Bash scripting for beginner and intermediate

Shell Scripting
Shell scripting for beginners and intermediate levels
BASH SCRIPTING

‫اُذػـــــــــــــــــبء‬ ‫طبُؼ‬ ٖٓ ‫ر٘غٞٗب‬ ‫ال‬ Translated By:AHMED GAMIL 1
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫بسم‬
‫الكتاب‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫من‬ ‫االنتواء‬ ‫علي‬ ‫اعانين‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫هلل‬ ‫احلند‬
‫ال‬ ‫لكتاب‬ ‫تزمجة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫هذا‬Shell Scripting‫للنؤلف‬Hamish Whittal
‫ال‬ ‫يشزح‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫وهو‬Shell Scripting‫وبسيط‬ ‫سول‬ ‫باسلوب‬‫املتوسط‬ ‫واملستوي‬ ‫للنبتدئني‬
‫و‬ ‫برتمجتى‬ ‫قنت‬ ‫ولقد‬‫إ‬‫التوضيحية‬ ‫الصور‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫ضافة‬‫ويسز‬ ‫بسوولة‬ ‫املعلومى‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫حيت‬
‫ا‬‫هذ‬ ‫حيقق‬ ‫ان‬ ‫متين‬‫وال‬ ‫املزجوة‬ ‫االستفادة‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬‫الكزيه‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫وجى‬ ‫اال‬ ‫بى‬ ‫بغي‬
‫دعائكه‬ ‫صاحل‬ ‫من‬ ‫تنسونا‬ ‫ال‬

TABLE OF CONTENTS
What is Shell Scripting ...................................................................................7
Introduction to info, man and the whatis database.............................................9
info pages..................................................................................................9
Man Pages ...............................................................................................12
The whatis Database.................................................................................13
Revising some Basic Commands ....................................................................14
The who command....................................................................................14
The w Command ......................................................................................16
The "date" command.................................................................................18
The 'echo' command .................................................................................19
Running a Shell Script..................................................................................20
File Commands.........................................................................................20
Wildcards..............................................................................................20
Returning to file commands........................................................................23
ls.........................................................................................................23
cp........................................................................................................24
mv.......................................................................................................24
wc .......................................................................................................24
nl.........................................................................................................24
System Commands...................................................................................24
The df and du commands........................................................................25
the fdisk command.................................................................................26
The free command.................................................................................26
the vmstat command .............................................................................27
the iostat command ...............................................................................27
stdin, stdout, stderr.....................................................................................28
stdin .......................................................................................................28
stdout.....................................................................................................29
Using stdin and stdout simultaneously .........................................................30
Appending to a file....................................................................................31
stderr......................................................................................................32

stdout, stderr and using the ampersand)&( ..................................................33
Unamed Pipes ..........................................................................................34
Introduction................................................................................................36
What is the login shell?.................................................................................37
The job of the shell......................................................................................42
Command Interpreter................................................................................42
Allows for variables to be set......................................................................43
I/O redirection .........................................................................................43
Pipelines..................................................................................................43
Customising your environment ...................................................................43
Introduction................................................................................................44
What are regular expressions?.......................................................................44
The fullstop (period) ”.”.............................................................................44
Let's explore "sed" syntax..........................................................................46
Square brackets ( [ ] ), the caret ( ^ ) and the dollar ( $ ) .............................48
Using sed and pipes ..................................................................................50
The splat (asterisk) ) * ( ............................................................................52
The plus operator) + ( ...............................................................................53
Matching a specified number of the pattern using the curly brackets}{ ..........54
A detour - Using a different field separator in sed pattern matching ..............56
Using Word Encapsulating Characters .......................................................57
Returning from detour to our discussion on curly braces… .............................57
The tr command..........................................................................................57
The cut command........................................................................................59
The paste command.....................................................................................60
The uniq command ......................................................................................61
The Sort command ......................................................................................62
The grep command......................................................................................64
grep, egrep and fgrep ...............................................................................67
Section Techniques to use when writing, saving and executing Shell Scripts ........68
Detour: File Extension labels ...................................................................68
Comments in scripts...............................................................................69

Variables ..............................................................................................69
Shebang or hashpling!# .........................................................................70
Exit......................................................................................................70
Null and unset variables..........................................................................71
Variable Expansion.................................................................................73
Environmental vs shell variables ..............................................................74
Arithmetic in the shell.............................................................................75
Introduction................................................................................................77
Single Quotes or "ticks"................................................................................77
Double Quotes ............................................................................................78
Backticks....................................................................................................80
Shell Arithmetic's with expr and back quotes...................................................81
Another tip when using quotation marks.........................................................82
Introduction................................................................................................84
Positional Parameters 0 and 1 through 9.........................................................86
Other arguments used with positional parameters............................................87
$# How many positional arguments have we got ?........................................87
$* display all positional parameters ............................................................87
Using the "shift" command - for more than 9 positional parameters.................88
Exit status of the previous command...........................................................88
Making Decisions.........................................................................................90
Testing for a true or false condition.............................................................90
The test command .................................................................................90
What is "true" and "false"........................................................................91
Different types of tests ..............................................................................92
Testing a string .....................................................................................92
Has a variable been set or not ?...............................................................93
Numeric Tests .......................................................................................95
File test................................................................................................96
Logical Operators ........................................................................................98
Conditions in the shell................................................................................100
Using the "if" statement...........................................................................100

The "if" "then" "else" statement................................................................ 101
The "elif" statement ................................................................................102
The "case" statement..............................................................................102
Debugging your scripts...............................................................................103
The NULL command .............................................................................105
The || and && commands .....................................................................106
Introduction.............................................................................................. 109
The "for" loop.........................................................................................109
while and until loops ...............................................................................116
The break and continue commands ........................................................120
getopts Using arguments and parameters .....................................................123
Introduction.............................................................................................. 124
The read command....................................................................................124
Presenting the output.................................................................................127
The echo command.................................................................................127
The printf command...................................................................................128
The shell environmental variables pertaining to scripting.................................132
The Source command.................................................................................134
the exec command ....................................................................................136
Other methods of executing a script or a series of commands.......................136
Execution with Round brackets .............................................................. 136
Execution with Curly brackets................................................................ 137
Introduction.............................................................................................. 139
PARAM:-value........................................................................................... 139
PARAM:=value .......................................................................................... 141
${param:+value}......................................................................................141
${variable%pattern} .................................................................................142
MAGIC%%r*a........................................................................................... 143
variable#pattern .......................................................................................143
variable:OFFSET:LENGTH ...........................................................................145
#variable..................................................................................................145
Re-assigning parameters with set ................................................................ 146

Explaining the default field separator field - IFS.............................................147
Setting variables as "readonly"....................................................................147
The eval command ....................................................................................149
Running commands in the background using& ..............................................152

