Backward Design, A Planning Guide

Backward Design, a planning guide
The concept of planning "backward" starting from desired results (the end in mind) is not new. In
1949 Ralph Tyler described this approach as an effective process for focusing instruction. Recently,
Stephen Covey, in the bestselling book, Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, reports that
effective people in various fields are goal–oriented and plan with the end in mind.
Although not a new idea, the deliberate use of backward design for planning curriculum units and
courses results in more clearly defined goals, more appropriate assessments, more tightly aligned
lessons, and more purposeful teaching.
The backward design process explained by Wiggins & McTighe begins with the end in mind: "One
starts with the end – the desired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What learning experiences will help develop and deepen understanding of important ideas?
R = How will I encourage the learners to rethink previous learning? How will I encourage on–going
revision and refinement?
E = How will I promote students' self–evaluation and reflection? The second "E" of WHERETO
reminds teachers to build in time and expectations for students to regularly self assess, reflect on the
meaning of their learning and set goals for future performance.
T = How will I tailor the learning experiences to the nature of the learners I serve? How might I
differentiate instruction to respond to the varied needs of students?
O = How will I organize the learning experiences for maximum engagement and effectiveness?
What sequence will be optimal given the understanding and transfer goals?
Research Underpinnings
The Backward Design framework is guided by the results of the three student achievement studies
summarized below:
1) Newmann et al. (1996) investigated 24 restructured schools at the elementary, middle, and high
school levels to study the effects of authentic pedagogy and assessment approaches in mathematics
and social studies. In classrooms that emphasize interactive instruction, students discuss ideas and
answers by talking, and sometimes arguing, with each other and with the teacher. Students work on
applications or interpretations of the material to develop new or deeper understandings of a given
topic. Such assignments
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IAT 201 Course Map Analysis
Graphical user interfaces have been scrutinized for being perplex, reducing productivity, and even
causing critical consequences because of misunderstandings of human capabilities. As Donald
Schön (1983) emphasizes, design should be a reflective practice: designers should incorporate
science into their designs and reflect on their decisions and resulting impact on users (as reported in
Fisher 2016 IAT 201 Lecture 2, slide 8). Only then can a designer acquire an augmented
understanding of how to design for the mind in mind.
The Learning Goals
The overall learning goal for the IAT 201 course is to understand the psychological science
underlying human perception and cognition as well as its implications in technological design to
improve human–computer interaction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the capacity of memory is limited, with the working memory being volatile and having a low
capacity to retain items as well as with the long–term memory being prone to hold inaccurate
memories, humans use external aids to augment comprehension of complex information (Johnson,
2014). One way is to use a course map, a visual tool that uses graphics and text annotations to
convert a copious amount of course information to a seemingly more condensed, coherent academic
journey. Utilizing a course map promotes unambiguous communication of the relationships between
concepts: the visual tool helps students build a mental image of overall curriculum that is consistent
with the professor's intention of how students should view the course material. Therefore, having
structure may better help students form a more definite understanding of the relations between the
various topics in the

Design Thinking And The Design Essay
ideas and the design students are encouraged to keep personal blogs such as Tumblr and WordPress
as it is a great way of receiving feedback and a great way of development. On the other hand,
through share inspiration it allows the individuals to get started with some ideas.[6] From all these
sources, developing a broader understanding, how things have transformed. Design thinking has
become a way of problem solving for a wide range of companies. Tim Brown, CEO and President of
IDEO, "Design thinking is a human–centred approach to innovation that draws from the designer's
toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology, and the requirements for
business success." [1] Understanding the brief is significant as this is what makes the project
successful as a lack of research on the brief can lead to errors. A good brief will clearly show the
project aims, requirements, time scales, budget and, increasingly the criteria. Market research is
generally completed as it refers to the systematic planning, gathering analysis of information about a
product or a service. It's one of the main components of design research. According to, Jamie Steane
he suggests design students who are unfamiliar they should visit places as it is a good place to start
to get familiar with the tools. On the other hand, the book called 'Wicked Problems in Design
Thinking: The MT' written by Richard Buchanan. Design thinking continues to develop its meaning.
There is a limit of

Project Delivery Methods For Distinct Allocation Of Risk...
Project delivery methods allow for distinct allocation of risk and responsibilities within a
construction contract. Each unique construction project calls for a defined delivery method and a
written contract in order to ensure the success of the venture. "A project delivery option is defined as
a method for procurement which the owner's assignment of 'delivery' risk and performance for
design and construction has been transferred to another party" (Mahdi 564). After a legal and
appropriate contract is signed, contractual privity exists which allows the contracting parties to hold
each other responsible for their actions. The design–bid–build delivery method is often referred to
the traditional method of contractual relationships in the construction industry. This method allows
the owner to select a design professional based off of the quality of their work, whereas the selection
of the construction manager is based off competitive bids submitted after the completion of the
design. The traditional method may be viewed as the tried and true system of creating successful
contractual relationships, but the evolution of the industry has called for this method to take on
different forms. One such form is the construction manager–at–risk (CMR) method, which allows
for collaboration between the owner, designer, and construction manager during the early stages of
the design process and continues throughout the life of the construction project. This agreement
"makes up thirty percent

Understanding Statistics And Research Design
CLS Comprehensive Exam
MAAL
Michael Mears
Oklahoma University
Dr. John Lancaster
Dr. Linda Dutke
Dr. James Martin
Provide a brief definition of each of the following statistics. You may write out the equations if you
like, but you should demonstrate that you understand the statistic's meaning and how it is used as a
tool for research results analysis and/or research design. Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance,
Standard Deviation, Z–score, Significance Level, Confidence Interval, Between sum of squares,
Within sum of squares, Correlation coefficient.
Understanding Statistics and Research Design Statistical analysis is a critical element to the research
process. Understanding the functions of the varying mathematical representations of collected
empirical data is a fundamental step in the research design process (Creswell, 2009). The intent of
this paper is to explain the fundamental language of statistics, and how each one is used to draw
solid conclusions to research hypotheses.
Measures of Central Tendency One of the immediate steps in the research process after collecting
the data is to determine a mathematical average, or central tendency (Salkind, 2010). Central
tendencies are used to represent a typical variable for a given data set. There are three forms of
central tendencies that concern statistical analysis and research: mean, median, and mode (Martin &
Bridgmon, 2012).
Mean
Mean is one of the most commonly utilized mathematical representations in

