Automated teller machine wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An NCR Personas 75-Series interior,
multi-function ATM in the United
States
Automated teller machine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An automated teller machine or automatic teller machine[1][2][3]
(ATM, American, Australian, Singaporean, Indian, Maldivian, and
Hiberno-English), also known as an automated banking machine
(ABM, Canadian English), cash machine, cashpoint, cashline, or
colloquially hole in the wall (Australian, British, South African, and
Sri Lankan English), is an electronic telecommunications device that
enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial
transactions without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank
teller.
On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a
plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smart card with a
chip that contains a unique card number and some security
information such as an expiration date or CVVC (CVV).
Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal
identification number (PIN).
Using an ATM, customers can access their bank deposit or credit
accounts in order to make a variety of transactions such as cash
withdrawals, check balances, or credit mobile phones. If the currency
being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that in which the
bank account is denominated the money will be converted at an
official exchange rate. Thus, ATMs often provide the best possible
exchange rates for foreign travellers, and are widely used for this
purpose.[4]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Docutel United States 1969
2 Location
3 Financial networks
4 Global use
5 Hardware
6 Software
7 Security
7.1 Physical
7.2 Transactional secrecy and integrity
7.3 Customer identity integrity
7.4 Device operation integrity
7.5 Customer security

Smaller indoor ATMs dispense money
inside convenience stores and other
busy areas, such as this off-premises
Wincor Nixdorf mono-function ATM
in Sweden.
7.6 Uses
8 Reliability
9 Fraud
9.1 Card fraud
10 Related devices
11 In popular culture
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
History
An old Nixdorf ATM
The idea of self-service in
retail banking developed
through independent and
simultaneous efforts in
Japan, Sweden, the United
Kingdom and the United
States. In the US patent record, Luther George Simjian has been
credited with developing a "prior art device".[5] Specifically his 132nd
patent (US3079603) was first filed on 30 June 1960 (and granted 26
February 1963). The roll-out of this machine, called Bankograph,
was delayed by a couple of years, due in part to Simjian's Reflectone
Electronics Inc. being acquired by Universal Match Corporation.[6]
An experimental Bankograph was installed in New York City in 1961
by the City Bank of New York, but removed after six months due to
the lack of customer acceptance. The Bankograph was an automated
envelope deposit machine (accepting coins, cash and cheques) and
did not have cash dispensing features.[7]
In simultaneous and independent efforts, engineers in Japan, Sweden, and Britain developed their own cash
machines during the early 1960s.[8] The first of these that was put into use was by Barclays Bank in Enfield
Town in North London, United Kingdom,[9] on 27 June 1967. This machine was the first in the world and was
used by English comedy actor Reg Varney. This instance of the invention is credited to John Shepherd-Barron
of printing firm De La Rue,[10] who was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours.[11] This design used
paper cheques issued by a teller or cashier, marked with carbon-14 for machine readability and security, which
in a latter model were matched with a personal identification number.[10][12]
The Barclays-De La Rue machine (called De La Rue Automatic Cash System or DACS)[13] beat the Swedish
saving banks' and a company called Metior's machine (a device called Bankomat) by a mere nine days and
Westminster Bank’s-Smith Industries-Chubb system (called Chubb MD2) by a month.[14] The online version of
the Swedish machine is listed to been operational on 6 May 1968, while claiming to be the first online cash
machine in the world (ahead of a similar claim by IBM and Lloyds Bank in 1971).[15] The collaboration of a