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO
THE COURSE STRUCTURE
WHAT IS SHELL SCRIPTING
ٌٕٞ‫ر‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدد‬ ‫ارا‬system administratorٌٕٞ‫ر‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫عٍذ‬َ‫أُض‬ ٍٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٌٛزا‬ ، ٍٞ‫ًغ‬
‫ٝاعشع‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫ٝاك‬ ‫اثغؾ‬ ‫ثطشٌوخ‬ ‫رلٌش‬ ‫ؽٍ٘ئز‬ ٌٕٞ‫عز‬ ‫الٗي‬ ، ‫أُشٜٞس‬
ِْ‫رزؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدد‬ ‫ٝارا‬scripting‫ثطشٌوخ‬ ‫شًء‬ ‫اي‬ َ‫رلؼ‬ ‫كال‬manual‫ٛ٘بى‬ ّ‫ٓبدا‬script‫ٌغزطٍغ‬
‫رُي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬
ِْٝ‫ٗزؼ‬ ًٌُ ٌُٖscriptingِْ‫ٗؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓب‬shell????
ٍ‫ا‬shellَُ ْ‫ٓزشع‬ ٞٛcommandsٍ‫ثب‬ ٍٚ‫شج‬DOSٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبعزوجب‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ؽٍش‬ ،commands
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫رٌزجٜب‬ ً‫اُز‬userٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬command line‫ٌٝزشعٜٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫االٓش‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬terminal
# ls –l
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ًٍق‬linux‫ثز٘لٍز‬ً٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ ‫ًٍٝق‬ ، ‫االٓش‬ ‫ٛزا‬“-l”‫عٍظٜش‬ ‫اُ٘برظ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ ‫ًٍٝق‬ ،
، ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬??? ‫ظذكخ‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ َٛ
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ َ‫ث‬ ، ‫ظذكخ‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ ‫ال‬ ٞٛ ، ‫ال‬shell
ٍ‫ٝا‬shell scriptٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ٞٛcommandsٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫اُجؼغ‬ ‫ؼٜب‬‫ثؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫رٌزت‬ ً‫اُز‬shell
ًٌُ ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫ِٓق‬ ً‫ك‬ ْٜ‫ٝػؼ‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ًٔض‬ ِٚ‫ٓض‬ ،ٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ثٞظٍلخ‬ ‫ٌوٞٓٞا‬DOS batch
: ٌٖ‫االٓش‬ ٌٖ‫ٛز‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬
# free
‫ٝاالٓش‬
# df -h
‫ؽذح‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫آش‬ ًَ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًٛ ًُٝ‫اال‬ ‫كبُطشٌوخ‬

‫ػالٓخ‬ ‫ثٞػغ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ‫كت‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌٖ‫االٓش‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬“;”‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ًٛٝ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫رٞػغ‬ ً‫اُز‬E-mail address‫شؾض‬ ٖٓ ‫الًضش‬ ‫سعبُخ‬ َ‫ٗشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬
‫ٝؽٜذ‬ ‫ٝهذ‬ ‫ٝرٞكش‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫اك‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ‫ٓبصاُذ‬ ٌُٖٝ ، ‫ٝاُٞهذ‬ ‫اُغٜذ‬ ٖٓ ٍَِ‫اُو‬ ‫رٞكش‬ ‫اُطشٌوخ‬ ٙ‫كٜز‬ ‫ارا‬
‫أُِق‬ ْ‫اع‬ ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫ر٘لٍزٛٔب‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫ٝػ٘ذٓب‬ ، ‫ِٓق‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌٖ‫االٓش‬ ٌٖ‫ٛز‬ ‫ٝػغ‬ ًٛٝ ‫اال‬ ، ‫اًضش‬
ٝ ، ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫كزظٜش‬ًٔ‫ٌغ‬ ‫أُِق‬ ‫ٛزا‬script

INTRODUCTION TO INFO, MAN AND THE WHATIS DATABASE
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُزؼشف‬ ‫أُلٍذ‬ ٖٓman pagesٍ‫ٝا‬info pagesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ َ‫هج‬scriptsٍ‫ٝا‬ ،
man pagesَُ ‫ظبس‬‫اخز‬ ًٛmanual pagesٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ًضٍشح‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرؾزٞي‬
commandsٚ‫ٗؾزبع‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هذ‬ ٌٍُٖٝ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬man pagesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؾزبط‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫ُزُي‬info pages
INFO PAGES
ٍ‫ا‬info pagesٍ‫ا‬ ‫رشجخ‬man pages‫ٝؽشٌوخ‬ ،‫اًضش‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ‫اٜٗب‬ ‫اال‬ ‫ًضٍشا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬info pages‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ّٞ‫ك٘و‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫آش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫ٗغزؼشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬ ، ‫ثغٍطخ‬
: ٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬ ‫االٓش‬
# info ls
ٌٌٖٔٝ‫ا‬ٖٓ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫عزؼشاع‬ٍ‫ا‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫رزؼب‬ ً‫اُز‬text files‫ٓضال‬
‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
# info coreutils

ٍ‫ٝا‬coreutils‫ظبس‬‫اخز‬ ٞٛcore utilitiesٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫االدٝاد‬ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ًٛٝcommandsً‫اُز‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬text filesَ‫ٓض‬ls, mv, cp, ……
ٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬ٍ‫ا‬info pageَُcoreutils: ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬
File: coreutils.infoٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ٞٛٝfileٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫اُزي‬Info
Node: Top‫ًِٝٔخ‬nodeً٘‫رؼ‬topicٝtopٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬topicٍٝ‫ا‬ ٞٛtopicً‫ك‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬info page

Next: introductionٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٝرؼ‬topicٔ‫اع‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬‫ٜب‬introductionٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ُِٝزٛبة‬
topic‫اُؾشف‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬“n”
Previous: disk usageٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٝرؼ‬topic‫اعٜٔب‬ ‫اُغبثوخ‬disk usageٌٌٖٔٝ
‫اُؾشف‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اٍُٜب‬ ٍ‫االٗزوب‬“p”
Up : (dir)ٍ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٝرؼ‬info page‫اُؾشف‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اٍُٜب‬ ٍ‫االٗزوب‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ ‫اُغبثوخ‬“u”
‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬ًٔ‫ٌغ‬ ٕ‫ػ٘ٞا‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕmenuٍ‫ا‬ ‫هبئٔخ‬ ًٛٝtopicsٙ‫ٛز‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬ٍ‫ا‬
info pageًٝ‫اُز‬ٍْٜ٘‫ث‬ َ‫ٗز٘و‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ
‫اي‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓجبششح‬ ‫اُزٛبة‬ ٌٖٔ‫ٝث‬topicٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٍٝ‫اُ٘ض‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ظلؾخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬topic
ٕ‫ػ٘ٞا‬ ‫رؾذ‬ ‫أُٞعٞد‬menuًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؼـؾ‬ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ص‬enter‫اُزٛبة‬ ‫ٓضال‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬ ،summarize
files topic‫ؼـؾ‬ٗ ْ‫ص‬ ٍُٚ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ثبُغ‬ ٍٝ‫ثبُ٘ض‬ ّٞ‫ك٘و‬enter
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اُؼٞدح‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫ٝػ٘ذٓب‬coreutils‫اُشئٍغٍخ‬Up : dir‫ؼـؾ‬ٗ“u”
‫ظلؾخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اُزٛبة‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬node: top‫ؼـؾ‬ٗ“t”
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِٝجؾش‬info page‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬“/”‫اُجؾش‬ ‫أُشاد‬ ‫أٌُِخ‬ ‫ٌزجؼٜب‬
٘‫ػ‬‫ٜب‬