An Article About 20 Design Thinking Essay
recent and then more of a design "classic" from 1992 [3]. Moreover, Tim Brown discussed in the
Harvard Business Review in 2008 Design Thinking, [2] and, Jon Kolko wrote an article about 20
Design Thinking Comes of Age [2]. This gives a clear idea of different ways of Design Thinking.
And Phil Brown recently discussed Why Design Thinking Conquered The World, [1] as well as,
Steve Lennon discussed about Design Thinking [5]. The text, which is less relevant, is the Wicked
Problems In Design Thinking as it is quite an outdated text book, but it is very influential indicates
that it is either difficult or impossible to solve because of requirements or it 's incomplete that are
often difficult to recognise. Overall, all these books and sources give applicable information what
they believe an individual should do in the process of design thinking. Overview of Search Results
The fact is, that visual research designs, sketchbooks and blogs are sources of inspiration for
continual development of ideas. Design students are encouraged to keep personal blogs such as
Tumblr and WordPress as a convenient and valuable vehicle for sharing their ideas and soliciting
and receiving feedback online – an excessive source of development. On the other hand, sharing
their inspiration online allows individuals to get started with some ideas. [6]. From all these sources,
designers can progress with a wider understanding of how things have transformed. Design thinking
has become a way of approaching

Application, And Assessment Of Current And Projected...
This course focused on the understanding, application, and assessment of current and projected
styles of curriculum.
Proposition 3: Teachers motivate, manage, and monitor student learning.
Indicator 3b: Teachers manage the learning environment by engaging students and organizing
instruction.
Indicator 3c: Teachers use multiple methods of for monitoring and measuring student understanding
and make informed decisions about instruction.
After examining the Understanding by Design framework by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe, I
have learned how to develop a unit by working backwards. The development of a unit is multi–
layered in its focus on curriculum, instruction, and assessment. In planning I need to first assess
what the big ideas are that I want my students to learn and why they are important. In our study of
Mesopotamia, we look at how our world began with the first civilization and the achievements that
led to advances throughout history. The big ideas framed as understandings that I want my students
to know are that the locations of civilizations and city–states in relation to specific landforms affect
development and technology achievements can benefit society in a variety of areas. Then I look at
what essential questions are raised and what I want students to know and be able to do. The
framework looks to deepen student understanding and transfer that understanding of knowledge and
skill into a performance task and other evidence of formative and summative

Design: Representation and Semiotics Essay
The phrase "what is design" has been contemplated constantly. Walking down the street, people see
cars, buildings and advertisements; piece of artwork serving purposes in the daily lives. Throughout
society, people are bombarded by a verity of designs captivating the users and manifesting itself
within cultural space. It is a broad definition and this may be due to the existence of art, with the two
forms sharing such similarities yet different quite distinctly. Designers create to capture users
attention, but 'what is design?' When the term 'design' comes to mind, it could be difficult to define
and is often misconstrue as a term for art, however they have two entirely different meanings.
People understand that the only difference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to gratify the users, designers need to figure out what users need and want. They must think
in a user and design perspective to mold a sustainable and user–friendly design that could be widely
and economically used. Design can also represent a person, by giving the person an identity in the
world. For example, one buys a recently launched electronic which is highly expensive for an
average person to afford. By bringing the new product around and showing it to different types of
people, the product gains more popularity and people think of this person as a high–income grosser
(identity). The first thing that catches the users attention is the design of the product or its
packaging. Companies are using design as a weapon to compete with their competitors for their
products, in order get a share in the marketplace. The power of design thinking cannot be stopped.
Users demand from design more and more everyday. Design is all about communication and
semiotics is a key term that plays a huge role in the society. According to O'Brien and Szeman,
semiotics "focuses in the way in which meaning is generated through the relationships between
signs in a text" (O'Brien and Szeman, 76). Words and signage is a very powerful tool to
communicate and to grab users attention. Signs can express how emotions and beliefs represent in
different cultures. One important key reason is, if it is legible. Many designers tend to overlook this
most

Dad (Data Analysis and Design)
Data Analysis And Design
BTEC HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA
Assignment
Institute Name : IDM Computer Studies Pvt. Ltd.
Unit Name : Data Analysis and Design
Unit : Unit 13
Assignment Title : Understanding and Analysis, Design and Implementation of Database system.
Date given : 10th May 2010
Date to be submitted : 20th July 2010
Lecturer : Mr. T. Shanakr
Rational
The objective of this assignment is to assure that the students have gained the relevant knowledge
according to the outcomes specified in the syllabus.
Assessment requirements to meet learning outcomes
1. Understand data models and database technology 2. Design a relational database ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Look at different ways of testing. (Task | | | |
|validation |4.2) | | | |
|P13.4.3 Evaluate a range of testing techniques |Description about 3 types of anomalies (Insertion, | |
| |
|and apply one to your own database design |Deletion and pupation anomalies). (Task 4.3) | | | |

Summary Of The Vignette On Destablia
On review of the operation design products from the vignette on Destablia, I noted the proposition
to discriminately target perpetrators of disruptive behavior. Another point I found related was the
agricultural training and education to be provided to improve farming practices and crop yields. In a
country with problematic government instability, it stands to reason the military is not highly trained
nor possessing high moral and ethical standards that would allow discriminate targeting of
disruptors. I believe that military training and education should be a precursor to any additional
"crackdown", discriminate or not.
The operational design products within Schmidt's model provide understanding and input to the next
step within the process.

The goal of an architect is to design accordingly to the...
The goal of an architect is to design accordingly to the time with an understanding of the
relationship between space and activity. In his essay Space and Events, Bernard Tschumi says,
"There is no space without even, no architecture without program." He then continues with,
"Architecture cannot be dissociated from the events that 'happen' in it" (Tschumi, 139).
Spaces have always been assimilated with past references, which create a type of familiarization and
attachment to the past that prevents time from moving forward. Because of this assumption about
the form, function, and meaning; thus architecture has been restricted by these familiarization and
these assumptions. The history of architecture has been a history of styles. Through ... Show more
Even though geographical diversity and intellectual pluralism has characterized architecture, it
"does not mean that the attempt at discerning broader patterns and longer lines of development
should be abandoned" (Curtis, 657). As time proceeds, styles and ideas change, and new paradigms
arise, crystalizing the underlying concerns of that period. "In the inner recesses of the mind time is
telescoped;" deriving from inspiration from the past while also considering the significance of
modern space, old and new idea are combined resulting in new unexpected results (657). For
example in the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Foster abandons the usual notion of stacked floors
around a central core and exploded open it to accommodate a vertical atrium at the center which
provided a new vision of the work space (659). Another example is how Toyo Ito suggests that "the
skin of a building might be thought of as a screen upon various lights and shadows are projected"
(668).This followed Tschumi's idea of "manipulation of the known with its implicit mannerism,"
which is using things and simultaneously disbelieving in them (666). While understanding of the
relationship between space and event, the architect must also design accordingly to the time. The
influence of phenomenology creates a familiarization to

