Autonomous vehicles[1]
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The document discusses the history and development of autonomous vehicles. It begins with early prototypes in the 1970s and 1980s, including Japan's first autonomous car that could travel up to 30 km/h. Major milestones are DARPA challenges and demonstrations of road following and obstacle avoidance. The document outlines key technologies required for autonomous vehicles like sensors, navigation, motion planning, and actuation. Short term advantages include reducing traffic and allowing work or rest while traveling. Long term, autonomous vehicles could enable longer commutes, public transit reductions, and decreased emissions. Ethical implications around training, corporate control, and privacy are discussed.
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Autonomous vehicles[1]
- 1. Autonomous Vehicles http://www.automotto.org/entry/driverless-cars-to-be-a-reality/
- 2. History • The first actual representation was in 1977 at the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab in Japan - Got up to 30 km/h by tracking white street markers http://www.photoeverywhere.co.uk/east/melbo urne/slides/fitzroy065567.htm
- 3. History Cont. • 1980s DARPA-funded Autonomous Land Vehicle in U.S. achieved first road following demonstration that used: - laser (Environmental Research Institute of Michigan) - computing vision (Carnegie Mellon University and SRI) - autonomous robotic control (Carnegie Mellon and Martin Marietta) - Goes up to 30km/h http://www.studentsreview.com/PA/CMU.html
- 4. History Cont. • In 2000 three U.S. Gov’t funded military efforts known as Demo I (Army), Demo II (DARPA), and Demo III (Army) are underway. • Demo III demonstrated the ability to drive on off-road terrain and avoid obstacles. http://carriedaway.blogs.com/
- 5. History Cont. • In 2010, VisLab ran VIAC (VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge) - 13,000 km test run - 4 driverless vans ended the drive from Italy to China by arriving at Shanghai Expo on October 28 • In 2008, General Motors said they would begin testing driverless cars by 2015 and could be on the road by 2018. http://www.howgreenworks.com/driverless-cars-begin- 8000-mile-journey-from-italy-to-china/italy-driverless- odyssey/ http://www.howgreenworks.com/page/90/
- 7. Paved Road Autonomous Vehicles • Google Driverless Car • Euro EUREKA Prometheus Project • VIAC Challenge • DARPA Grand Challenge • Argo Vehicle • Stanford’s Racing Team’s car • Volkswagen Golf GTI 53+1 http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/0 8/soon-a-car-that-drives-on-its-own.htm http://www.speedace.info/darpa_defense_ad vanced_research_robotic_vehicles.htm
- 8. Free Ranging Autonomous Vehicles • DARPA Grand Challenge • European Robot Trial • Israeli Military- Industrial Complex http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21625291/
- 9. Automated Highway System • Efforts to construct special lanes with magnets to allow vehicles to stay in the center of the lane while communicating with other vehicles http://www.accelerationwatch.com/articles/undergroundhighwaysystems.html
- 10. Free Ranging Grid • Combination of autonomous vehicles and a supervisory central system - The vehicle locates itself using odometer readings, recalibrating themselves occasionally using a “maze” of magnets embedding in the environment, and GPS -They avoid wrecks using lasers and ultra sonic sensors -Only for commercial use. http://www.gpsgazette.com/category/automotive-gps/
- 11. Sensorial-Informative • Warn or inform drivers about events that have passed unnoticed such as - Lane Warning system - Rear-view alarm- detect obstacles behind - Visibility aid for the driver to cover blind spots and enhanced vision system such as radar, wireless vehicle safety communication, and night vision - Infrastructure-based, driver warning/ information-giving systems such as those developed by Japanese government http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~gdguo/driving/BlindS pot.htm http://www.prom.no/store/index.php?main_page=product_i nfo&cPath=202_3&products_id=705
- 12. Actuation- Corrective • Modify driver’s instruction to execute them in a more effective way - anti lock brakes - traction control system - four wheel drive - electronic stability control - dynamic steering response http://www.nissan.com.my/vehicles/xtrail/xtra il/safety/safety2.html
- 13. Systemic • Automatic parking • Following another car • Distance control assistance • Dead man’s switch http://accessories.bmwusa.com/error.aspx http://www.sae.org/mags/sve/ELECT/6892
- 14. Existing and Missing Technologies • Understanding immediate environment (Sensors) Knowing where it is and where it wants to go (Navigation) • Finding its way in Traffic (Motion Planning) Operating Mechanics of the vehicle (Actuation)
- 15. Short Term Advantages • Increasing roadway capacity by reducing distance between cars • Reduce congestion by controlling flow of traffic • Can do work or rest while driver • No longer need to leave work to do errands • Takes itself to gas station and to get repaired/serviced
- 16. Long Term Advantages • Longer commutes will be more tolerable. • Cut down on commuter rail ridership • Cut down on costs of bus service • You can just click an app on you Smartphone to get a car to you immediately • Become a much cheaper way to live in the city without a car - like owning a car without worrying about parking • Increase safety by reducing driver error • Fewer mechanical problems and breakdowns. • Decrease amount of import oil • Reduce urban greenhouse gas emissions by 80%
- 17. Ethical Implications • Not enough proper training on vehicles for users • One corporation may control all technology and may not take ethical considerations seriously - Could create monopoly
- 19. Bibliography • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdEygVOHE3E • Forrest, Alex. "Autonomous Cars and Society." WPI. N.p., 01/05/2007. Web. 2 Nov 2010. <http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E- project-043007-205701/unrestricted/IQPOVP06B1.pdf>. • "Driverless Car." Wikipedia. N.p., 31/10/2010. Web. 2 Nov 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_car>. • Schmidhuber, J. "Robot Cars." idsia. N.p., 2005. Web. 2 Nov 2010. <http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/robotcars.html>. • Templeton, Brad. "Where Robot Cars Can Really Take Us." Templetons.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov 2010. <http://www.templetons.com/brad/robocars/>. • Finn, Anthony. Developments and challenges for autonomous unmanned vehicles : a compendium . 1st ed. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2010. 23-49. Print. • Smith, Mary. "Driverless Car Technology Through GM." Newsoxy 14 Nov 2010, Print.