/Directory
ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ‫أٌُِخ‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗجؾش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬
/<ENTER>
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِٝخشٝط‬info page‫ٌٗزت‬“q”
ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ًِ‫ُالػ‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ٍ‫ُالٗزوب‬“backspace”
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِؾ‬helpٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبص‬info page‫ٌٗزت‬“?”ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِٝخشٝط‬help‫ٌٗزت‬
“CTRL+x+0”
MAN PAGES
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬Info pages‫اُطشٌوخ‬ ٌُٖٝ ، ‫أُغبػذح‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِؾ‬ ‫اػبكٍخ‬ ‫ٝعٍِخ‬ ًٛٝ
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُؼِٞٓبد‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِؾ‬ ‫االعبعٍخ‬man pages
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝاُؾوٍوخ‬man pageٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫خال‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫رؼ‬less commandٍ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ٌشج‬ ‫اُزي‬more
commandًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝoptions‫اًضش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫ُٝزشـ‬man pageٓ‫اال‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬: ‫ش‬
man <command>
‫رغبٝي‬ ًٛٝ
man ls | less
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗجؾش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬man page‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬“/”‫أُشاد‬ ‫أٌُِخ‬ ‫ٌزجؼٜب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫اُجؾش‬info pageَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘ب‬forward search‫اي‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٝ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٌٌٕٞ ‫أٌُِخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُجؾش‬ ٕ‫ا‬page‫اخشٛب‬ ًُ‫ا‬
ٗ‫اسد‬ ‫ٝارا‬َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ب‬reverse search‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ّٞ‫ك٘و‬“?”ٖٓ ‫ثذال‬“/”‫ٌزجؼٜب‬ ْ‫ص‬
ٙ‫اػال‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫أُِق‬ َ‫اعل‬ ٖٓ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫اُجؾش‬ ‫أُشاد‬ ‫أٌُِخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫رٍِٜب‬ ً‫ُِز‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫ُٝالٗزوب‬space bar
‫اُؾشف‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫رغجوٜب‬ ً‫ُِز‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫ُٝالٗزوب‬“b”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِٝخشٝط‬man page‫ٌٗزت‬“q”
ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِٝؾ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ًٍلٍخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٓغبػذح‬ ًِ‫ػ‬man pages‫ؼـؾ‬ٗ ‫ثذاخِٜب‬ َ‫ٝاُز٘و‬“h”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛ ‫أُؼشٝع‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬ ،help‫ثبالٓش‬ ‫اُخبص‬lessَُ ‫ٍُٝظ‬man
pageٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬man pageٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٞاعطخ‬ ‫ػشػٜب‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫ػبدٌخ‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ‫ٓغشد‬ ًٛless
command

ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫ٝر٘وغ‬Man page‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ٍsections:
1-Name sectionٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ٞٛ :command
2-SYNOPSIS section‫ٝاُجغٍطخ‬ ‫ظشح‬‫أُخز‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬ ًٛٝ ‫ظبس‬‫االخز‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫أُِخض‬ ٝ‫ا‬ :
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫العزخذا‬
3-DESCRIPTION section‫االٓش‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ‫ٌششػ‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫اُغضء‬ ٞٛٝ :
4-SEE ALSO section‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓضٌذ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِؾ‬ ‫اُطشم‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٌٞػؼ‬ ‫اُغضء‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬ :ٍَ‫ُزلبط‬
THE W HATIS DATABASE
Whatisٞٛcommandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ‫ثٔؼشكخ‬ ‫ُ٘ب‬ ‫ٌغٔؼ‬command‫ؽٍش‬ ‫ظش‬‫ٝٓخز‬ ‫عشٌغ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًَ ً‫ك‬ ‫ثبُجؾش‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬manual pagesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬systemٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبص‬ ‫اُغضء‬ ٖ‫ػ‬name
sectionٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬man pageً‫ك‬ ْٜ‫ؼؼ‬‫ٝر‬ ْٜ‫ثزشرٍج‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ْ‫ص‬database‫خبطخ‬
ٔ‫ػ‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬َupdateٝ‫ا‬rebuild‫ُٜب‬at night
whatis nl

َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬updateَُdatabase: ‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫ٌذٌٝب‬
makewhatis -u -w
REVISING SOME BASIC COMMANDS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُغضء‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗزؾذس‬ ‫عٞف‬basic commandsٍ‫ا‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٌز‬ ‫ٓٔب‬ ‫ٓؼشكخ‬ ٞٛ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ‫ٝاُـشع‬commands
‫ٗغزخ‬ ‫ًٍٝق‬ٚٓ‫ذ‬
THE W HO COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓؼشكخ‬ ً‫ك‬logged userٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬systemٙ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬ ،
‫اي‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬optionsٝ‫ا‬arguments: ًُ‫اُزب‬ ‫ُ٘ب‬ ‫كغٍظٜش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝhelpٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُؼشع‬optionsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ً‫اُز‬command
who --help

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٝؼشع‬logged usersًَ ٕ‫ػ٘ٞا‬ ‫اظٜبس‬ ‫ٓغ‬column
who -H
‫ُٝؼشع‬short listٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬logged users
who -s
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٝؼشع‬logged usersٍ‫ٝا‬Process ID‟s

who -u
‫ٝارا‬‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬“-H”‫ٓغ‬“-u”ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ‫كغٞف‬columnsٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬headingٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ‫ٝعٞف‬ ،
ٍ‫ا‬columnًٔ‫ٌغ‬ ‫اُشاثغ‬IDLEٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٌٔض‬ ٞٛٝ ،idle timeٌَُuserٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٌٝؼ‬userُْ
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬systemٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ٍٚ٘ٓ‫ص‬ ‫ُلزشح‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ُْ ‫ٝارا‬userٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬system‫ُٔذح‬15 min.ُٚ ‫ٌؾذس‬logout
who -uH
THE W COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓب‬w command?
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ّ‫ثبالعزؼال‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬w command‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬whatis‫اال‬ ‫كغ٘غذ‬: ً‫ر‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫دخِٞا‬ ٌٖ‫اُز‬ ‫االشخبص‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫االٓش‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬system‫كؼِٞا‬ ‫ٝٓبرا‬

ٕ‫ٌغٍٔب‬ ًٗ‫ٝاُضب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُظٞسح‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٔب‬headingٝ‫ا‬header
User ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬logged user
tty ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ttyٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ ًُ‫ا‬user
login@ ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫دخ‬ ‫رٞهٍذ‬User
idle ‫اُزي‬ ‫اُٞهذ‬َُ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫اخش‬ ‫ٓ٘ز‬ ‫ٓش‬terminal
JCPU ٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ٚ‫هؼز‬ ‫اُزي‬ ٖٓ‫اُض‬processesٍ‫ٝا‬child processesٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ً‫ك‬terminal
PCPU ٍ‫ا‬ ٚ‫هؼز‬ ‫اُزي‬ ٖٓ‫اُض‬active processٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُؾبٍُخ‬terminal
What ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬processٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬commandَٔ‫ٌؼ‬ ‫اُزي‬
ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫هبئٔخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬optionsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫أُغزخذٓخ‬command
-h ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظٜٞس‬ ‫رٔ٘غ‬header
-u Ignores the username while figuring out the current process and cpu times. To
demonstrate this, do a "su" and do a "w" and a "w -u".
-s ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬short formatٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٝال‬login timeٍ‫ٝا‬JCPU‫ٝا‬ٍPCPU
-f ‫ظٜٞس‬ ‫ٌٔ٘غ‬from‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ٖٓ
-V ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫ٌؼشع‬version
user ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫ٌؼشع‬userٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ٌٖ‫رخض‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬logged user‫ِٓق‬ ً‫ك‬/etc/utmp
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓؾبٝالد‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ٌٖ‫رخض‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬login‫ِٓق‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُلبشِخ‬/etc/security/failedlogin
THE "DATE" COMMAND
ٗ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُغجت‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ٗغزشعغ‬ ‫٘ب‬commandsٍٝ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ع٘و‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ًٛ ‫اُجغٍطخ‬scriptً‫ك‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬courseٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ثٜز‬commands
ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝع٘ؾزبط‬ٍ‫ا‬date commandٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬scripting‫ٗؼشف‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؾزبط‬ ‫دائٔب‬ ‫الٗ٘ب‬‫ثذ‬ ‫ٓزى‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
scriptٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ، ًٜ‫اٗز‬ ً‫ٝٓز‬ َٔ‫اُؼ‬ ً‫ك‬date commandٍٔ‫اُغ‬ ‫االشٍبء‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ َٔ‫ثؼ‬‫ِخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٌَٞ‫اُزؾ‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ‫ٗؾزبعٜب‬ ً‫اُز‬unix timeٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬human timeٍٖ‫ث‬ ٌَٞ‫اُزؾ‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ًٔب‬ ،
‫أُخزِلخ‬ ‫اُزبسٌخ‬ ‫ػشع‬ ‫طٍؾ‬
# info date
ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗظشٗب‬ ُٞٝform: ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫كغ٘غذ‬ ًُٝ‫اال‬
date [+ ]
‫يساوي‬ ‫وىو‬
date + “ “
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػغ‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُطِٞثخ‬“ ”