Backward Thing Evaluation Essay
The purpose of this evaluation is to assess the effectiveness and outcomes of the Understanding by
Design: It's a Backward Thing implementation and its impact on the internal and partner – facing
development and consultation process. Whether the participant have followed the implemented
practices to become knowledgeable and ease the consultation and development process to its
maximum efficiency and in a way that helps them achieve their targets, and improve on the
projected outcomes. The stakeholders involved want to ensure the new design framework is
preparing and helping the instructional design with the internal and partner facing consultation and
development process. They want to provide a standardize framework for all the ID's and to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What challenges have you experience when using understanding by design consultation framework?
These questions were raised from the logic model created, which was based on the goals of the
understanding by design training program. The evaluation should be conducted to see if the program
outcome were achieved and to answer questions based on the program objective goals and
outcomes. The stakeholders want to identify if the program objective were meet and if the outcomes
were acquired. Also they want to know the strengths and the weaknesses of the program
implementation. The purpose of the evaluation is undeniably to measure the outcomes, evaluate
processes, assess the needs and challenges. These questions will impact the program evaluation and
they cover the main goal of why the program was implemented in the first place. They cover the
program objective and its goals. What is not being evaluated is the financial cost of training
implementation and ongoing support. At this stage, financial cost are not pertinent to the evaluation
process because the training is going to be the new design framework and it is part of the
onboarding training for new hire. The standards identify are reflected in the evaluation questions.
The combine evaluation approach or participant–oriented approach and program – oriented, involve
stakeholders thinking about the meaning of various constructs or phenomena to be measured,
conceptualizing them, and considering how to measure them or

Managing A Project Team, An Understanding And Knowledge Of...
MANAGING A PROJECT TEAM
Syed Tauseef Ali (Author)
Civil Engineering Department
Bradley University
Peoria, Illinois syedtauseefali@mail.bradley.edu Abstract–Managing a project team requires an
understanding and knowledge of modern management as well as the knowledge of the design and
construction process. Nowadays, associations in the development area use groups to meet today 's
global competition and client desires, however, they require better methods for assessing the
viability of the groups. To guarantee that development groups are successful and viable,
development organizations must advance, measure, and assess their groups ' viability. A project team
is bound by a certain set of constraints, for example, delivering a construction project in a required
time frame and so they need to see the big picture or have a clear set of goal planned in order to
execute the project in time and with good quality. This paper is outlined to provide details regarding
the roles and responsibilities of the different members involved in a project management team and
what factors contribute to conflicts within the team and how they should be resolved.
1. INTRODUCTION
Not all construction projects are same in size. Every project varies in size and scope with different
approaches, different technologies but they all share the common issues when it comes to managing
a project team [1]. A project team often involves members of different backgrounds, specializations,
skills and

Australian Laws
AUSTRALIAN LAWS – Intellectual Property
What is intellectual property?
Intellectual property is any creation, owned by one or multiple owners, that is used commercially.
The designs, inventions or any work that is original can be protected by IP rights. Rights are
established through application and prevent any use without permission. The only way to use this
work, when not owned, would be to buy the rights. While rights are owned there is an opportunity to
make advancements with limited opposition. This is due to the competition not being able to act
since the idea is not theirs.
What are your rights and how can you protect your intellectual property? Explore the various forms
of protection for intellectual property including: patents, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The 4th to 9th cycle costs $300 – $350. The 15th to 19th cycle costs between $2300 – $2350
depending on the payment method (electronic or other). The protection period is then up after 20
years and would need to be renewed.
A standard application for a trademark costs $120 per type (tv show etv). A trademarked series costs
$270 per type. Registering fees are $300 which is the same cost of a renewal.
Applying for rights over a design can cost $250 – $350 and renewed for $320 – $370. Examination
fees cost $420 if done by the design owner and $210 if examined by a third party.
If fees are late the price can increase by $100 per month for an average of up to six months.
What are the constraints or issues surrounding protecting a design?
Different forms of intellectual property protection have certain limitations on the time period they
are in effect. The duration a patented design lasts is for 10 years. Fees are paid to make sure this
protection remains. A registered design prevents third parties from utilizing the product for up to 25
years if it is renewed each five year period. Proof must be given that a person has created a design.
These could be copies or photographic evidence of the design. The aspects of a design that are
forbidden for use by others are the appearance, shape, arrangement and decoration. There are some
criteria the design must meet in order for it to be protected. It must be new, not offensive, not
contain already protected designs and is not

Understanding by Design Versus Traditional Curriculum...
Outline
I– Introduction
II– Definition and characteristics
III– Six Facets of Understanding
IV– The Backward Design
V– Strengths and Challenges of the UbD
VI– Research Findings
VII– Concluding Remarks
VIII– References
Introduction
The major goal behind school education or any educational experiences is to prepare students for
further learning and more effective functioning in their lives. "One of the most important strengths
of a country...is its educational systems...provided that the educational system will be directed
towards moral, intellectual, aesthetic and spiritual growth."(Cho, & Trent, 2005, p.9) In Lebanon
and all developing countries, most schools still rely heavily on the traditional or coverage approach
to teaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McTighe & Wiggins are the two internationally recognized experts in the field of curriculum,
assessment, and teaching for understanding. McTighe is the one who received a national recognition
for his work "Assessing Student Performance Using Dimensions of Learning" in 1991, while
Wiggins is well known for his work on backward design model (Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development, 2005).
I, personally, support the backward process of curriculum design because it looks at the big picture
with end goals in mind before designing assessment and instruction. The focus of this paper is to
demonstrate the coherence and the efficacy of this curriculum design model. Specifically, UbD is a
framework for designing curriculum, assessments, and instruction based on the following key ideas:
o A primary goal of education is to design instruction that promotes the development and deepening
of students' understanding. o Students reveal their understanding most effectively when they are
provided with complex, authentic opportunities to explain, interpret, apply, shift perspective,
emphasize, and self–assess. When applied to complex tasks,