small start-up called Speytec and Midland Bank developed a third machine which was marketed after 1969 in
Europe and the USA by the Burroughs Corporation. The patent for this device (GB1329964) was filed on
September 1969 (and granted in 1973) by John David Edwards, Leonard Perkins, John Henry Donald, Peter
Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin Newcombe & Malcom David Roe.
Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a single-use token or voucher which was retained by the machine
while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic strip at the back.
They used principles including Carbon-14 and low-coercivity magnetism
in order to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the
card was developed by a British engineer working on the MD2 named
James Goodfellow in 1965 (patent GB1197183 filed on 2 May 1966
with Anthony Davies). The essence of this system was that it enabled the
verification of the customer with the debited account without human
intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a complete
“currency dispenser system” in the patent record. This patent was filed
on 5 March 1968 in the USA (US 3543904) and granted on 1
December 1970. It had a profound influence on the industry as a whole.
Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR
Corporation and IBM licence Goodfellow’s PIN system, but a number
of later patents reference this patent as “Prior Art Device”.[16]
In January 9, 1969 ABC newspaper (Madrid edition) there's an article
ATM of Sberbank in Tolyatti,
about the new Bancomat, a teller machine installed in downtown Madrid,
Russia
Spain, by Banesto, dispensing 1000 peseta bills (1 to 5 max). Each user
had to introduce a security personal key using a combination of the ten
numeric buttons.[17] In March of the same year an ad with the instructions to use the Bancomat was published in
the same Newspaper [18] Bancomat was the first ATM installed in Spain, one of the first in Europe (actually the
third), and in the whole world.
Docutel United States 1969
After looking first hand at the experiences in Europe, in 1968 the
networked ATM was pioneered in the US, in Dallas, Texas, by
Donald Wetzel, who was a department head at an automated
baggage-handling company called Docutel. Recognised by the United
States Patent Office for having invented the ATM network are Fred
J. Gentile and Jack Wu Chang, under US Patent # 3,833,885
(http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?
1969 ABC news report on the
introduction of ATMs in Sydney,
Australia. People could only receive
$25 at a time and the bank card was
sent back to the user at a later date.
Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=5
0&s1=3833885.PN.&OS=PN/3833885&RS=PN/3833885). On September 2, 1969, Chemical Bank
installed the first ATM in the U.S. at its branch in Rockville Centre, New York. The first ATMs were designed
to dispense a fixed amount of cash when a user inserted a specially coded card.[19] A Chemical Bank
advertisement boasted "On Sept. 2 our bank will open at 9:00 and never close again."[20] Chemical's ATM,
initially known as a Docuteller was designed by Donald Wetzel and his company Docutel. Chemical executives
were initially hesitant about the electronic banking transition given the high cost of the early machines.

Additionally, executives were concerned that customers would resist having machines handling their money.[21]
In 1995, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History recognised Docutel and Wetzel as the
inventors of the networked ATM.[22]
The first modern ATM was an IBM 2984 and came into use at Lloyds Bank, Brentwood High Street, Essex,
England in December 1972. The IBM 2984 was designed at the request of Lloyds Bank. The 2984 Cash
Issuing Terminal was the first true ATM, similar in function to today's machines and named by Lloyds Bank:
Cashpoint; Cashpoint is still a registered trademark of Lloyds TSB in the UK. All were online and issued a
variable amount which was immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to
a US bank. A couple of well known historical models of ATMs include the IBM 3614, IBM 3624 and 473x
series, Diebold 10xx and TABS 9000 series, NCR 1780 and earlier NCR 770 series.
The newest ATM at Royal Bank of Scotland allows customers to withdraw cash up to £100 without a card by
inputting a six-digit code requested through their smartphones.[23]
Location
An ATM Encrypting PIN Pad (EPP)
with German markings
ATM in Vatican with menu in Latin
language
ATMs are placed not only
near or inside the premises
of banks, but also in
locations such as shopping
centers/malls, airports,
grocery stores, petrol/gas
stations, restaurants, or
anywhere frequented by
large numbers of people.
There are two types of
ATM installations: on- and
off-premises. On-premises
ATMs are typically more
advanced, multi-function machines that complement a bank branch's capabilities, and are thus more expensive.
Off-premises machines are deployed by financial institutions and Independent Sales Organisations (ISOs) where
there is a simple need for cash, so they are generally cheaper single function devices. In Canada, ATMs (also
known there as ABMs) not operated by a financial institution are known as "white-label ABMs".
In the U.S., Canada and some Gulf countries, banks often have drive-thru lanes providing access to ATMs
using an automobile.
Many ATMs have a sign above them, indicating the name of the bank or organisation owning the ATM and
possibly including the list of ATM networks to which that machine is connected.
ATMs can also be found in train stations and metro stations. In recent times, countries like India and some
countries in Africa are installing ATM's in rural areas as well, which are solar powered. These ATM's also do
not require air conditioning.
Financial networks
Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from
machines not belonging to the bank where they have their accounts or in the countries where their accounts are
held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency). Some examples of interbank networks include NYCE,