THE 'ECHO' COMMAND
‫االٓش‬ ٞٛ ٕ‫اال‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬ ‫آش‬ ‫اخش‬echo‫اي‬ ً‫ك‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ً٘‫ؿ‬ ‫ٝال‬ ‫االٍٛٔخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ؿبٌخ‬ ‫آش‬ ٞٛٝscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ثغُٜٞخ‬ ‫ر٘لٍزٛب‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫عبثوب‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬ ً‫اُز‬terminal‫ٝسإٌخ‬
ً‫ك‬ ‫ٝػؼ٘بٛب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝ ،‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٗزٍغزٜب‬script‫اُشب‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫رظٜش‬ ِٖ‫ك‬، ‫شخ‬‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ًٛ ‫كٔب‬ ‫ارا‬
??? ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اظٜبسٛب‬
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ًٛ ‫اُطشٌوخ‬echo‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫أٌُِبد‬ ‫ثطجبػخ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اُزي‬
ٝechoٌٌٕٞ ‫اُٜٝٔب‬ ، ٍٖ‫ٗٞػ‬ ُٚbuilt in the shellٌٌٕٞ ‫ٝاالخش‬externalً‫ٓز‬ ‫الؽوب‬ ‫ٝع٘ؼشف‬
‫ا‬ ‫ػشع‬ ً‫ك‬ ٚٓ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫كغٞف‬ ‫ثزُي‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٗٞع‬ ًَ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬: ًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ‫ُزبسٌخ‬
ًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ٝعزظٜش‬

RUNNING A SHELL SCRIPT
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫ُزشـ‬scriptُٚ ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬execution permissionsّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬
: ‫االٓش‬
Chmod u+x script.sh
Chmod g+x script.sh
Chmod o+x script.sh
Chmod x script.sh
ٝ‫اٌُٞ٘ذ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌخزِق‬ ‫ثبُطجغ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬‫آزذاد‬ ُٚ ‫ِٓق‬ ‫اي‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼزجش‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫ص‬.exeٝ‫ا‬.comٞٛexecutable
fileٚ‫ث‬ ‫ٍُظ‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬extensionsٍ ‫ٝاعزخذآ٘ب‬“.sh”‫ًـ‬ ‫ٍُظ‬extensionٞٛ ‫ٝاٗٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫رٍٍٔض‬fileٞٛscript‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫كغٍز‬ ‫اصُ٘بٛب‬ ُٞٝ ، ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ر٘ظٍٍٔخ‬ ‫ػٍِٔخ‬ ‫اٜٗب‬ ‫اي‬
ٍ‫ا‬script‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬
‫ػذ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫ُزشـ‬ ‫ؽشم‬ ‫ح‬script: َ‫ٓض‬
./script.sh
OR
sh script.sh
OR
‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫وضعو‬ ‫يمكه‬/bin‫استخدام‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫وتنفيذه‬“./”
FILE COMMANDS
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُغضء‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌِْ‫ع٘ز‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫رزؼب‬ ً‫اُز‬filesَ‫ٓض‬“ls”ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ‫اُزي‬
َٔ‫ُؼ‬Listingَُfiles
W ILDCARDS

ٍ‫ا‬wildcard‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ًٍٛ‫ا‬ ٖٓcharacters‫ُ٘ب‬ ‫رغٔؼ‬ ً‫اُز‬ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ثبُؾ‬filesً‫اُز‬
ًٜ‫ر٘ز‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ثؾشف‬ ‫رجذأ‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫أُِلبد‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ‫ٗشٌذٛب‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫أُٞاطلبد‬ ‫ؽغت‬ ‫رؾذٌذا‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫ٗجؾش‬
ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ثؾشف‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬wildcard characters
Symbole Name Purpose
* Splat ‫اي‬ َ‫رٔض‬characterٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ٝ‫ا‬characters
?
question
mark
َ‫رٔض‬character‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬
[]
square
brackets
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ َ‫رٔض‬characters‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ظٞسح‬‫أُؾ‬
! bang ً‫اُ٘ل‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬
W ILDCARD CHARACTERS WITH THE ASTERISK)*(
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬matching‫ُـ‬character: َ‫ٓض‬ ‫اًضش‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬
THE QUESTION MARK ( ? ) W ILDCARD CHARACTER
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬matching‫ُـ‬character‫(اي‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬character)

THE SQUARE BRACKETS) ][ (
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬matching‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞد‬ ‫ُِٔذي‬
: ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫الؽع‬
ٍٖ‫ٝث‬
THE BANG) ! (
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬inverse matchingُ٘‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اي‬‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫ػذا‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫زبئظ‬
ٍْ‫اُو‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ًِ‫ػ‬

: ‫امثلة‬
touch {planes,trains}_{10,11}.{bak,bat}
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬commandَٔ‫ثؼ‬touchٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ُٔغٔٞػخ‬filesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٝ٘زظ‬ ،‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬
commandٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬files
Planes_10.bak, planes_10.bat, planes_11.bak, planes_11.bat, trains_10.bak,
trains_10.bat, trains_11.bak, trains_11.bat
RETURNING TO FILE COMMANDS
ٍ‫ا‬ ْٛ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُغزخذٓخ‬bash scriptingٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫رزؼب‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬
files
LS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬commandَٔ‫ػ‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬Listٍ‫ا‬ ٌَُfilesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬directory،
‫ثؼغ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٝؾزٞي‬ٍ‫ا‬options
-lً٘‫ٌٝؼ‬ :long listٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬optionٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ظٍال‬‫رل‬ ‫اًضش‬ ‫ثٍبٗبد‬ ‫ثبظٜبس‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬filesٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٓض‬
permissionsٍ‫ٝا‬last modification timeٍ‫ٝا‬sizeٍ‫ٝا‬ownerٍ‫ٝا‬group
-aٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثبظٜبس‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٞٛٝ :hidden files).. ٝ .( ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬
ٍ‫ٝا‬files‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ ).( ًِhidden filesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬directoryًُ‫اُؾب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬filesٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ )..( ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬hidden filesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬parent directory

CP
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬commandَٔ‫ثؼ‬copyَُfiles
MV
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬commandَٔ‫ثؼ‬moveَُfiles
W C
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬countٍُ‫ا‬ ‫ؼذد‬Linesٍ‫ٝا‬charactersٍ‫ٝا‬words
NL
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ٌٞػؼ‬linesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬file
SYSTEM COMMANDS
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛcommandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫رزؼب‬ ً‫اُز‬system: َ‫ٓض‬df, du, fdisk, iostat, vmstat,
free
df ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬free disk space
du ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬disk usage
fdisk ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬partitionsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬hard disk
iostat ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬input/outputٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬hard disk
vmstat ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬virtual memory

free ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬free memory
THE DF AND DU COMMANDS
dfٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ :partitions‫أُٞعٞدح‬ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ْٜ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫اُغٜبص‬ ًِ‫ػ‬‫اُلبسؿخ‬ ‫ٔغبؽخ‬
ٍ‫ٝا‬ ‫أُٔزِئخ‬ ‫ٝأُغبؽخ‬mounted partitions‫ٝؿٍشٛب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫ارا‬commandَٔ‫ػ‬ ً‫ك‬scriptَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
partitions‫ٝاظٜبس‬alarmًُ‫ا‬ ُٚٞ‫ٝط‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٚ‫آزالئ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬thresholdٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬free disk spaceٍ‫ثب‬byteٌُٝ ،َٜ‫ٌغ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ‫ُؼشػٜب‬ ٖ
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬ ٚ‫هشاءر‬options: َ‫ٓض‬
df -hT
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ؽٍش‬“–h”ً٘‫رؼ‬human readable
ٍ‫ٝا‬“T”ً٘‫رؼ‬typeٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫رٞػؼ‬ ًٛٝpartitionٞٛ َٛext2, ext3,extended,
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝduٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٓغبؽخ‬ ‫ٝرغزِٜي‬ ‫ًجٍش‬ ْ‫ؽغ‬ ‫ُٜب‬ ‫أُِلبد‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ٌٞػؼ‬ ‫اُزي‬hard
disk