Quality Assurance : The Act Of Giving Confidence
The phrases "quality assurance" and "quality control" are frequently used interchangeably to refer to
methods of ensuring the quality of a service or product. These phrases, however, have different
meanings.
"
Assurance: The act of giving confidence, the state of being certain or the act of making certain.
Quality Assurance: The planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that
quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled.
Control: An evaluation to indicate needed corrective responses; the act of guiding a process in which
variability is attributable to a constant system of chance causes.
Quality Control: The observation techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality."
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Manufacturing processes are controlled, and any changes to the process are evaluated. Changes that
have an impact on the quality of the drug are validated as necessary.
Instructions and procedures are written in clear and unambiguous language. (Good Documentation
Practices)
Operators are trained to carry out and document procedures.
Cross contamination with unlabelled major allergens is prevented.
Records are made, manually or by instruments, during manufacture that demonstrate that all the
steps required by the defined procedures and instructions were in fact taken and that the quantity and
quality of the food or drug was as expected. Deviations are investigated and documented.
Records of manufacture (including distribution) that enable the complete history of a batch to be
traced are retained in a comprehensible and accessible form.
The distribution of the food or drugs minimizes any risk to their quality.
A system is available for recalling any batch from sale or supply.
Complaints about marketed products are examined, the causes of quality defects are investigated,
and appropriate measures are taken with respect to the defective products and to prevent recurrence.
Practices are recommended with the goal of safeguarding the health of consumers and patients as
well as producing good quality food, medicine, medical devices, or active pharmaceutical products.
In the United States, a food or drug may be deemed "adulterated" if it has passed all of the

My Life Of My Brother 's Basement
I watched as my father pulled on the twelve gage three phase electrical wire protruding out of the
electrical breaker box in my brother's basement. It was a cold October evening, so I had decided to
put on several layer of clothing to keep warm in that cold dark room. We had spent all day work in a
cabinetry shop designing and building customs doors and cabinet that had a pretty good set of wood
burning and electrical furnaces. Only to leave work at five p.m. to go and continue working on my
brother's house that he, with my fathers and my help, was slowly building. One by one my dad
would take the several different wires, that we had just finished running through the entire house and
stuffed it through the correct hole in the breaker box. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A circuit is not a straight line, but a circle, because there is not just voltage in a wire, but current as
wall. That the voltage get used up in the circuit but the current continues to move in and endless
circle. Also the some things need a bigger voltage, like ovens and dryers, and that's why we use
different wire to transport the current and voltage, the difference between 110 and 220. This was the
first time hearing about how electricity works, at the time I was almost a junior in high school and
was very interested in learning why we had never covered this subject in class. It seemed like an
important thing to know, a substance what everyone uses and is even found in nature, but something
that we never covered. I had no idea what a current or voltage was or how they worked together, let
alone I know nothing about the digital side of it, things like a logic gate and jk flip flops sounded
like something out of a science fiction movie. It was not until I started my college career that started
to dive into the electrical world. To me at the time, the public school system seemed a little flawed,
you could take classes on other careers such as business and economics, but the drastically
increasing field of electronica's was absent. It was not until you took classes that were designed
around electronics that you would hear about them. In this paper we will be discussing the
advancements in the

Personal Reflection
The personal reflection will outline the design knowledge gained throughout in DESN 600 on both
personally and as a group. Therefore report will begins with definition of design and design
thinking, elaborating the most insightful in the design process, their success or failure and how it
leads to discoveries the insights, most problematic design method and self–reflection method being
as design student. Prior to joining class for me design thinking is about knowing a standard design
of some products and concepts. At first day of class I was given design problem to solve it.
Afterwards I notice the problems were started by defining it and making creative option for it.
Designing is about creating things that can be interacting with people towards meaningful way. By
working in my group like practising brainstorming the design thinking process gave me insights on
how to make those timing more fruitful situation. The design thinking is a method of reflecting up
designs that with an aim to understand all elements that involved with the process of designing.
Therefore the design elements can be design situation, designers, context and process. It's important
to understand all these elements in order to gain full potential towards design process. The design
process give us better insights into different designers ideologies and thoughts. By knowing their
process it will gives us to get full understanding concepts of design process. When thinking about
bigger picture occasionally

Understanding Health Care Systems
Introduction After reading the article on "Work System Analysis: The Key to Understanding Health
Care Systems", discuss one or more principles and methods for analyzing systems and how they
might help healthcare administrators and clinicians properly analyze their units or facilities. Make
sure you discuss the proper steps for executing the work system analysis.
Work System Analysis: The Key to Understanding Health Care Systems System analysis can help
manage and reduce risks by identifying hazards so they can be controlled through good design. That
is, in order to improve safety, quality, performance, and comfort, a good place to start is by
analyzing the involved systems so they can be improved. The key to improving safety ... Show more
To understand the system, it is essential to know how to analyze it. Industrial and human factors
engineering work system analysis methods provide a set of tools that can be used to analyze health
care systems. "The increase in the use and popularity of human factors in health care can be traced
to successes of human factors in fields such as mining, nuclear power, manufacturing, and aviation.
Although these industries have successfully used human factors for decades, adoption of human
factors tools and methodologies in health care has been slow. Human factors engineering methods
and design guidelines have been slowly adopted in health care for some of the same reasons that
health care is thought to have safety problems. Most prominent is the expectation that health care
professionals will perform perfectly, which has resulted in a heavy focus on addressing individual
performance versus system design. Cook and others wrote, "The conventional view is that the
[health care] system is safe by design but can be degraded by the failure of its human components."
From this perspective, all medical errors and adverse events are somebody's fault. In other words, a
health care professional is more likely to get "redesigned" (retrained) than the

What Does The Phrase `` Design Matters?
Write a question:
How does the phrase "design matters," further our understanding sustainable development, in order
to be manipulated in a way to create green growth?
Tell me why it is an important question:
The world that we live in along with the services and resources used to support our lifestyles is
obviously not sustainable. In order to change our course we must analyze the design flaws of our
productive and consumptive patterns.This question advances our understanding of sustainable
development by viewing it as an issue of design. We must first understand the faults in the systems
designed and accepted socially, through a proper analysis in order to then manipulate system into a
more sustainable one. Our readings have furthered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to digress We are always looking to understand how the design flaws were instilled, in
order to employ realistic methods to change the designs, resolving the flaws. This sounds like an
easy task, but as we have learned through readings on governance, there are politically power role
players who are perpetuating political inertia. The result is various powerful network government
structures, where corporate interests become influential financiers of political figures. The powerful
private interests have a financial stronghold, which allows them to employ top professionals in their
field. As environmentalists, we must fully understand design in order to be a respectable competitor
in a battle to influence politics, where the opposing force has seemingly endless resources. Design
does not end with policy, implementation is equally complex and important. For example, the
communal initiative against poaching that was implemented in Zimbabwe, mentioned in the
CAMPFIRE article. This initiative was designed to pay citizens to protect local rhinos from
poachers, rather than take bribes from foreign investors to kill the same rhinos. This program was
good in theory, but its design flaws made the program unsustainable. In order to make such
programs sustainable we must promote similar initiatives on a local scale, while learning from the
flaws of previous designs.