PULSE, PLUS, Cirrus, AFFN, Interac, Interswitch, STAR, LINK, MegaLink and BancNet.
ATMs rely on authorisation of a financial transaction by the card issuer or other authorising institution on a
An ATM in the Netherlands. The
logos of a number of interbank
networks this ATM is connected to
are shown
communications network. This is often performed through an ISO
8583 messaging system.
Many banks charge ATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are
charged solely to users who are not customers of the bank where the
ATM is installed; in other cases, they apply to all users.
In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their
networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the
definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its
footprint or utilises the vault or cash drawer within the merchant
establishment, which allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser.
ATMs typically connect directly to
their host or ATM Controller on
either ADSL or dial-up modem
over a telephone line or directly on a leased line. Leased lines are preferable
to plain old telephone service (POTS) lines because they require less time to
establish a connection. Less-trafficked machines will usually rely on a dial-up
modem on a POTS line rather than using a leased line, since a leased line may
be comparatively more expensive to operate compared to a POTS line. That
dilemma may be solved as high-speed Internet VPN connections become
more ubiquitous. Common lower-level layer communication protocols used by
ATMs to communicate back to the bank include SNA over SDLC, TC500
over Async, X.25, and TCP/IP over Ethernet.
In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all
communications traffic between the ATM and the Transaction Processor may
also be encrypted using methods such as SSL.[24]
Global use
There are no hard international or government-compiled numbers
totaling the complete number of ATMs in use worldwide. Estimates
developed by ATMIA place the number of ATMs in use currently at
over 2.2 million, or approximately 1 ATM per 3000 people in the
world.[25]
To simplify the analysis of ATM usage around the world, financial
institutions generally divide the world into seven regions, due to the
penetration rates, usage statistics, and features deployed. Four
regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) have high numbers of
ATMs per million people.[26][27] Despite the large number of ATMs,
there is additional demand for machines in the Asia/Pacific area as well as in Latin America.[28][29] ATMs have
yet to reach high numbers in the Near East and Africa.[30]
One of the world's most northerly installed ATMs is located at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway.
A Diebold 1063ix with a dial-up
modem visible at the base
ATMs at the railway station in Poznań

The world's most southerly installed ATM is located at McMurdo Station, located in New Zealand's Ross
Dependency, in Antarctica.[31]
According to international statistics, the highest installed ATM in the world is located at Nathu La Pass, in India,
installed by the Indian Axis Bank at 4023 metres (13200 ft).[32] According to the Mainland Chinese media and
CPC statistics, the highest installed ATM in the world is located in Nagchu County, Tibet, China, at 4500
metres, allegedly installed by the Agricultural Bank of China.[33][34]
Israel has the world's lowest installed ATM at Ein Bokek at the Dead Sea, installed independently by a grocery
store at 421 metres below sea level.[35]
While ATMs are ubiquitous on modern cruise ships, ATMs can also be found on some US Navy ships.[36]
Hardware
An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:
Welcome message displayed on the
world's most northerly ATM located
in the post office at Longyearbyen
A block diagram of an ATM
CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)
Magnetic or chip card reader (to identify the customer)
PIN pad EEP4 (similar in layout to a touch tone or calculator
keypad), manufactured as part of a secure enclosure
Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure
Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
Function key buttons (usually close to the display) or a
touchscreen (used to select the various aspects of the transaction)
Record printer (to provide the customer with a record of the
transaction)
Vault (to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted access)
Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)
Sensors and indicators
Due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of personal computer-like
architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom hardware
architectures using microcontrollers or application-specific integrated circuits
and have adopted the hardware architecture of a personal computer, such as
USB connections for peripherals, Ethernet and IP communications, and use
personal computer operating systems.
Business owners often lease ATM terminals from ATM service providers,
however based on the economies of scale, the price of equipment has dropped to the point where many
business owners are simply paying for ATMs using a credit card.
New ADA voice and text-to-speech guidelines imposed in 2010, but required by March 2012[37] have forced
many ATM owners to either upgrade non-compliant machines or dispose them if they are not up-gradable, and
purchase new compliant equipment. This has created an avenue for hackers and thieves to obtain ATM
hardware at junkyards from improperly disposed decommissioned ATMs.[38]