‫اػبكخ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ“-s”‫ُؼشع‬summaryٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫أُغزخذٓخ‬ ‫اٌٍُِخ‬ ‫أُغبؽخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬file systemًِٚ
du -s
THE FDISK COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬fdiskٍ‫ا‬ ‫اظٜبس‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫االعبط‬ ً‫ك‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬partitionsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬HDD
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬command‫ال‬ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ٌغزطٍغ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اال‬root
THE FREE COMMAND
‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ٍcommandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثبظٜبس‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬total memoryٍ‫ٝا‬usedٍ‫ٝا‬freeٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٓغبؽخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ب‬
swapٍ‫ٝا‬usedٍ‫ٝا‬free‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ب‬

THE VMSTAT COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬command‫ثبظٜبس‬how busy the system isٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػذد‬processٍ‫ٝا‬ َٔ‫رؼ‬ ً‫اُز‬
blocked process
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫ثبظٜبس‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫ًٔب‬memoryٍ‫ا‬ ‫اعزٜالى‬ ‫ٓوذاس‬ َ‫ٓض‬swap daemonٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ
memoryٍ‫ا‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ٝٓب‬bufferٍ‫ٝا‬cache
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ًْٝprocessٍ‫ا‬ ‫دخِذ‬ ً‫اُز‬swapٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝثٍبٗبد‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫خشعذ‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬usersٍ‫ٝا‬
systemٍ‫ٝا‬idle and waiting time
THE IOSTAT COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓبد‬ ‫ثؼشع‬input/outputٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬systemٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٓؼِٞٓبد‬
ٍ‫ا‬system performance

ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أُؼِٞٓبد‬ ٖٓ ‫أُضٌذ‬ ‫ُٝٔؼشكخ‬system performanceَٔ‫ػ‬ ٌٌٖٔinstallَُsysstat
package
STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أٌُزٞثخ‬CLI‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ٝاخشاط‬
‫ؽز‬ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًerrorsٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؼزٔذ‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬inputsٍ‫ٝا‬outputs
ٍ‫ٝا‬errorsٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ثشٓض‬ ْٜ٘ٓ ٌَُ ‫ٌٝشٓض‬ ،
Type Symbol
standard input (stdin) 0<
standard output (stdout) 1>
standard error (stderr) 2>
ّ‫االسهب‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬(0, 1, 2)ًٔ‫رغ‬file descriptor‫اُضالصخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗٞع‬ ٌَُ
ٍ‫كب‬(0)َ‫ٌٔض‬file descriptorَُstandard input
ٍ‫كب‬(1)َ‫ٌٔض‬file descriptorَُstandard output
ٍ‫كب‬(2)َ‫ٌٔض‬file descriptorَُstandard error
STDIN
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ادخب‬ ٌٌٖٔ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُطشم‬ ٖٓ ‫اُؼذٌذ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬data: ‫ٜٓ٘ب‬ ‫ٌٍُِ٘ظ‬
1-terminalٍ‫ا‬ ًٛٝ :CLIُ‫ا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫كٍٜب‬ ‫ٌٗزت‬ ً‫ز‬commands
2-deviceٍ‫ا‬ ًٛٝ :keyboardٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬device‫ٜٓ٘ب‬ ‫اُجٍبٗبد‬ ٍ‫ثبدخب‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ً‫اُز‬

3-fileٞٛٝ :fileًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬data‫ثٜب‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ػٍِٔخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌغزخذٜٓب‬َ‫ٓض‬
cat < myfirstscript
cat 0< myfirstscript
cat myfirstscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬commandٖٓ ‫ٌطِت‬ٍ‫ا‬catٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؤخز‬ ٕ‫ا‬inputٖٓfileٚٔ‫اع‬myfirstscriptٖٓ ‫ثذال‬
ٍ‫ا‬keyboard‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٌٝؼشػ‬
STDOUT
by defaultٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬output، ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬‫االٓش‬ ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬
cat myfirstscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كغ٘غذ‬output‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫عٍظٜش‬
‫ث‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬ ، ‫رُي‬ ‫رـٍٍش‬ ٌٌٖٔ ٌَُٖٝٔ‫ؼ‬redirectَُoutput‫اخش‬ ٕ‫ٌٓب‬ ًُ‫ا‬ًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
cat myfirstscript > newscript
cat myfirstscript 1> newscript

‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫ػشػ٘ب‬ ‫كؼ٘ذٓب‬myfirstscriptٍ‫ا‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬redirectionٍ‫ا‬ ‫كظٜشد‬stdout،‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬ ٌُٖٝredirectionٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝعؼِ٘ب‬stdoutًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌزٛت‬fileًٔ‫ٌغ‬new script
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ِْ‫ك‬outputٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫رٛت‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬file
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬newscriptَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫كغٞف‬ ‫اعبعب‬ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬ ‫ؿٍش‬creationٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬ ، ُٚ
newscriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٌٝزت‬ ٚ‫ٓؾزٌٞبر‬ ‫ٌٔغؼ‬ ‫كغٞف‬ ‫ٓغجوب‬ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬data‫اُغذٌذح‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ارا‬myfirstscriptٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛstdoutٍ‫ٝا‬newscriptٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛstdout
‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٌٌٖ ُْ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓبرا‬ ٌُٖٝmyfirstscriptٝ‫ا‬stdinًُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ٓؾزٌٞبر‬ َ‫اٗو‬ ًٌُnewscript?
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًٛ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ‫االعبثخ‬screen‫ظجؼ‬‫عز‬ ً‫اُز‬ ًٛstdin: ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬
‫آش‬ ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬catٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬redirectionٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬cat‫رغذ‬ ُْstdin‫ٓؾ‬ ‫رؤخز‬ ًٌُٚ‫زٌٞبر‬
ً‫ك‬ ‫ؼؼٜب‬‫ٝر‬newscript‫ا‬ ْ‫ر‬ ‫ُزُي‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫العزؼبػخ‬input fileٍ‫ثب‬command line‫ظجؼ‬ٌ ًٌُ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛinput methodٍ‫ا‬ َ‫كبٗزو‬ ، ‫اُجذٌِخ‬curserٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٗذخ‬ ً‫ؽز‬ ‫ٝاٗزظش‬ ًُ‫اُزب‬ ‫ُِغطش‬inputs
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ادخب‬ ٖٓ ‫االٗزٜبء‬ ‫ٝثؼذ‬inputsًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؼـؾ‬ُ‫ثب‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬CTRL+D (^D)ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗخجش‬ ً‫ؽز‬catٕ‫ا‬
‫ػ‬ٍ‫االدخب‬ ‫ٍِٔخ‬‫هذ‬‫اٗزٜذ‬
USING STDIN AND STDOUT SIMULTANEOUSLY
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔstdinٍ‫ٝا‬stdoutٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُؼٍِٔخ‬ ٌَ‫ًجذ‬ ‫اُجؼغ‬ ‫ؼٜٔب‬‫ثؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬copy‫أُِلبد‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬
cat myfirstscript newscript

cat < myfirstscript > newscript
‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫ث٘غخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬myfirstscriptًُ‫ا‬newscript‫ث‬ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫بعزخذا‬redirection
APPENDING TO A FILE
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝredirectionٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػٍِٔخ‬ ً‫ك‬appendingٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اُجٍبٗبد‬ ‫اػبكخ‬ ً٘‫ٝرؼ‬file
‫اُوذٌٔخ‬ ‫اُجٍبٗبد‬ ‫ٓغؼ‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬
‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ‫ٝٗغذ‬(>>)ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬catًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبٌُزبثخ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ُْnewscript
‫ثبػبك‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ٝاٗٔب‬ٍُٚ‫ا‬ ‫اُغذٌذح‬ ‫اُجٍبٗبد‬ ‫خ‬