Essay on Organizational Culture Found Within Army Doctrine
There are several definitions and applications for organizational culture found within Army doctrine.
Through synthesis of L100 readings, organizational culture is a set of institutional norms shared by
its people who create a distinctive environment to observe, analyze, and act. Like organizational
culture, L100 provides much source material, both literally and figuratively. Commander's actions
and examples model organizational climate which influence localized standards of conduct for his or
her subordinates which can directly correlate to the health and sustainability of a unit. The
similarities between organizational culture and organizational climate within the Army are
convergent since it is a virtue–based institution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organizational culture of the Army and its inherent values system that is as old as the Army is.
Even though the current set of Army Values is just now entering its third decade they do well to
encompass prior institutional values of Duty, Honor, and Country. Climate lasts only as long as the
commander or leader who affects it and therefore, temporary.
According to FM 3–0, situational awareness is, "immediate knowledge of the conditions of the
operation, constrained geographically and in time", and for situational understanding, "the product
of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships among the
mission variables to facilitate decision making". These two technical definitions do well not to
overlap semantics with one another; however they may unnecessarily confuse the user for the sake
of an establishing a needless and almost imperceptible analytic hurdle. This coming from an Army
doctrine outsider whose service doctrine widely embraces elements of Boyd's Observe, Orient,
Decide, and Act (OODA) decision making process.
A commander's visualization of the operations process for a particular mission may better articulate
organizational climate. It requires the commander and all affected Soldiers in subordinate leadership
positions to have a strong understanding of

Backward Design
Understanding by Design by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe
Backward Design
Why "backward" is best
Deliberate and focused instructional design requires us as teachers and curriculum writers to make
an important shift in our thinking about the nature of our job. The shift involves thinking a great
deal, first, about the specific learnings sought, and the evidence of such learnings, before thinking
about what we, as the teacher, will do or provide in teaching and learning activities. Though
considerations about what to teach and how to teach it may dominate our thinking as a matter of
habit, the challenge is to focus first on the desired learnings from which appropriate teaching will
logically follow.
Our lessons, units, and courses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answering the "why?" and "so what?" questions that older students always ask (or want to), and
doing so in concrete terms as the focus of curriculum planning, is thus the essence of understanding
by design. What is difficult for many teachers to see (but easier for students to feel!) is that, without
such explicit and transparent priorities, many students find day–to–day work confusing and
frustrating.
The twin sins of traditional design
More generally, weak educational design involves two kinds of purposelessness, visible throughout
the educational world from kindergarten through graduate school. We call these the "twin sins" of
traditional design. The error of activity–oriented design might be called "hands–on without being
minds–on"–engaging experiences that lead only accidentally, if at all, to insight or achievement. The
activities, though fun and interesting, do not lead anywhere intellectually. Such activity–oriented
curricula lack an explicit focus on important ideas and appropriate evidence of learning, especially
in the minds of the learners.
A second form of aimlessness goes by the name of "coverage," an approach in which students march
through a textbook, page by page (or teachers through lecture notes) in a valiant attempt to

Cognitive Load Theory : The Basic Understanding Of...
Introduction Information professionals serve individuals as well as communities. Since everyone has
their own learning style it is imperative that professionals have a basic understanding of learning
principles and theories and understand how they can design instructional programs based on these
theories. By having an understanding of learning principles and by having the ability to design
programs, information professionals can tailor their actions to better suit their users' needs.
Cognitive load theory A significant theory to consider when teaching a user or student is cognitive
load theory. Cognitive load theory suggests that learning happens best when it is aligned to an
individual's cognitive ability or working memory. Our working memory can only handle a small
amount of information or a limited time, by creating schemes we can transfer information from our
working memory to our long term memory which can store a lot of information for an indefinite
amount of time. There are times when cognitive load is too much for one person, this can happen if
too much information is presented or the subject is too complex for the learner. An overabundance
of cognitive load can be detrimental to a learner as it does not transfer information to long term
memory and can discourage the learner. Every individual has a different cognitive load which means
that some people may be able to learn and retain more information than others and vice versa.
Active learning Active learning

Understanding By Design Analysis
In order to create validity teachers must make sure that we align our curriculum to the standards we
teach. So how do we align the curriculum? To start off, alignment means the interrelationship
between the standards, assessment, and instruction we teach. To achieve this, we need to follow the
goal of alignment. The goal is student understanding. As teachers, we need to make sure we make
meaning of life's big ideas and transfer those big ideas. To accomplish the alignment goal, Grant
Wiggins and Jay McTighe had designed an alignment tool that creates validity in the classroom. The
alignment tool is called Understanding by Design (UbD). UbD looks at the teacher's role as a coach
for making meaning of life's big ideas and transferring them. It ... Show more content on
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Each stage there are questions we should ask when creating validity are as follows: What do I want
them to understand? How do I know they understand? How will they come to understand? The first
stage is, "What do I want them to understand?" The main concept to focus on in the first stage is
Standards. "To organize instructional units and plan appropriate classroom activities, teachers must
unpack the standards–that is, determine the various components in a meaningful sequence of
learning steps" (Guskey, 2005). The first step to unpack the standards was to look at the content
standards and find the big ideas. When I had to look at my content standards, I found it easy to
locate. I used the Pennsylvania Department of Education: Standards Aligned System (SAS) to locate
them but because Family and Consumer Sciences Standards are so board but yet limited, it became
difficult. I was only able to use part of the standards towards my unit. I had to pick and choose
which standards will work the best in my unit. Once I found the right standards, I would figure out
the big idea, which in my case was "Meal Planning". The second step is to take my big idea and turn
it into enduring understanding statements, also known as "adult–speak". Enduring understanding
statements should be something that is important to know as an adult. For my enduring
understanding, I decided to write: "What I want students to understand about Meal Planning is to
effectively use meal management principles in everyday life". The third step is to create essential
questions. Essential question is also known as "kid–speak". This is something that is important to
know now as a student and should be relevant and engaging. For my essential question, I decided to
write: "What goes into meal planning?" This essential question has many different aspects the
students will need to know about the topic and can be used in future lessons and activities. The final
step to this stage is