Two Loomis employees
refilling an ATM at the
Downtown Seattle REI
The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where
items of value are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a vault.
Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:
Dispensing mechanism (to provide cash or other items of value)
Deposit mechanism including a check processing module and bulk note
acceptor (to allow the customer to make deposits)
Security sensors (magnetic, thermal, seismic, gas)
Locks (to ensure controlled access to the contents of the vault)
Journaling systems; many are electronic (a sealed flash memory device
based on in-house standards) or a solid-state device (an actual printer)
which accrues all records of activity including access timestamps,
number of notes dispensed, etc. This is considered sensitive data and is
secured in similar fashion to the cash as it is a similar liability.
ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade selection include
cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidance practices and internal volume
requirements.[39] Industry standard vault configurations include Underwriters Laboratories UL-291 "Business
Hours" and Level 1 Safes,[40] RAL TL-30 derivatives,[41] and CEN EN 1143-1 - CEN III and CEN
IV.[42][43]
ATM manufacturers recommend that an ATM vault be attached to the floor to prevent theft,[44] though there is
a record of a theft conducted by tunnelling into an ATM floor.
Software
With the migration to commodity Personal Computer hardware, standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating
systems, and programming environments can be used inside of ATMs. Typical platforms previously used in
ATM development include RMX or OS/2.
A Wincor Nixdorf ATM running
Windows 2000.
Today the vast majority of ATMs worldwide use a Microsoft
Windows operating system, primarily Windows XP Professional or
Windows XP Embedded. A small number of deployments may still
be running older versions of Windows OS such as Windows NT,
Windows CE, or Windows 2000.
There is a computer industry security view that general public desktop
operating systems have greater risks as operating systems for cash
dispensing machines than other types of operating systems like
(secure) real-time operating systems (RTOS). RISKS Digest has
many articles about cash machine operating system vulnerabilities.[45]
Linux is also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An
example of this is Banrisul, the largest bank in the south of Brazil, which has replaced the MS-DOS operating
systems in its ATMs with Linux. Banco do Brasil is also migrating ATMs to Linux. Indian-based Vortex
Engineering is manufacturing ATMs which operate only with Linux. Common application layer transaction

protocols, such as Diebold 91x (911 or 912) and NCR NDC or NDC+ provide emulation of older generations
of hardware on newer platforms with incremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities,
although companies like NCR continuously improve these protocols issuing newer versions (e.g. NCR's
AANDC v3.x.y, where x.y are subversions). Most major ATM manufacturers provide software packages that
implement these protocols. Newer protocols such as IFX have yet to find wide acceptance by transaction
processors.[46]
With the move to a more standardised software base, financial institutions have been increasingly interested in
the ability to pick and choose the application programs that drive their equipment. WOSA/XFS, now known as
CEN XFS (or simply XFS), provides a common API for accessing and manipulating the various devices of an
ATM. J/XFS is a Java implementation of the CEN XFS API.
While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's "Write once, run anywhere" mantra, often different
ATM hardware vendors have different interpretations of the XFS standard. The result of these differences in
interpretation means that ATM applications typically use a middleware to even out the differences between
various platforms.
With the onset of Windows operating systems and XFS on ATM's, the software applications have the ability to
become more intelligent. This has created a new breed of ATM applications commonly referred to as
programmable applications. These types of applications allows for an entirely new host of applications in which
the ATM terminal can do more than only communicate with the ATM switch. It is now empowered to
connected to other content servers and video banking systems.
Notable ATM software that operates on XFS platforms include Triton PRISM, Diebold Agilis EmPower, NCR
APTRA Edge, Absolute Systems AbsoluteINTERACT, KAL Kalignite Software Platform, Phoenix Interactive
VISTAatm, Wincor Nixdorf ProTopas and Euronet EFTS.
With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about the integrity of
the ATM's software stack.[47]
Security
Security, as it relates to ATMs, has several dimensions. ATMs also provide a practical demonstration of a
number of security systems and concepts operating together and how various security concerns are dealt with.
Physical
Early ATM security focused on making the ATMs invulnerable to physical attack; they were effectively safes
with dispenser mechanisms. A number of attacks on ATMs resulted, with thieves attempting to steal entire
ATMs by ram-raiding.[48] Since late 1990s, criminal groups operating in Japan improved ram-raiding by stealing
and using a truck loaded with heavy construction machinery to effectively demolish or uproot an entire ATM
and any housing to steal its cash.[49]
Another attack method, plofkraak, is to seal all openings of the ATM with silicone and fill the vault with a
combustible gas or to place an explosive inside, attached, or near the ATM. This gas or explosive is ignited and
the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion and the criminals can break in.[50] This
type of theft has occurred in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Denmark, Germany and Australia.[51][52] This
type of attacks can be prevented by a number of gas explosion prevention devices also known as gas