STDERR
‫اي‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬command:ٍٖ٘‫اص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٌ٘زظ‬
1-ٍ‫ٗز‬‫طؾٍؾخ‬ ‫غخ‬(valid output)
2-( ‫خبؽئخ‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬error message)
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫ٝٓب‬outputٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫اُؼبدي‬error‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًالٛٔب‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ‫ؽٍش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬command‫ى‬normal userُٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٍظ‬root user
find / -name "*" -print
ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ‫ؽٍش‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫كغزظٜش‬valid outputٝerror
message
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اظٜبس‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝvalid outputٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبسعب‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫كوؾ‬errorًُ‫ا‬fileً‫ؽز‬ ‫اخش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬ ، ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ‫ال‬fileٌٌ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ؿبُجب‬ٕٞ/dev/null
ٍ‫ٝا‬/dev/nullٍ‫ا‬ ٚ‫رشج‬recycle binٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬windowsٍ‫ا‬ ًٖ‫ٝال‬/dev/null‫ال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫(ًٔب‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ‫ٓؾزٌٞبرٜب‬ ‫اسعبع‬ ٌٌٖٔshift + deleteًٔ‫رغ‬ ًٜ‫ك‬ ‫ُزُي‬ )linux
black hole
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٝالسعب‬errorٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬/dev/nullٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ٌغت‬file descriptor‫اُخب‬ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ص‬stderr
(2>)ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫اُزٍٍٔض‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌغزطٍغ‬ ً‫ؽز‬stdoutٍ‫ٝا‬stderr
find / -name "*" -print 2> /dev/null
ٍ‫ا‬redirection‫اخش‬ ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ٌز‬script

ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬valid output‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ظٜش‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫اُٞؽٍذ‬ ٞٛ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٌٕٞ‫ر‬ ‫ٝهذ‬errorsَٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٓلٍذح‬diagnosticsٝ‫ا‬troubleshootingَ‫ؼ‬‫ٌل‬ ‫ُزُي‬
ٍ‫اسعب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬errorsًُ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫االؽالع‬ ‫خالُخ‬ ٖٓ ٌٌٖٔ ‫خبص‬errorsٖٓ ‫ثذال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ُٚ‫اسعب‬null
STDOUT, STDERR AND USING THE AMPERSAND)&(
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫اُذٓظ‬ ٌٌٖٔstdoutٍ‫ٝا‬stderrٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٓؼب‬command‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫كٔضال‬
commandٍ‫ٝاسعب‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬valid outputًُ‫ا‬fileًٔ‫ٌغ‬validoutٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٝاسعب‬errorًُ‫ا‬
fileًٔ‫ٌغ‬errorout‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫رُي‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬
find / -name "*" -print 2> errorout > validout
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝرشرٍت‬redirectionّ‫ٛب‬ ‫ؿٍش‬
find / -name "*" -print 2> errorout > validout
find / -name "*" -print > validout 2> errorout
‫االٓش‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ .... ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬findٍ‫ثب‬normal user
find / -name "*" -print
ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ‫ؽٍش‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫كغزظٜش‬valid outputٝerror
message

‫ػالٓخ‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬(>)ْ‫كغٍز‬َٔ‫ػ‬redirectَُvalid output‫كوؾ‬
‫ث‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬‫ػالٓخ‬ ّ‫بعزخذا‬(2>)َٔ‫ػ‬ ْ‫كغٍز‬redirectَُerror‫كوؾ‬
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ًٌُٝredirectَُvalid outputٍ‫ٝا‬error‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫ٓؼب‬(&)‫ًٔب‬
ًٌِ
find / -name "*" -print 2> samefile 1>&2
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ؽٍش‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبسعب‬errorٚٔ‫اع‬ ‫ِٓق‬ ًُ‫ا‬same fileٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٌشع‬ ْ‫ص‬valid
outputٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ًُ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اسعب‬ ْ‫ر‬ ‫اُزي‬errorٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬ ٚ‫ًزبثز‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ ، ُٚ
find / -name "*" -print 1> file 2>&1
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ؽٍش‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبسعب‬valid outputٚٔ‫اع‬ ‫ِٓق‬ ًُ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٌشع‬ ْ‫ص‬
errorٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ًُ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اسعب‬ ْ‫ر‬ ‫اُزي‬valid outputُٚ
&>file
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬redirectَُerrorٍ‫ٝا‬valid outputٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓؼب‬file
UNAMED PIPES
ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٗشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اعزطؼ٘ب‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ً‫ؽز‬output‫الي‬commandًُ‫ا‬fileَ‫ٗشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ َٛ ٌُٖٝ ،
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬output‫ًـ‬inputًُ‫ا‬command??? ‫أُطِٞثخ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ظ‬‫ٗؾ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝٛزا‬ ‫اخش‬
ٝ !!! ْ‫ٗؼ‬ ًٛ ‫االعبثخ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬pipe (|)َ‫ٓض‬
ls -la /etc | less

ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬“ls -la”‫ثؼشع‬long listَ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬ ‫ُِِٔلبد‬/etcْ‫ص‬ّٞ‫ٌو‬‫ثؤخز‬‫ٛزا‬ٍ‫ا‬
output‫ًـ‬ ِٚ‫ٌٝذخ‬input‫االٓش‬ ًُ‫ا‬less‫طلؾخ‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ًُٝ‫اال‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اُزي‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝpipe: َ‫ٓض‬ ‫ٓشاد‬ ‫ػذح‬
ls –la | grep a| less
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝpipeٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬redirection

CHAPTER 2. THE SHELL
INTRODUCTION
ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓب‬shell?
ٍ‫ا‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫ٓزشع‬ ٞٛcommands: ٕ‫ٗٞػب‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫ٌٝٞعذ‬
1-Login shell
ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫دخُٞي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫أُغئ‬ ٞٛٝsystemٍ‫ا‬ ‫كٍٜب‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬usernameٍ‫ٝا‬
password
2-Non-login shell
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛterminalٍ‫ا‬ ‫كٍٜب‬ ‫ٌٗزت‬ ً‫اُز‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٓض‬bash, sh, ksh, csh،
ٖٓ ‫ٌوشة‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬50 non-login shell‫اعزخذآٜب‬ ٌٌٖٔ

ٍ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ٗل‬ ًٌُٝshellٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ع٘غزخذ‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ٌُٖٝ ، َٔ‫رؼ‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬bash
‫رٞصٌؼ‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اعزخذآب‬ ‫االًضش‬ ٞٛ ٚٗ‫ال‬‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ‫بد‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ًٌُٝshell‫أُغزخذٓخ‬
echo $0
WHAT IS THE LOGIN SHELL?
ٍ‫ا‬login shellٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أُغئُٞخ‬ ًٛ:
1-ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬non-login shell
2-َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬checkًِ‫ػ‬ٍ‫ا‬environment variablesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؾزبعٜب‬ ً‫اُز‬systemَ‫ٓض‬
ٍ‫ا‬PATH, TERM, UID, GIDَُuser‫ا‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ‫اُزي‬ٍsystem
3-ٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬default variablesٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٓض‬USERNAME, HISTSIZE, HOSTNAME,
HOME

ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ‫ٝػ٘ذ‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬login shellَٔ‫ثؼ‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٍٖ‫ٗٞػ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬files:
1-User profile files
2-Shell rc files
َُ ‫ٝثبُ٘غجخ‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫كٜز‬filesًٔ‫رغ‬profileٝbashrcًٝ‫ك‬ ‫رٞعذ‬/etcٝ‫رؾزٞي‬ ًٛ
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬aliasesٍ‫ٝا‬functionsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ً‫اُز‬systemٝ ًٌٍَ‫ا‬ ٞٛ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ٍٞ‫أُغئ‬
root
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝؾزٞي‬/etc/profileٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬aliasesٍ‫ٝا‬functionsٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ٌغزؼ‬ ً‫اُز‬login shell
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ُِذخ‬system