Understanding Elements Of Design Report By Monica Prakash...
Demonstrating understanding elements of design report by Monica Prakash 91053 My previous
experience I have been investigating print media selections when advertising tourist attractions in
the city of Auckland. I have created a design of a double sided, bi fold, 3 panel brochure. I have
learnt the elements and principles of design that are vital to this type of outcome. I have also learnt
how to apply the elements of design which can be applied to any digital outcome. Important
Elements/Principles of Design There are a variety of elements to be considered while developing a
print media outcome. Colour is an important design element when used in print media because it
creates visual interest towards the viewer. It determines whether the brochure is noticeable enough.
This comes into consideration which is used to determine the quality of a design within print media.
Colour can generate emotions as well as depict feeling. Alignment is also an important design
element formerly used in print media because it creates a distinct, more orderly design. When
aligning elements this allows them to create a visual connection with either font text, images, or
shapes. It tightens up the design and eradicates the haphazard. This element prevents items of being
randomly placed in a design. Alignment is one of the most basic and important principles of design.
It acknowledges us to create order and organisation in a design. Proximity is another important
design

Should Fda Promote More Process Analytical Technology And...
Should FDA promote more Process Analytical Technology and Quality by Design approaches for
more successful impact on manufacturers' ability to maintain consistent quality? The Process
analytical technology (PAT) and Quality by design (QbD) approaches are used to create quality in a
product. Each approach offers manufacturers the framework to create consistent quality and
potential to increase efficiency in the production of a drug product. The two approaches offer some
key issues: increased product knowledge and understanding but critical to identify the correct
quality attribute; offer flexibility in the post–approval of a product but the acceptance of concept can
be challenging; and can create a more efficient process but very expensive ... Show more content on
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The QTTP identifies critical quality attributes (CQAs), which establish a limit or range to ensure a
desired process quality. The QTTP also identifies the critical process parameters (CPPs), which are
used to monitor or control a process to ensure the process produce the desired quality on a CQA.
The QbD works within the design space to achieve a process that performs consistent to CQAs and
CPPs affect on overall quality. A control strategy is used to ensure quality in the product is
maintained throughout the process and all phases of the product lifecycle. QbD can be used
throughout the entire lifecycle to improve efficiency and quality of the product. The process
analytical technology approach involves process understanding combined with monitoring in–
process product attributes in real time by adjusting process parameters to build quality in a product.
The PAT approach combines process understanding, principles and tools, and strategy for
implementation. Principal understandings consist of understanding the variability of critical sources,
managing the process variables, and product quality is accurately predicted through the design
space. The PAT principles and tools help companies understand the physical, chemical, and
biological attributes, which provides information for process understanding. The knowledge
acquired from implementing process understanding and principles and tools are used to develop a
strategy for implementation. Why

Design Decisions For Understanding Software Architecture
Comparison of Different Architectural Styles Arpita P.Biswas
Student
Rahul Maheshwari
Student
Prof. Hema Gaikwad
Asst. Professor
SICSR
SICSR SICSR
Abstract: Software architecture is important because of communication among stakeholders, Design
decisions for understanding software, transferable design of a system. Software architecture
represents a common design of a system that most if not all of the system 's stakeholders can use as
a basis for mutual understanding, negotiation, agreement, and communication. Software architecture
manifests the earliest design decisions about a system, and these early bindings carry weight .It is
also the earliest point at which design decisions governing the system to be built can be analyzed.
Software architecture constitutes a relatively small, intellectually understandable model for how a
system is structured and how its elements work together, and this model is transferable across
systems. There are different types of architectural styles: Distributed architecture, data flow
architecture, implicit asynchronous architecture, data centered architecture, hierarchical architecture
and interaction oriented architecture. This paper compares all the architectural styles and aspects of
comparison are category, styles, advantages, disadvantages, examples.
Keywords: Distributed Architecture, Data Flow Architecture, Implicit Asynchronous

RISD Personal Statement
I currently attend the Rhode Island School of Design, a prestigious art and design institution,
majoring in Graphic Design. Having attended RISD for the past two years, I have experienced what
is valuable and matured to find out what I want for myself. Simply, I want to pursue a
computation/computer science related field upholding values of strong design application. Looking
at alumni in relation to my skills and interests, I have assurance that I will do fine, but I don't want
to do just fine. As an artist and designer of the 21st century, it is important for me to know and
connect the values of technology with design to enhance communication in relation to the current
age. Although RISD is a great institution, it does not offer the specific resources that I want to
pursue; I am interested in an environment that can cultivate my passion in other applications
whereas RISD is rooted in a more departmental tradition. I believe that in order to have a more
complex understanding of one subject, investigating other subjects through a design mindset, would
allow me to seek a more passionate advance towards design. Rather than existing in a bubble where
art and design were merely conventions to live by, a more integrative approach to design, to see
computational knowledge incorporated into the fundamentals of design, and vice versa, is something
that I want to contribute to the developing world. Design does not live within an art school but it
exists within its application. Thus, I want to transfer to an institution that can offer an intersection of
design and computation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that I am needed as a thinker of different 'thoughts', and as a designer my goal is to provide
communication with specific

Understanding That Environmental Responsibility Is An...
"Understanding that environmental responsibility is an integral part of design excellence" – Perkins
+ Will Contents Page 1.0 Introduction
........................................................................................................1 1.1 Design and Brief
..................................................................................................3 Location
..................................................................................................................4 Goals
......................................................................................................................5 Design theme and spatial
aesthetics.................................................................................................................6 Structural
system(s)....................................................................................................8 Lighting (artificial and
natural) ................................................................................................................................9 Provision
for water supply, distribution, and drainage
...............................................................................................................................10 Water sources and
consumption............................................................................................................11 Air Supply
................................................................................................................12 Energy / Electricity sources
and consumption .............................................................................................................................13
Maintenance access ...............................................................................................14 Efficiency
measures..................................................................................................15 . Behaviour change
measures ...............................................................................................................................16
Bibliography ............................................................................................................17 About the
project Design and Brief: 1315 Peachtree Street, LLC Location: 1315 Peachtree Street NE Atlanta
Georgia 30309 United States Architect: Perkins + Will Project Site Previously developed site The
building holds a platinum LEED certificate. Submitting Architect: Perkins+Will

