON & ARON) We apparently listen to our physical response to determine how we feel. Photo by Mike Taylor
- 33. DECISION MAKING – GRANTING PAROLE (DANZIGER ET AL) Food breaks
- 34. THE POWER OF DEFAULTS (JOHNSON & GOLDSTEIN)
- 35. DECISION FATIGUE Choices for a flight DC - 3 airports - 5 travel sites - Direct or connecting - +/- 2days
- 36. WHO WANTS SOME JAM? (IYENGAR & LEPPER) VS.
- 37. SO WHAT DO WE DO WITH THIS A few suggestions
- 38. RUTHLESSLY REDUCE EXTRANEOUS LOAD Extraneou s Intrinsic In this activity, you will identify where errors occurred.
- 39. IMPROVE READABILITY High text density A company has recently implemented a self-appraisal system for its annual performance evaluations. All employees are required to attend a classroom learning event that is designed to help them learn about the new system and the tools they should use to conduct and submit the self- appraisals. Lower text density / direct speech: Our company just added a self-appraisal system to help with annual performance reviews. You will attend a class to learn how to use it.
- 40. USER TEST
- 41. USER TEST
- 42. MAKE CHOICES A BIT EASIER (OR HARDER) “in seven weeks, New York Googlers consumed 3.1 million fewer calories from M&Ms” Source http://abcnews.go.com/Health/google-diet-search-giant-overhauled-eating-options- nudge/story?id=18241908
- 43. Source http://abcnews.go.com/Health/google-diet-search-giant-overhauled-eating-options- nudge/story?id=18241908 Sugary drinks at the bottom behind the frosted glass:
- 44. LET PEOPLE CHOOSE Overview & Facts Symptoms & Types Diagnosis & Tests Treatment & Care Living & Managing Support & Tools Course: Introduction to Dealing with Back Pain Where would you like to start?
- 45. MAKE IT AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE (BUT NOT SHORTER)
- 46. CREATE A SENSE OF IMMEDIACY
- 47. DON’T STRIP OUT THE EMOTION Something Important about Insurance
- 48. TIE TO THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE Working Memory Long-term Memory
- 49. KEEP DECISIONS SHORT AND RELEVANT Are you a: Doctor Nurse Practitioner RN LPN Health Aid Do you primarily: (choose one) Take care of patients Make health suggestions Oversee patient care Follow up with patients
- 50. QUESTIONS Julie@usablelearning.com Twitter: usablelearning Slides and references at: www.usablelearning.com/resource s
- 51. REFERENCESAndrade, Jackie. What Does Doodling Do? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Appl. Cognit. Psychol. (2009) Published online in Wiley InterScience Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1-3), 7-15. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 Danziger, Shai, Jonathan Levav and Lior Avnaim-Pesso, Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions, PNAS Vol 108 No 17, 2011 Dimassio, Antonio. Descartes’ Error. Penguin Books; Reprint edition (September 27, 2005) Dutton, Donald G and Arthur P Aron, Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 30 No 4 1974 Gaillot, Matthew T. & Roy F. Baumeister, The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Glucose to Self-Control. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2007. Iyengar, Sheena and Mark Lepper, When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000. Johnson, Eric J & Daniel Goldstein, Do Defaults Save Lives? Science November 2003. Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (1979). "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk" (PDF). Econometrica 47 (2): 263. doi:10.2307/1914185. ISSN 0012-9682. Killeen, Peter R. Absent Without Leave: A Neuroenergetic Theory of Mind. McCabe DP1, Castel AD. Seeing is believing: the effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning. Cognition. 2008 Apr;107(1):343-52. Epub 2007 Sep 4. Okita, S.Y., J. Bailenson, and D.L. Schwartz. 2008. Mere Belief of Social Action Improves Complex Learning. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference for the Learning Sciences. Shiv, B. and A. Fedorikhin. 1999. Heart and Mind in Conflict: Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making. Journal of Consumer Research 26 (December): 278–282. Sweller, John. Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning. Cognitive Science 12, 257-285. 1988 Vogt, S. & Magnussen, S. (2007). Expertise in pictorial perception: Eye-movement patterns and visual memory in artists and laymen. Perception, 36, 91-100.