A Wincor Nixdorf Procash
2100xe Frontload that was
opened with an angle grinder
suppression system. These systems use explosive gas detection sensor to
detect explosive gas and to neutralise it by releasing a special explosion
suppression chemical which changes the composition of the explosive gas and
renders it ineffective.
Several attacks in the UK (at least one of which was successful) have
emulated the traditional WW2 escape from POW camps by digging a
concealed tunnel under the ATM and cutting through the reinforced base to
remove the money.[53]
Modern ATM physical security, per other modern money-handling security,
concentrates on denying the use of the money inside the machine to a thief, by
using different types of Intelligent Banknote Neutralisation Systems.
A common method is to simply rob the staff filling the machine with money. To
avoid this, the schedule for filling them is kept secret, varying and random. The
money is often kept in cassettes, which will dye the
money if incorrectly opened.
Transactional secrecy and integrity
Automated Teller Machine In Dezfull in southwest
of Iran
A Triton brand ATM with a dip style
card reader and a triple DES keypad
The security
of ATM
transactions
relies mostly
on the integrity
of the secure
cryptoprocessor: the ATM often uses general commodity
components that sometimes are not considered to be "trusted
systems".
Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent fraud. Sensitive
data in ATM transactions are usually encrypted with DES, but transaction processors now usually require the
use of Triple DES.[54] Remote Key Loading techniques may be used to ensure the secrecy of the initialisation of
the encryption keys in the ATM. Message Authentication Code (MAC) or Partial MAC may also be used to
ensure messages have not been tampered with while in transit between the ATM and the financial network.
Customer identity integrity
There have also been a number of incidents of fraud by Man-in-the-middle attacks, where criminals have
attached fake keypads or card readers to existing machines. These have then been used to record customers'
PINs and bank card information in order to gain unauthorised access to their accounts. Various ATM
manufacturers have put in place countermeasures to protect the equipment they manufacture from these
threats.[55][56]

Alternative methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested and deployed in some countries, such as
finger and palm vein patterns,[57] iris, and facial recognition technologies. Cheaper mass-produced equipment
has been developed and is being installed in machines globally that detect the presence of foreign objects on the
front of ATMs, current tests have shown 99% detection success for all types of skimming devices.[58]
Device operation integrity
Openings on the customer-side of ATMs are often covered by
mechanical shutters to prevent tampering with the mechanisms when
they are not in use. Alarm sensors are placed inside the ATM and in
ATM servicing areas to alert their operators when doors have been
opened by unauthorised personnel.
Rules are usually set by the government or ATM operating body that
dictate what happens when integrity systems fail. Depending on the
jurisdiction, a bank may or may not be liable when an attempt is made
to dispense a customer's money from an ATM and the money either
A BTMU ATM with a palm scanner
gets outside of the ATM's vault, or was exposed in a non-secure
(to the right of the screen)
fashion, or they are unable to determine the state of the money after a
failed transaction.[59] Customers often commented that it is difficult to recover
money lost in this way, but this is often complicated by the policies regarding
suspicious activities typical of the criminal element.[60]
Customer security
ATMs that are exposed to
the outside must be vandal
and weather resistant
Dunbar Armored ATM Techs
watching over ATMs that have been
installed in a van
In some countries, multiple security
cameras and security guards are a
common feature.[61] In the United
States, The New York State
Comptroller's Office has advised
the New York State Department of
Banking to have more thorough
safety inspections of ATMs in high
crime areas.[62]
Consultants of ATM operators assert that the issue of customer
security should have more focus by the banking industry;[63] it has
been suggested that efforts are now more concentrated on the
preventive measure of deterrent legislation than on the problem of ongoing forced withdrawals.[64]
At least as far back as July 30, 1986, consultants of the industry have advised for the adoption of an emergency
PIN system for ATMs, where the user is able to send a silent alarm in response to a threat.[65] Legislative
efforts to require an emergency PIN system have appeared in Illinois,[66] Kansas[67] and Georgia,[68] but none
have succeeded yet. In January 2009, Senate Bill 1355 was proposed in the Illinois Senate that revisits the issue
of the reverse emergency PIN system.[69] The bill is again supported by the police and denied by the banking
lobby.[70]

In 1998 three towns outside the Cleveland, Ohio, in response to an ATM crime wave, adopted ATM
Consumer Security Legislation requiring that an emergency telephone number switch be installed at all outside
ATMs within their jurisdiction. In the wake of an ATM Murder in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania, The City Council
of Sharon Hill passed an ATM Consumer Security Bill as well. As of July 2009, ATM Consumer Security
Legislation is currently pending in New York, New Jersey, and Washington D.C.
In China and elsewhere, many efforts to promote security have been made. On-premises ATMs are often
located inside the bank's lobby which may be accessible 24 hours a day. These lobbies have extensive security
camera coverage, a courtesy telephone for consulting with the bank staff, and a security guard on the premises.
Bank lobbies that are not guarded 24 hours a day may also have secure doors that can only be opened from
outside by swiping the bank card against a wall-mounted scanner, allowing the bank to identify which card
enters the building. Most ATMs will also display on-screen safety warnings and may also be fitted with convex
mirrors above the display allowing the user to see what is happening behind them.
As of 2013, the only claim available about the extent of ATM connected homicides is that they range from 500
to 1000 nationwide, covering only cases where the victim had an ATM card and the card was used by the killer
after the known time of death.[71]
Uses
Although ATMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers,
they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions:
Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social
security, legal fees, taxes, etc.)
Printing bank statements
Updating passbooks
Cash advances
Cheque Processing Module
Paying (in full or partially) the credit balance on a card linked to
a specific current account.
Transferring money between linked accounts (such as transferring between checking and savings
accounts)
Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling[72][73]
Two NCR Personas 84 ATMs at a
bank in Jersey dispensing two types
of pound sterling banknotes: Bank of
England on the left, and States of
Jersey on the right
In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully integrated cross-bank ATM network (e.g.:
Multibanco in Portugal), ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of
one's own bank account, such as:
Loading monetary value into stored value cards
Adding pre-paid cell phone / mobile phone credit.
Purchasing
Postage stamps.
Lottery tickets
Train tickets
Concert tickets