Critique of Tyler and Wiggins
In his book Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction, Ralph Tyler outlines four critical
components of curriculum that may serve as a guide to the creation of curriculum as well as a tool
for the analysis and interpretation of curriculum. The four basic components consist of educational
purposes (or objectives), educational experiences (or learning activities), organization, and
evaluation (Tyler, 1949, p. 1). While Tyler does speak to each of these four components, nearly half
of the book is devoted to the section on objectives. For Tyler, the objectives are the starting point in
the development of the curriculum and the cornerstone upon which the rest of the curriculum is
shaped. Given the shifts that have occurred in education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My critique, based on time and resources, of Tyler's objectives, leads directly into my next critique
of this particular section. Let's assume that it is possible to conduct all of the research and studies
that Tyler suggests. I then wonder, is this information more appropriately used for the development
of objectives, as Tyler suggests, or for the development of learning activities and enrichments? Tyler
speaks frequently of student interests. He suggests that "children's interests must be identified so that
they can serve as the focus of educational attention" (Tyler, 1949, p.10). I agree with Tyler on this
point, yet I think that this information is better used in the development of learning activities than it
is for the creation of objectives. Take, for example, Tyler's example of the sixty percent of boys in a
ninth grade class that only read comic strips outside of school. With this information, I think it is
more likely that a teacher will create a learning activity that reigns in this interest than it is that the
objective will be changed. This ninth grade class made up of mostly boys interested in comic strips
may still have the same objective as the ninth grade class made up of mostly girls who enjoy reading
CosmoGirl magazine, but the teachers could do different activities to accomplish the same
objectives. The first class may create

Understanding By Design Framework
have learned how to develop a unit by working backwards. The development of a unit is multi–
layered in its focus on curriculum, instruction, and assessment. In planning I need to first assess
what the big ideas are that I want my students to learn and why they are so important. In our study
of Mesopotamia, we look at how our world began with the first civilization and the achievements
that led to advances throughout history. The big ideas framed as understandings that I want my
students to know are that the locations of civilizations and city–states in relation to specific
landforms affects development and technology achievements can benefit society in a variety of
areas. Then I look at what essential questions are raised and what I want students to know and be
able to do. The framework looks to deepen student understanding and transfer that understanding of
knowledge and skill into a performance task and other evidence of formative and summative
assessments.
One of the strategies to that was shared and that I have used is the open sort strategy. I set out a
stack of terminology cards from previous units or the current unit of study. After students number
off from one to four, the number two person passes out the cards to each person in the group. Person
number three lays down a card of their choice. Person four takes their turn and adds a card beneath
the one on the table if it has

Designing A Curriculum Using The Understanding By Design...
The focal point of this course was to develop a curriculum using the Understanding by Design
framework to assist students in achieving a deeper level of understanding the objectives.
Proposition 3: Teachers motivate, manage, and monitor student learning.
Indicator 3b: Teachers manage the learning environment by engaging students and organizing
instruction.
Indicator 3c: Teachers use multiple methods of for monitoring and measuring student understanding
and make informed decisions about instruction.
have gained knowledge in how to develop a unit by working backwards. The development of a unit
is multi–layered in its focus on curriculum, instruction, and assessment. As I construct my plan, I
need to first assess what the big ideas are that I want my students to be familiar with and why it is
important to learn about them. In our study of Mesopotamia, we look at how our world began with
the first civilization and the achievements that led to advances throughout history. The big ideas
framed as understandings that I want my students to know are that the locations of civilizations and
city–states, in relation to specific landforms, affect development and technology achievements in a
variety of areas. Then I look at what essential questions are raised and what I want students to know
and be able to do. The framework looks to deepen student understanding and transfer that
understanding

Understanding Student Misconceptions: Robert Frost And...
Understanding Student Misconceptions
Savanna Smith
Grand Canyon University
Understanding Student Misconceptions
Part 1: When students are studying English in high school there are many common misconceptions
that they can begin to formulate. One of these misconceptions is that poetry is difficult. Students
may find it difficult to relate to the themes or check out with rhythm and rhyme. Some may they
think it's outdated or cheesy, and getting them to write their own poetry can be a struggle. So many
students groan at the thought of having to drudge through the works of Robert Frost and Emily
Dickenson, and they roll their eyes at anything from William Shakespeare.
Part 2: Backward design is a modern approach to teaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They have heard certain things from siblings, parents, and peers that make them afraid or confused
about the content that we cover. Poetry for instance is something that most students have studied
from a young age, but not many of them recognize the significance that poetry has played in
everything from culture, to music, to modern day English vernacular. Certain types of poetry look
daunting to understand like Shakespeare's iambic pentameter or Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. They
fear the unknown or worse they think that they won't be able to understand what the poet is trying to
convey. Introducing poetry in a way that is familiar at first is a great way to usher in a quality
connection to the content. I once observed an instructor in a practicum course that utilized the poetry
of Tupac in order to make a connection with the students. It was thrilling to see how interested they
immediately became in the subject. In addition, I once had a professor in college start out a lesson
by engaging in the same way – by putting on music and relating it to the poetry lesson. It was
important that we make the content relatable to the students. Real world application is always
important. Students want to know that they can utilize this information beyond the

Architecture Is A Concept That Was First Defined By Victor...
Bioclimatic architecture is a concept that was first defined by Victor Olgyay in 1963 (Bondars 2013,
84) and describes the relationship between humans, the climate and the architectural design of a
structure. Bioclimatic design analyses the relationship between a favourable microclimate inside a
structure that is in synergy with the surrounding macroclimate and thus requires minimal mechanical
heating or cooling to achieve the microclimate for habitation (Larasati and Mochtar 2013, 823).
Since the publication of Olgyay's findings in the book "Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach
to Architectural Regionalism (1963)", design principles of bioclimatic architecture have become
extensively discussed. However, the practical application of ... Show more content on
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Architects are now called upon to create designs that provide social change, improve the health of a
building's inhabitants, increase equality and in general improve social life (Dutton and Mann 1996
in Woodward 2007, 3). Bioclimatic design falls within this brief as it priviledges designs that are at
one with the surrounding climate and produce a harmonious microclimate for the inhabitants, thus
improving health and providing social change. However, until recently technical aspects of
producing bioclimatic designs were ceded to specialist–trained engineers in the field of Bioclimatics
(Altomonte 2009, 13). Thus, keeping architectural education focused on its long–held traditions of
culture, emotion and improving the landscape. This ensures that there is a continued gap between
the traditional education of new architects and the education of principles of bioclimatic design.
Which makes it difficult for architects to incorporate bioclimatic principles into their final designs.
Njuguna (1997, 356) further confirming this, finding that 95% of students believed that their
education did not prepare them for a climate responsive design. Citing that the conventional
approach to their architectural education was at fault. The conventional educational approach to
architecture, which sees components such as bioclimatics taught in parallel or even in competition to
traditional architecture simply does not provide an adequate preperation for

