Autonomous and electric vehicles
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The document discusses the history and types of electric and autonomous vehicles. It describes Thomas Edison's early electric car and the benefits of electric vehicles over gas-powered vehicles. The types of electric vehicles discussed are plug-in electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Google's self-driving car program and the development of autonomous vehicle technology over time is also summarized.
Autonomous and electric vehicles
- 2. EARLY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT THOMAS EDISON ELECTRIC CAR
- 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES Gas is a scarce, natural resource. Electricity is cheaper than gas. Electricity can come from renewable resources such as solar and wind power. Electric cars pollute less than gas-powered cars. Electric cars are much more reliable and require less maintenance than gas-powered cars. You don't even need to get your oil changed every 3,000 miles! By using domestically-generated electricity rather than relying on foreign oil, the USA can become more independent. Cheapness in amount of fuel consumed. produce 27 per cent less CO2 than petrol cars help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
- 4. TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES • PLUG-IN-ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PEV) A PEV is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives. •HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (HEV) A hybrid EV combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) power train with some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such as the Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-In Electric Vehicle. • PLUG-IN-HYBRID VEHICLE (PHEV) A PHEV is a kind of vehicle in which the charge to the batteries is provided through both A Plug In Source and Electric Propulsion.
- 5. GOOGLE’S SELF DRIVING CAR
- 6. History The first actual representation was in 1977 at the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab in Japan - Got up to 30 km/h by tracking white street markers
- 7. 1980s DARPA-funded Autonomous Land Vehicle in U.S. achieved first road following demonstration that used: - laser (Environmental Research Institute of Michigan) - computing vision (Carnegie Mellon University and SRI) - autonomous robotic control (Carnegie Mellon and Martin Marietta) - Goes up to 30km/h
- 8. In 2000 three U.S. Government funded military efforts known as Demo I (Army), Demo II (DARPA), and Demo III (Army) are underway. Demo III demonstrated the ability to drive on off- road terrain and avoid obstacles.
- 9. In 2010, VisLab ran VIAC ( VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge ) - 13,000 km test run - 4 driverless vans ended the drive from Italy to China by arriving at Shanghai Expo on October 28 In 2008, General Motors said they would begin testing driverless cars by 2015 and could be on the road by 2018. The U.S. state of Nevada passed a law on June 29, 2011 permitting the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada. The Nevada law for autonomous vehicles went into effect on March 1, 2012. The license was issued to a Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental driverless technology.
- 10. Driver error is the most common cause of traffic accidents India contributes 6 % of the world's road accident deaths The use of cell phones, in-car entertainment systems, more traffic and more complicated road systems making it more frequent Hence by using AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES and improving this technology our car will do the concentrating for us…
- 11. CISCO AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES SURVEY
- 12. What is an autonomous vehicle ? Types of driverless vehicles based on different-2- technologies *drones(signal controlled) *automated highway system *driverless cars based on automatic control system
- 13. AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ..? An autonomous car, also known as a robotic car, or informally as driverless or self-driving, is a vehicle capable of fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Robotic cars exist mainly as prototypes and demonstration systems, but are likely to become more widespread in the near future.
- 14. Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques as radar, lidar , GPS and computer vision . Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. Some autonomous vehicles update their maps based on sensory input, allowing the vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions change or when they enter uncharted environments. ( Laser Interferometry Detection and Ranging )
- 15. Paved Road Autonomous Vehicles Google Driverless Car Euro EUREKA Prometheus Project VIAC Challenge DARPA Grand Challenge Argo Vehicle Stanford’s Racing Team’s car Volkswagen Golf GTI 53+1
- 16. Free Ranging Autonomous Vehicles DARPA ( Defence Advanced Projects Research Agency) Grand Challenge European Robot Trial Israeli Military- Industrial Complex
- 17. Automated Highway System Efforts to construct special lanes with magnets to allow vehicles to stay in the center of the lane while communicating with other vehicles
- 18. Free Ranging Grid Combination of autonomous vehicles and supervisory central system - The vehicle locates itself using odometer readings, recalibrating themselves occasionally using a “maze” of magnets embedding in the environment, and GPS -They avoid wrecks using lasers and ultra sonic sensors -Only for commercial use.