Gold vending ATM in New York
City
A South Korean ATM with mobile
bank port and bar code reader
Movie tickets
Shopping mall gift certificates.
Gold[74]
Donating to charities[75]
Increasingly banks are seeking to use the ATM as a sales device to deliver pre approved loans and targeted
advertising using products such as ITM (the Intelligent Teller Machine) from Aptra Relate from NCR.[76] ATMs
can also act as an advertising channel for other companies.[77]*
However several different technologies on ATMs have not yet reached
worldwide acceptance, such as:
Videoconferencing with human tellers, known as video tellers[78]
Biometrics, where authorisation of transactions is based on the
scanning of a customer's fingerprint, iris, face, etc.[79][80][81]
Cheque/Cash Acceptance, where the ATM accepts and recognise
cheques and/or currency without using envelopes[82] Expected to
grow in importance in the US through Check 21 legislation.
Bar code scanning[83]
On-demand printing of "items of value" (such as movie tickets,
traveler's cheques, etc.)
Dispensing additional media (such as phone cards)
Co-ordination of ATMs with mobile phones[84]
Integration with non-banking equipment[85][86]
Games and promotional features[87]
CRM at the ATM
E.G. In Canada, ATMs are called guichets automatiques in French
and sometimes "Bank Machines" in English. The Interac shared cash
network does not allow for the selling of goods from ATMs due to
specific security requirements for PIN entry when buying goods.[88]
CIBC machines in Canada, are able to top-up the minutes on certain
pay as you go phones.
Reliability
Before an ATM is placed in a public place, it typically has undergone
extensive testing with both test money and the backend computer
systems that allow it to perform transactions. Banking customers also
have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs,[89] which provides incentives to ATM providers to minimise
machine and network failures. Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also provide high degrees
of incentive to minimise malfunctions.[90]

ATMs and the supporting electronic financial networks are generally very reliable, with industry benchmarks
typically producing 98.25% customer availability for ATMs[91] and up to 99.999% availability for host systems
that manage the networks of ATMs. If ATM networks do go out of service, customers could be left without the
ability to make transactions until the beginning of their bank's next time of opening hours.
This said, not all errors are to the detriment of customers; there have been cases of machines giving out money
without debiting the account, or giving out higher value notes as a result of incorrect denomination of banknote
An ATM running Microsoft Windows
that has crashed due to a peripheral
component failure
being loaded in the money cassettes.[92] The result of receiving too
much money may be influenced by the card holder agreement in place
between the customer and the bank.[93][94]
Errors that can occur may be mechanical (such as card transport
mechanisms; keypads; hard disk failures; envelope deposit
mechanisms); software (such as operating system; device driver;
application); communications; or purely down to operator error.
To aid in reliability, some ATMs print each transaction to a roll paper
journal that is stored inside the ATM, which allows both the users of
the ATMs and the related financial institutions to settle things based
on the records in the journal in case there is a dispute. In some cases,
transactions are posted to an electronic journal to remove the cost of
supplying journal paper to the ATM and for more convenient
searching of data.
Improper money checking can cause the possibility of a customer
receiving counterfeit banknotes from an ATM. While bank personnel are generally trained better at spotting and
removing counterfeit cash,[95][96] the resulting ATM money supplies used by banks provide no guarantee for
proper banknotes, as the Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany has confirmed that there are regularly
incidents of false banknotes having been dispensed through bank ATMs.[97] Some ATMs may be stocked and
wholly owned by outside companies, which can further complicate this problem. Bill validation technology can
be used by ATM providers to help ensure the authenticity of the cash before it is stocked in an ATM; ATMs
that have cash recycling capabilities include this capability.[98]
Fraud
As with any device containing objects of value, ATMs and the systems they depend on to function are the
targets of fraud. Fraud against ATMs and people's attempts to use them takes several forms.
The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut in 1993.
By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as The Bucklands Boys
were able to steal information from cards inserted into the machine by customers.[99]
WAVY-TV reported an incident in Virginia Beach in September 2006 where a hacker who had probably
obtained a factory-default administrator password for a gas station's white label ATM caused the unit to assume
it was loaded with US$5 bills instead of $20s, enabling himself—and many subsequent customers—to walk
away with four times the money they wanted to withdraw.[100] This type of scam was featured on the TV series
The Real Hustle.

