Banduras self-efficacy-theory
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Psychologist Albert Bandura developed the concept of self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. Bandura identified four main sources that influence self-efficacy: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and emotional states. High self-efficacy is associated with benefits like resilience, healthy habits, better job performance, and academic achievement. Self-efficacy is measured using scales like the General Self-Efficacy Scale, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy.
Banduras self-efficacy-theory
- 1. I st year BSc (N) : Unit IV Process Theories of Motivation Part -2 2 By, Mrs Jinchu PAUL MSc(N)
- 2. Learning Objectives Process Theories of Motivation & Behaviour
- 5. The term „self-efficacy” was first coined by psychologist Albert Bandura (1977) a Canadian-American psychologist and a professor at Stanford University.
- 6. Self-Efficacy is a person‟s particular set of beliefs that determine how well one can execute a plan of action in prospective situations (Bandura, 1977). To put it in more simple terms, self-efficacy is a person‟s belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation.
- 7. How does self Efficacy develop
- 8. Albert Bandura (1977) states individuals develop their self- efficacy beliefs by interpreting information from four main sources of influence. 1. Mastery Experiences (Performance Outcomes) 2. Vicarious Experiences (Social Role Models) 3. Social Persuasion 4. Emotional and Physiological States
- 9. 1)Mastery of experience When talking about Mastery experiences, this refers to the experiences one gains when they take on a new challenge and are successful at doing so. The most influential source is the interpreted result of one's previous performance, or mastery experience.
- 10. "Mastery experiences are the most influential source of efficacy information because they provide the most authentic evidence of whether one can muster whatever it takes to succeed. Success builds a robust belief in one's personal efficacy. Failures undermine it, especially if failures occur before a sense of efficacy is firmly established" (Bandura, 1997).
- 11. 2. Vicarious Experiences (Social Role Models) The second important source of self-efficacy is through the vicarious experiences provided by social models. Bandura (1977) posits that "Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers' beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master comparable activities to succeed."
- 12. Vicarious experiences involve observing other people successfully completing a task. When one has positive role models in their life (especially those who display a healthy level of self-efficacy) - one is more likely to absorb at least a few of those positive beliefs about the self. Social role models including older sibling, older friends, camp counselors, parents, aunts and uncles, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and employers
- 13. 3. Social Persuasion Receiving positive verbal feedback while undertaking a complex task persuades a person to believe that they have the skills and capabilities to succeed. Self-efficacy is influence by encouragement and discouragement pertaining to an individual‟s performance or ability to perform (Redmond, 2010)
- 14. For example, if one were telling an elementary school child that they are capable of achieving greatness and that they should set out to achieve anything their heart desires - this would be how verbal persuasion looks in action. Verbal persuasion works on any age, but the earlier it is administered the more it is likely to encourage building of self-efficacy.
- 15. 4. Emotional and Physiological States The emotional, physical, and psychological well-being of a person can influence how a they feel about their personal abilities in a particular situation. By learning how to manage anxiety and enhance mood when experiencing challenging situations, individuals can improve their sense of self-efficacy.
- 16. For example, if you are struggling with depression or anxiety, one might find it harder to have a healthy level of well-being. Is it impossible to build self-efficacy while suffering from some of these struggles? Of course not, but boosting your self-efficacy is a much easier task when one is feeling healthy and well (Bandura, 1982).
- 17. “People's beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities. Ability is not a fixed property; there is a huge variability in how you perform. People who have a sense of self-efficacy bounce back from failure; they approach things in terms of how to handle them rather than worrying about what can go wrong” (Bandura, 1977b)
- 18. 1)Emphasize Peer Modeling: Learning from examples set by those around you happens at any age (think of how a teacher is a role model for a student but in a similar manner an employer is a model for an employee). This concept of peer modeling , while it can be applied to any age, is of course especially true for children on the early side of the spectrum, and is most effective when a child‟s direct peers (brothers, sisters, parents, teachers, friends) set the example (Bandura, 1988).
- 19. 2)Seek Feedback Employees and students alike tend to want to know how they are doing. In order for the feedback to work positively, feedback must be delivered both concisely and frequently. Without frequent feedback, one can be confused as to whether they should remain doing what they are doing and without concise feedback, the individual will not understand what in particular they should fix about themselves.
- 20. 3)Encourage Participation: Participation tends to be essential in any work environment – it encourages the person to be active and engaged, great qualities in someone that are usually influential in a person‟s levels of self-efficacy. Participation is especially important at an early age – those students who engage with the class are not only being more active in their learning, they are probably absorbing more information in regards to the material. Active class participation is also correlated to having high critical and higher level thinking skills.
- 21. 4)Allow People to Make Their Own Choices: When talking about the importance of letting people make their own choices the term self- accountability usually tends to come to mind. Whether the outcome is positive or negative – making one‟s own decisions allows for one to feel responsible (due to your cunning or due to your negligence, the person themselves is the one held accountable for if the outcome turned out in your favor or against you).
- 22. Applications of Self-Efficacy High self-efficacy has been linked with numerous benefits to daily life, such as resilience to adversity and stress, healthy lifestyle habits, improved employees performance, and educational achievement.
- 23. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) was developed by Matthias Jerusalem and Ralf Schwarzer – the scale is composed of only 8 items, rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). 1. "I will be able to achieve most of the goals that I have set for myself” 2. “When facing difficult tasks, I am certain that I will accomplish them” 3. “In general, I think that I can obtain outcomes that are important to me” 4. “I believe I can succeed at most any endeavor to which I set my mind” 5. “I will be able to successfully overcome many challenges” 6. “I am confident that I can perform effectively on many different tasks” 7. “Compared to other people, I can do most tasks very well” 8. “Even when things are tough, I can perform quite well.” The scores are then calculated by taking the average of all 8 responses, (these will respectively range from 1 to 5). The way the test is supposed to work is so that the higher one‟s score is, the greater the level of self-efficacy in said individual.
- 24. Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as people's beliefs in their capabilities to exercise control over their own functioning and over events that affect their lives. One's sense of self-efficacy can provide the foundation for motivation, well-being, and personal accomplishment. People's beliefs in their efficacy are developed by four main sources of influence, including (i) mastery experiences, (ii) vicarious experiences, (iii) social persuasion, and (iv) emotional states. High self-efficacy has been linked with numerous benefits to daily life, such as resilience to adversity and stress, healthy lifestyle habits, improved employees performance, and educational achievement.
- 25. https://www.iedunote.com/equity-theory-of- motivation https://www.totalassignmenthelp.com/blog/vroom s-expectancy- theory/#:~:text=The%20vroom's%20expectancy%20 theory%20describes,of%20expectancy%2C%20instru me https://www.simplypsychology.org/self- efficacy.html#dev
- 26. Remaining Theories of Motivation will continue Tomorrow