The Principles And Purpose Of Interactive Design
Search Method A wide search across the University library, Google Scholar and ACM Digital
Library and – to widen the search out to popular literature from various magazines, blogs and
articles – was conducted to discover information about the process of Design Thinking. To ensure
the search results were not overwhelmingly numerous, speech marks on the phrase "Design
Thinking" were used before entering it on the search engines. The purpose of this is to ensure there
is appropriate information returned. The books selected were Design Studies by Catherine Stones
published in 2010, [8]; The Principles & Purpose of Interactive Design published by Jamie Steane in
2014 about the different ways individuals design think [6], as well as, the book Wicked Problems in
Design Thinking by Richard Buchanan, broader understanding defining Wicked Problem early 1992
[3]. The aim for selecting these books is because of their informative nature and the range of dates
over which they were published, which provides more information, both quite recent and then more
of a design "classic" from 1992 [3]. Moreover, Tim Brown discussed in the Harvard Business
Review in 2008 Design Thinking, [2] and, Jon Kolko wrote an article about 20 Design Thinking
Comes of Age [2]. This gives a clear idea of different ways of Design Thinking. And Phil Brown
recently discussed Why Design Thinking Conquered The World, [1] as well as, Steve Lennon
discussed about Design Thinking [5]. The text, which is less relevant,

Effectiveness Of Pictograms, Interpretation And Adherence,...
Forward Theory Safety Information Effectiveness of Pictograms Interpretation and Adherence
Health Literacy Requirements Reduction of Risks The Caduceus and Aesculapius Measuring
Comprehensibility Design Overview Visual Warning Information Pictogram Interpretation Results
Future Studies Reference List Influences and Recommended Reading Foreward Visualising
pharmaceutical information in communicating warnings, dosages and directions through
pictograms. Assessed through guessability testing a wide audience and their comprehension of the
relationship between interpretation and the intended meaning to determining their effectiveness.
Contents Theory Safety Information In modern healthcare, pharmaceutical medicines constitute an
integral component in self–care. The public is consuming an increasing number of over the counter
and prescribed medication. The exclusion of immediate guidance from a healthcare professional
means that medication use is becoming more the responsibility of the patient. The ability to
communicate accurate instructions and warnings is becoming more critical for safe and proper
consumption. Medicines play an important part in maintaining the health of New Zealanders. 41.1
Million funded prescriptions were written between July 2011 and June 2012 and 3.3 million New
Zealanders benefited from these medications. Pharmaceutical Management Agency website.
Retrieved from www.pharmac.govt.nz The adhering of utmost clear

Truss Design
Before the beginning of the 19th century, building structures were only thought of as assembled
constructs. Where the design and aesthetic of them were dictated by the utilization and boundary
conditions. Towards the start of the 19th century, the knowledge and understanding of engineers
changed due to the establishment of technical colleges around the world. "When science found its
way into the building practice, there was a shift initiated that, besides some other technical
innovations, also brought a whole new view of structures and how they were developed" (Rinke and
Kotnik 2010). A more science–based view on the structural aspects of truss design marks the
transition from a craftsmanship–orientated construction to a theory–oriented construction. This
made the design of trusses and all structures more rational, systematic and highly efficient.
The general triangular shape of a truss has been in use since man has used lumber for construction
of structures. The origin of the triangular shapes of a truss stem from early roof design, when
wooden roofs were constructed in a triangular shape. Within the triangular frame, a post was placed
in the midspan of the bottom member of the frame which connected to the peak of the angled
member on the top (see Figure 1.) If the roof had a wider span or lower pitch, rafter were placed at
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His theory maintains that the truss is a structure that represents beam behaviour. Generally, Culmann
considers every connection of the members in a truss flexible (basically a hinge) and formulates
equilibrium equations at the point where members meet (Culmann 1851). Nowadays, this theory is
known as the "Method of Joints" and is regularly used to calculate the internal forces in each
member of the truss. Armed with a method to calculate the forces in the members of a truss,
engineers optimized the design of trusses through addition and variation of

Qualitative Multiple Case Study
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative multiple–case study is to explore strategies some immigrant small
business owners use to sustain their businesses beyond five years. The targeted population
encompasses three immigrant small business owners in Houston, Texas that have continued their
business for over five years. The implications for positive social change include the potential for
successful immigrant small business owners to encourage immigrants and entrepreneurs to expand
or start small businesses, thereby improving the availability of multicultural goods and services.
Small business owners will likely gain an increased knowledge of strategies for business
sustainability beyond five years, which will encourage immigrants to expand businesses in Houston,
Texas and other multicultural cities.
Nature of the Study
The qualitative method with case study design will be my approach ... Show more content on
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Researchers employ the multiple case study design for understanding a phenomenon, by collecting
data through interviews, observations, records and reports, patterns, consistencies, repetitions, and
manifestations (Park & Park, 2016). Therefore, the multiple case design is appropriate for this study
because I will be gathering data to explore the phenomenon of immigrant small business
sustainability. Although researchers employ a phenomenological design to explore a phenomenon, it
uses minimal data samples (Stovell, Wearden, Morrison, Hutton, 2016). The phenomenological
design will not be suitable for this study because I will not be using minimal data samples to explore
lived experiences of the business owners. The ethnography design will not be appropriate for this
study; although the ethnography design also draws knowledge from theory to interpret findings,
observation is for an extended period (Morse, 2016), which is unavailable for this

Design Patterns
Literature Review
Chapter One
Introduction
What is a Design Pattern?
A design pattern solves a problem within a given context. The solution that is offered by
implementing a pattern results in a system design structure, which balances the concerns of the
design problem in a manner most appropriate for the given context. In "Understanding and Using
Patterns in Software Development", Dirk Riehle and Heinz Zullighaven offer a rather nice definition
of what a design pattern is:
"A pattern is the abstraction from a concrete form which keeps recurring in specific non–arbitrary
contexts."
The ability to write good patterns is very difficult. A pattern should not only convey the facts about a
system, but it should also tell a story about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patterns described in the GoF book are illustrated in C++; a programming language that has
been declining in use over the last number of years, which limits the learning of patterns in today's
development environment where the dominant programming language taught and used, as far as
patterns are concerned is Java, although patterns can be implemented in any object orientated
programming language.
The patterns exhibited are described in very concise and restricted examples that lack a
comprehensive context in order for the reader to gain a full understanding of the use of the pattern in
question. The patterns throughout the book are also presented in isolation to each other which
hinders the illustration of pattern interaction and thus the full benefit to those wishing to learn how
to implement design patterns.
Allen Holub produced a book "Holub on Patterns – Learning Design Patterns by Looking at Code",
which detailed the use of design patterns while developing a game called "Game of Life. The Game
of Life is a cellular automation program, which begins with cells that are classed as either "alive" or
"dead". The idea is then that each cell follows a set of rules to determine which whether it can "live"
or whether it must "die".
Holubs' book, published in 2004 addressed some of the shortcomings of the GoF publication, such
as the patterns were now demonstrated in Java, which has become the favoured language of the
software development industry,

Backward Design, A Planning Guide

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