ATM behavior can change during what is called "stand-in" time, where the bank's cash dispensing network is
unable to access databases that contain account information (possibly for database maintenance). In order to
give customers access to cash, customers may be allowed to withdraw cash up to a certain amount that may be
less than their usual daily withdrawal limit, but may still exceed the amount of available money in their accounts,
which could result in fraud if the customers intentionally withdraw more money than what they had in their
accounts.[101]
Card fraud
In an attempt to prevent criminals from shoulder surfing the customer's
personal identification number (PIN), some banks draw privacy areas
on the floor.
For a low-tech form of fraud, the easiest is to simply steal a
customer's card along with its PIN. A later variant of this approach is
to trap the card inside of the ATM's card reader with a device often
referred to as a Lebanese loop. When the customer gets frustrated by
not getting the card back and walks away from the machine, the
criminal is able to remove the card and withdraw cash from the
customer's account, using the card and its PIN.
ATM lineup
This type of ATM fraud has spread globally. Although somewhat replaced in terms of volume by ATM
skimming incidents, a re-emergence of card trapping has been noticed in regions such as Europe, where EMV
chip and PIN cards have increased in circulation.[102]
Another simple form of fraud involves attempting to get the customer's bank to issue a new card and its PIN and
stealing them from their mail.[103]
By contrast, a newer high-tech method of operating, sometimes called card skimming or card cloning,
involves the installation of a magnetic card reader over the real ATM's card slot and the use of a wireless
surveillance camera or a modified digital camera or a false PIN keypad to observe the user's PIN. Card data is
then cloned into a duplicate card and the criminal attempts a standard cash withdrawal. The availability of low-cost
commodity wireless cameras, keypads, card readers, and card writers has made it a relatively simple form
of fraud, with comparatively low risk to the fraudsters.[104]
In an attempt to stop these practices, countermeasures against card cloning have been developed by the banking
industry, in particular by the use of smart cards which cannot easily be copied or spoofed by unauthenticated
devices, and by attempting to make the outside of their ATMs tamper evident. Older chip-card security systems
include the French Carte Bleue, Visa Cash, Mondex, Blue from American Express[105] and EMV '96 or EMV
3.11. The most actively developed form of smart card security in the industry today is known as EMV 2000 or
EMV 4.x.
EMV is widely used in the UK (Chip and PIN) and other parts of Europe, but when it is not available in a
specific area, ATMs must fall back to using the easy–to–copy magnetic strip to perform transactions. This
fallback behaviour can be exploited.[106] However the fall-back option has been removed on the ATMs of
some UK banks, meaning if the chip is not read, the transaction will be declined.
Card cloning and skimming can be detected by the implementation of magnetic card reader heads and firmware
that can read a signature embedded in all magnetic strips during the card production process. This signature,
known as a "MagnePrint" or "BluPrint", can be used in conjunction with common two-factor authentication