- 19. Sensorial-Informative Warn or inform drivers about events that have passed unnoticed such as - Lane Warning system - Rear-view alarm- detect obstacles behind - Visibility aid for the driver to cover blind spots and enhanced vision system such as radar, wireless vehicle safety communication, and night vision - Infrastructure-based, driver warning/ information-giving systems such as those developed by Japanese government
- 20. Actuation- Corrective Modify driver’s instruction to execute them in a more effective way - anti lock brakes - traction control system - four wheel drive - electronic stability control - dynamic steering response
- 21. Systemic Automatic parking Following another car Distance control assistance Dead man’s switch
- 22. Sensors Navigation Motion planning(traffic) Actuation(operates the mechanics of vehicle)
- 23. Sensors employed in driverless cars are called mobileye sensors. Mobileye offers a wide range of driver safety solutions combining artificial vision image processing, multiple technological applications and information technology Wheel speed sensors Steering-angle sensors Rotational-speed sensor
- 24. A sensor “actinometer “ is used to detect the intensity of radiation Light of different colors will radiate different intensity of radiation which will be detected by the sensor If the detected intensity is of red color or yellow color The controller will send a command to stop the vehicle The command will be followed by robot(to convert the computer command into mechanical input)
- 25. Anti-lock brakes(ABS) Electronic stability control (ESC) Cruise control Self Parking Automated Guided Vehicle Systems
- 26. While braking hard without anti-lock brakes, the wheels can lock up, sending the car into an out-of-control skid and the driver has to pump the brake pedal to keep the wheels from locking up With anti-lock brakes, the system does the pumping for the driver - and does it better than the driver. The system can read the wheels and knows when they are about to lock and react faster
- 28. Autonomous cruise control is an optional cruise control system appearing on some more upscale vehicles. These systems use either a radar or laser setup allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching another vehicle and accelerate again to the preset speed when traffic allows - It also maintain a set distance between it and the car in front Cruise control keeps the car at a constant speed
- 29. PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM
- 30. AutomatedGuidedVehicle Systems An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. They are most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or a warehouse. Application of the automatic guided vehicle has broadened during the late 20th century. Uses FROG (Free Ranging On Grid) technology FROG vehicles are equipped with a computer that contains a map of the area
- 32. An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. It typically uses a GPS navigation device to acquire position data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the road database, the unit can give directions to other locations along roads also in its database. Also using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain , a gyroscope and an accelerometer can be used for greater reliability The ability to plot the rout from where the vehicle is to where the user wants to be has been available for several years the more sophisticated system also receives radio updates on road blockages, and adapt accordingly
- 34. Motion planning (a.k.a., the "navigation problem") is a term used in robotics for the process of detailing a task into discrete motions. For example: consider navigating a mobile robot inside a building to a distant waypoint. It should execute this task while avoiding walls and not falling down stairs. A motion planning algorithm would take a description of these tasks as input, and produce the speed and turning commands sent to the robot's wheels. Motion planning algorithms might address robots with a larger number of joints (e.g., industrial manipulators), more complex tasks (e.g. manipulation of objects), different constraints (e.g., a car that can only drive forward), and uncertainty (e.g. imperfect models of the environment or robot). It should execute this task while avoiding objects like other cars.
- 35. MOTION PLANNING ALGORITH BASED SYSTEM
- 36. The earliest autonomous demonstration systems date back to the 1930s. Since the 1980s, when Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University, Munich built the world's first modern driverless car through the EUREKA Prometheus Project significant advances have been made in both technology and legislation relevant to autonomous cars. As of 2013, three U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars: Nevada Florida California
- 37. Since the advent of the AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE CONCEPT, numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working prototype autonomous vehicles, including Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Google, Continental Automotive Systems, Autoliv Inc., Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi, and Oxford University. Many competitions are held for companies as well as engineering institutions to showcase their knowledge and achievements in this technology. Like- DARPA Grand Challenge European Robot Trial VIAC Challenge And many companies like GOOGLE, NISSAN, GM etc.. And institute or personal teams like Stanford Racing Team, Tartan Racing Team, Carnegie Mellon Team etc. have successfully shown their superb technologies.. But there is only one company that has successfully implemented this technology in this practical world.. And that is GOOGLE With its GOOGLE’S SELF DRIVING CAR..
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- 41. GOOGLE’S SELF DRIVING CAR
- 42. OVERVIEW The system combines information gathered for Google Street View with artificial intelligence software that combines input from video cameras inside the car, a LIDAR sensor on top of the vehicle, radar sensors on the front of the vehicle and a position sensor attached to one of the rear wheels that helps locate the car's position on the map. As of 2010, Google has tested several vehicles equipped with the system, driving 1,000 miles (1,600 km) without any human intervention, in addition to 140,000 miles (230,000 km) with occasional human intervention, the only accident occurring when one of the cars was rear-ended while stopped at a red light. Google anticipates that the increased accuracy of its automated driving system could help reduce the number of traffic-related injuries and deaths, while using energy and space on roadways more efficiently.
- 43. LIDAR SYSTEM LIDAR is an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging. It is similar to radar, but instead of using radio or microwaves it uses light in the form of laser pulses. It can determine distances by measuring the time between when a pulse is sent out and when it is reflected back. In simple words.. It is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. One main advantage of LIDAR is the ability to discern and detect smaller objects than radar. It can pinpoint objects that are invisible to radar and also provides much higher resolution than radar which enhances mapping of physical features. LIDAR has become better known because of Google’s driverless car.
- 45. SONAR IMAGING LASER IMAGING RADAR IMAGING
- 47. 3-D Road Mapping • Object Extraction
- 48. 3-D Road Mapping • True Distance and Dimension Data
- 49. BENEFITS OF USING LIDAR MAPPING SYSTEM Rather than using just the conventional mapping systems.. Like – SONAR RADAR LASER Better obstacle detection Safer navigation All weather visibility More reliable
- 50. Short Term Advantages Increasing roadway capacity by reducing distance between cars Reduce congestion by controlling flow of traffic Can do work or rest while driver No longer need to leave work to do errands Takes itself to gas station and to get repaired/serviced
- 51. Long Term Advantages Longer commutes will be more tolerable. Cut down on commuter rail ridership Cut down on costs of bus service You can just click an app on you Smartphone to get a car to you immediately Become a much cheaper way to live in the city without a car - like owning a car without worrying about parking Increase safety by reducing driver error Fewer mechanical problems and breakdowns. Decrease amount of import oil Reduce urban greenhouse gas emissions by 80%
- 52. Self-driving cars will transform car sharing, significantly reducing car usage, as well as help create the new “highway trains of tomorrow." These highway trains should cut energy consumption while also increasing the number of people that can be transported on our major roads. In terms of time efficiency, the U.S. Department of Transportation estimates that people spend on average 52 minutes each working day commuting. Imagine being able to spend that time more productively. While this project is very much in the experimental stage, it provides a glimpse of what transportation might look like in the future thanks to advancing technologies. And that future is very exciting..!! CONCLUSION