schemes used in ATM, debit/retail point-of-sale and prepaid card applications.
Some ATMs may put up warning
messages to customers to be vigilant
of possible tampering.
The concept and various methods of copying the contents of an ATM
card's magnetic strip onto a duplicate card to access other people's
financial information was well known in the hacking communities by
late 1990.[107]
In 1996, Andrew Stone, a computer security consultant from
Hampshire in the UK, was convicted of stealing more than £1 million
by pointing high-definition video cameras at ATMs from a
considerable distance, and by recording the card numbers, expiry
dates, etc. from the embossed detail on the ATM cards along with
video footage of the PINs being entered. After getting all the
information from the videotapes, he was able to produce clone cards
which not only allowed him to withdraw the full daily limit for each
account, but also allowed him to sidestep withdrawal limits by using
multiple copied cards. In court, it was shown that he could withdraw
as much as £10,000 per hour by using this method. Stone was
sentenced to five years and six months in prison.[108]
In February 2009, a group of criminals used counterfeit ATM cards
to steal $9 million from 130 ATMs in 49 cities around the world, all
within a period of 30 minutes.[109]
Related devices
A talking ATM is a type of ATM that provides audible instructions so that people who cannot read an ATM
screen can independently use the machine, therefore effectively eliminating the need for assistance from an
external, potentially malevolent source. All audible information is delivered privately through a standard
headphone jack on the face of the machine. Alternatively, some banks such as the Nordea and Swedbank use a
built-in external speaker which may be invoked by pressing the talk button on the keypad.[110] Information is
delivered to the customer either through pre-recorded sound files or via text-to-speech speech synthesis.
A postal interactive kiosk may also share many of the same components as an ATM (including a vault), but only
dispenses items related to postage.[111][112]
A scrip cash dispenser may share many of the same components as an ATM, but lacks the ability to dispense
physical cash and consequently requires no vault. Instead, the customer requests a withdrawal transaction from
the machine, which prints a receipt. The customer then takes this receipt to a nearby sales clerk, who then
exchanges it for cash from the till.[113]
A teller assist unit (TAU) may also share many of the same components as an ATM (including a vault), but they
are distinct in that they are designed to be operated solely by trained personnel and not by the general public,
they do not integrate directly into interbank networks, and are usually controlled by a computer that is not
directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.
In popular culture

One of the banking innovations that Arthur Hailey mentioned in his 1975 bestselling novel The Moneychangers
is Docutel, an automated teller machine,(Hailey & 1975 308)[114] based on real technology that was issued a
patent in 1974 in the United States.
In the novel, Jill Peacock, a journalist, interviewed First Mercantile American Bank executive VP Alexander
Vandervoort in a suburban shopping plaza where the bank had installed the first two stainless-steel Docutel
automatic tellers. Vandervoort, whose clothes looked like they were from the "fashion section of Esquire", was
not at all like the classical solemn, cautious banker in a double-breasted, dark blue suit. Peacock compared him
to the new ATMs which embodied modern banking.[114]
See also
bills from a cash machine robbery
made unusable with red paint
Automated cash handling
Banknote counter
Cash register
EFTPOS
Electronic funds transfer
Financial cryptography
Key management
List of Issuer Identification Numbers
Payroll
Phantom withdrawal
RAS syndrome
Security of automated teller machines
Self service
Teller system
Verification and validation
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Look up automated teller
machine in Wiktionary, the
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Further reading
Brain, Marshall Marshall Brain's More How Stuff Works, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York,
October 2002, ISBN 0-7645-6711-X
Donley, Richard Everything has its price, Fireside Books /Simon & Schuster, New Jersey, March
1995, ISBN 0-671-89559-1
Guile, Bruce R., Quinn, James Brian Managing Innovation Cases from the Services Industries,
National Academy Press, Washington (D.C.), January 1988, ISBN 0-309-03926-6
Hillier, David Money Transmission and the Payments Market, Financial World Publishing, Kent UK,
January 2002, ISBN 0-85297-643-7
IESNA Committee Lighting for Automatic Teller Machines, Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America, January 1997, ISBN 0-87995-122-2
Ikenson, Ben Patents: Ingenious Inventions How They Work and How They Came to Be, Gina
Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc., April 2004, ISBN 1-57912-367-8
Mcall, Susan Resolution of Banking Disputes, Sweet & Maxwell, Ltd., December 1990, ISBN 0-
85121-644-7
Peterson, Kirk Automated Teller Machine as a National Bank under the Federal Law, William S.
Hein & Co., Inc., August 1987, ISBN 0-89941-587-3
Schneier, Bruce (January 2004). Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World. John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-45380-3.
Zotti, Ed Triumph of the Straight Dope, Random House, February 1999, ISBN 0-345-42008-X
The Fraudsters - How Con Artists Steal Your Money
(http://www.dilloninvestigates.com/index_files/Page390.htm) (ISBN 978-1-903582-82-4)by Eamon
Dillon, published September 2008 by Merlin Publishing
External links
Popular ATM Scams to look out for
(http://www.atmscams.com/)

free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Automatic
teller machines.
Britain celebrates 40 years of the ATM
(http://www.moneytowers.com/2007/news/happy-birthday-atm/)
The Money Machines
(http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/07/26/377172/index.htm): An account of
U.S. ATM history; By Ellen Florian, Fortune.com
Automated teller machine
(http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Financial_Services/Banking_Services/Automatic_Teller_Machines) at
DMOZ
World Map and Chart of Automated Teller Machines per 100,000 Adults (http://lebanese-economy-forum.
com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/?curve=FB-ATM-TOTL-P5) by Lebanese-economy-forum,
World Bank data
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