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬/etc/bashrcٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬aliasesٍ‫ٝا‬functionsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؾزبعٜب‬ ً‫اُز‬non-login
shellٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫اُذخ‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬terminalٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغزخذٜٓب‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫االػذاداد‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِزؼشف‬userً‫ك‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬shell

َُ ‫ثبُ٘غجخ‬ ‫آب‬normal usersًٔ‫رغ‬ ‫أُِلبد‬ ٙ‫كٜز‬.bashrcٝ.bash_profileٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٝرٞعذ‬
home directoryٌَ‫ث‬ ‫اُخبص‬userٌٕٞ‫ٝر‬hiddenٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓغئُٞخ‬ ًٛٝfunctionsٍ‫ٝا‬
aliasesٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬userٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝغزطٍغ‬ ، ٚ‫ٗلغ‬user‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٝاالػبكخ‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ ٌَ‫اُزؼذ‬
‫ِٓق‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬.bash_profileٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬aliasesٍ‫ٝا‬functions
ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬Userٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؾزبعٜب‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬system‫ثذاٌخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫اُذخ‬user profile

‫ِٓق‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬.bashrcٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬aliasesٍ‫ٝا‬functionsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغزخذٜٓب‬ ً‫اُز‬userً‫ك‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬non-login shellٍ‫(ا‬terminal)ٚ‫ث‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬
‫ك‬ ‫ارا‬ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬ ‫بُِٔلبد‬login shellًٛ
/etc/profile >>>>> for system
.bash_profile >>>>> for user
ٝ‫أُِلبد‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ًِ‫ػ‬system initialization dataٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغزخذٜٓب‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬login
ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬ ‫أُِلبد‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬non-login shell: ًٜ‫ك‬
/etc/bashrc >>>>> for system
.bashrc >>>>> for user
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝUser‫اي‬ ‫ٝاػبكخ‬ ٚ‫ِٓلبر‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٌَ‫ثبُزؼذ‬aliasٝ‫ا‬function‫ػِٜٔب‬ ‫ٌشٌذ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٌُٖٝroot userٍ‫ا‬ ‫ِٓلبد‬ ٌَ‫رؼذ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُوبدس‬ ‫اُٞؽٍذ‬ ٞٛ/etc/profileٝ/etc/bashrc
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫ثزشـ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ًَ ً‫ٝك‬terminal (non-login shell or bash)ً‫ِٓل‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬
/etc/bashrcٝ~/.bashrc
ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫اُذخ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝbashٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ٖٓ ‫اخشي‬bashٍِٜ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫اػ‬ ً‫اُز‬‫االٓش‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ب‬
bash

ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ْ‫كٍز‬bash‫(ٍُٝظ‬ ‫عذٌذح‬tabٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ً‫ك‬ )‫عذٌذح‬terminal‫ُِٝخشٝط‬ ، ‫أُلزٞؽخ‬
‫االٓش‬ ‫ٌٗزت‬
exit
ٍ‫ٝا‬bashًٔ‫رغ‬ ‫االطٍِخ‬parent bashٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬bashًٔ‫رغ‬ ‫اُغذٌذح‬child bashٝ‫ا‬sub-
shell
ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ثبُذخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬bashٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫عذٌذح‬bashٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫اُوذٌٔخ‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫ثزشـ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ال‬
profile files‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬
‫االٓش‬ ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ‫اعزٔشسٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬exitٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗخشط‬ ‫كغٞف‬bashٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬login shell
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ّ‫ػب‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬ ً‫ٝك‬initialization filesًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬“rc”
‫كٜ٘بى‬.vimrcٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أُغئُٞخ‬vimٝ‫ٛ٘بى‬rc0, rc1ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أُغئُٞخ‬runlevel
initialization‫ٌٛزا‬
THE JOB OF THE SHELL
َُ ‫اُلؼٍِخ‬ ‫اُٞظٍلخ‬ ‫ٓؼشكخ‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كغ٘غذ‬shellّٞ‫ٌو‬: ً‫ثبالر‬
COMMAND INTERPRETER
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ؽٍش‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫اُجؾش‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬PATH،ٚ‫ث‬ ‫اُخبص‬
: ‫كٔضال‬
‫اع‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬‫االٓش‬ ّ‫زخذا‬cdٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬command interpreterٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ِْ‫ٌؼ‬commandٞٛbuilt-
in commandًُ‫ا‬ ‫ُِزٛبة‬ ‫ٌؾزبط‬ ‫كال‬Pathٙ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫ُٔؼشكخ‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ‫اُخبص‬
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ٌُٖٝmv‫ٍُظ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬built-in commandٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫ُزُي‬shell‫ٓؼشكخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً٘‫ٓؼ‬command٘‫ر‬ ‫ٌغزطٍغ‬ ًٌُٙ‫لٍز‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌٝو‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬command‫خبؽئ‬ ّ‫ا‬ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٞٛ َٛ ‫ُٔؼشكخ‬
ALLOW S FOR VARIABLES TO BE SET
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغٔؼ‬shellٌَُ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬userٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ثؼ‬variablesًِ‫ػ‬ ٌَ‫اُزؼذ‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ ٌَ‫ٝاُزؼذ‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬HISTFILESIZEٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬PATHٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬HOSTNAME
I/O REDIRECTION
‫ثؼ‬ ‫ٌغٔؼ‬ ‫ًٔب‬َٔredirectionَُinputٍ‫ٝا‬Outputٍ‫ٝا‬errors
PIPELINES
ٍ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ٌٝل‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬pipe line
CUSTOMISING YOUR ENVIRONMENT
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغٔؼ‬ ‫ًٔب‬shellَُUserٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌْ‫ثبُزؾ‬environmentً‫ك‬ ٌْ‫اُزؾ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ٚ‫اُخبط‬
ٍ‫ا‬variablesٍ‫ٝا‬running scriptsٍ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ٝش‬prompt‫ٝؿٍشٛب‬

CHAPTER 3. REGULAR
EXPRESSIONS
INTRODUCTION
ٍ‫ا‬regular expressionٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫االشٍبء‬ ْٛ‫ا‬ ٖٓscripting
WHAT ARE REGULAR EXPRESSIONS?
ٍ‫ا‬regular expressionًٛpatternٝ‫ا‬ ٍُٞ‫ٓذ‬ ‫ُٜب‬characterَ‫ٓض‬ ٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ُٚ(*)
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اُزي‬matching‫أل‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ي‬charactersٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٗٞاع‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ٝع٘زؾذس‬ ،
pattern
THE FULLSTOP (PERIOD) ”.”
ٍ‫ا‬fullstopً٘‫رؼ‬match any character
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫ٓضال‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬sed‫اي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِجؾش‬pattern‫ثـ‬ ‫ٌجذأ‬ ٌَ‫ش‬ ٝ‫ا‬“l”ْ‫ص‬“i”ْ‫ص‬“n”ْ‫ص‬
“u”ٌَ‫ثزجذ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ْ‫ص‬“l”ًُ‫ا‬“L”ٍ‫ٝا‬“i”ًُ‫ا‬“I”ٍ‫ٝا‬“n”ًُ‫ا‬“N”ٍ‫ٝا‬“u”ًُ‫ا‬“U”ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ْ‫ص‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ثزجذ‬patternًُ‫اُزب‬‫كوؾ‬ًُ‫ا‬“X”‫االٓش‬ ّ‫كغ٘غزخذ‬
sed 's/Linu./LINUX/g' fullstop_test
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬commandً٘‫ٌؼ‬
s (search for) / Linu. / (replace with) LINUX / g (globally)
<filename to search>
---------------^-------^----------------------^-------------^---
---------------------

ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬“linu”ٍ‫ا‬ ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫ؽٍش‬ ‫اعزجذاُٜب‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ُْٝ ‫رزـٍش‬ ُْpattern
‫ثـ‬ ‫ٓزجٞػب‬character‫رطجٍن‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ِٖ‫ك‬ ‫ٝاال‬ ‫اُششؽ‬ ٍِٚ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌطجن‬ ً‫ؽز‬ ‫اخش‬“sed”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
pattern
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔsedٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬pipeًُ‫اُزب‬ ٍ‫ثبُٔضب‬ ‫ًٔب‬‫ؽٍش‬ ،“nl”ً٘‫رؼ‬number the lines
in the file
sed 's/Linu./LINUX/g' fullstop_test | nl

LET'S EXPLORE "SED" SYNTAX
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫هٍِال‬ ‫ُ٘زؾذس‬sed،ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبُجؾش‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬patternٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬‫عطش‬ ‫عطش‬، ‫ثآخش‬ ُٚ‫ٝاعزجذا‬
ٝsedً٘‫ٌؼ‬stream editorٍ‫ٝا‬ ،streamٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ً‫ٌؤر‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٚ‫ك‬ ‫اُجؾش‬ ‫أُشاد‬pattern
ٍٝ‫ا‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٜزا‬ ‫اُؼبٓخ‬commandًٛ
sed „[command] / pattern / [replace sequence] / [modifier]‟
[command]
sed 's/Linu./LINUX/g' fullstop_test
ٝsed‫ٌزجؼٜب‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٞػؼ‬ ‫اخش‬action، ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ‫أُشاد‬ً‫ك‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٓضبُ٘ب‬
commandٞٛ„s‟ً٘‫ٌٝؼ‬search
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ثؼذ‬ ً‫ٌؤر‬ ْ‫ص‬patternٍٖ‫ػالٓز‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ٚ‫ؼؼ‬ٗٝ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫اُجؾش‬ ‫أُشاد‬“/”ٞٛٝlinu.‫ٓضبُ٘ب‬ ً‫ك‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ٌٝجزؼ‬replaced sequenceٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛٝpatternٌْ‫اُوذ‬ َ‫ٓؾ‬ َ‫عٍؾ‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫اُغذٌذ‬‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝٞػغ‬
ٍٖ‫ػالٓز‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬“/”ٞٛٝ“LINUX”‫ٓضبُ٘ب‬ ً‫ك‬
ْ‫ص‬ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ٌؤر‬modifierٞٛٝ“g”‫ٛزا‬ ‫ٓضبُ٘ب‬ ً‫ك‬ً٘‫ٌٝؼ‬globallyٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌخجش‬ ٞٛٝ،sedَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬replaceٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬fileٚ‫ٗزٍغ‬ ٍٝ‫ا‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ‫ٌزٞهق‬ ‫ٝال‬ ًِٚ
ٍٝ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٗغزجذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬matched patternْ‫اُشه‬ ‫ؼغ‬٘‫ك‬ ‫كوؾ‬“1”ٖٓ ‫ثذال‬“g”
ًٗ‫صب‬ ٍ‫ٗغزجذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬matched patternْ‫اُشه‬ ‫ؼغ‬٘‫ك‬ ‫كوؾ‬“2”ٖٓ ‫ثذال‬“g”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اُٜ٘بٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ً‫ٌؤر‬ ْ‫ص‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٚ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫اُجؾش‬ ‫أُشاد‬patterns

sed „/hi/p‟ myfirstscript
‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ“p”ٍ‫ثذ‬“g”َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ًٌُprintَُMatched line

‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ“d”َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ًٌُdeleteٍ‫ا‬ ٌَُlinesًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬“hi”
SQUARE BRACKETS ( [ ] ), THE CARET ( ^ ) AND THE DOLLAR ( $ )
ٍ‫ا‬square brackets ([abc])َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬matchٍcharacterٍٖ‫ث‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝاؽذ‬
range of charactersٍٖ‫اُوٞع‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
ٍ‫ا‬caret (^hmed)َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬matchٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬lines‫ر‬ ً‫اُز‬‫ثؤي‬ ‫جذأ‬character
‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬
ٍ‫ا‬Dollar (ahme$)َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬matchٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬lines‫ر‬ ً‫اُز‬‫ثؤي‬ ًٜ‫٘ز‬character
‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬
sed „/^[ahl]/p‟ myfirstscript
ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔsedٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬“^”َٔ‫ػ‬ ً‫ك‬invert selection‫ظٍـخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬“^/^[ahl]”
sed '/^[^ahl]/p‟ myfirstscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ُزُي‬command‫اي‬ ‫اؽجغ‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬line‫ثؤي‬ ‫ٌجذأ‬character‫ؿٍش‬a,h,l

sed '/^[^ahl]/d‟ myfirstscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ‫آغؼ‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬lines‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬ ‫ؿٍش‬ ‫ؽشف‬ ‫ثبي‬ ‫رجذأ‬ ً‫اُز‬
‫ًٝٔب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٍ‫اُؾب‬ ٞٛcaret (^)ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغشي‬dollar ($)‫ث‬ ‫رٞػغ‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘ب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؼذ‬
brackets
sed '/[it]$/!d' myfirstscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً٘‫ٝٓؼ‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ًَ ‫ثٔغؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫اٗال‬linesٍ‫ثب‬ ًٜ‫ر٘ز‬ ً‫اُز‬“i”ٝ‫ا‬“t”‫ٝآغؼ‬
ً‫اُجبه‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ًَ ‫ثٔغؼ‬ ّ‫هب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬linesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
file: myfirstscript‫ال‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ‫اي‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ٍُْ‫ا‬ ٕfile : myfirstscript‫اي‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ‫ٍُظ‬Line
ٍ‫ثب‬ ًٜ‫ٌ٘ز‬“a”ٝ‫ا‬“h”ٝ‫ا‬“l”ٍ‫ا‬ ًَ ‫ثٔغؼ‬ ّ‫كوب‬lines
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫هب‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬sedٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ثبالؽزلبظ‬lineٍ‫ثب‬ ًٜ‫ٌ٘ز‬ ‫اُزي‬“i”ً‫ثبه‬ ‫ٝٓغؼ‬
ٍ‫ا‬lines‫اُضبُش‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ِٚ‫ٝٓض‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ًٔب‬“^”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬“$”‫ػ‬ ‫ُِذالُخ‬‫اُلبسؽ‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ًِ
sed „/^$/d‟ myfirstscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ِٝٓخض‬expressions: ًٛ ‫اعزخذٓ٘بٛب‬ ً‫اُز‬
. any single character
[] a range of characters
^ start of line (when outside [ ])
^ do not (when inside [ ])
$ end of line
^$ empty line
* 0 or more of the previous pattern
+ 1 or more of the previous pattern
{n}
{n, }+
{n,m}
USING SED AND PIPES

ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔsedٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬pipeٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػٍِٔخ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫اعشاء‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُشؿجخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬sed
sed '/^[^ahl]/d' bazaar.txt | sed '/^$/d' | nl
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫دٓظ‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫اُٞهذ‬ ‫ُٝزٞكٍش‬2 sed commandsٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬pipeّ‫ٝثبعزخذا‬
sedٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذح‬2 command optionsٍٖ‫اُؼالٓز‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬„ „
sed '/^[^ahl]/d;/^$/d' bazaar.txt | nl
ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝform‫اخشي‬‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ً‫رؼط‬

cat myfirstscript | sed '/^[^ahl]/d;/^$/d'
THE SPLAT (ASTERISK) ) * (
ٍ‫ا‬asteriskّٞ‫ثٍو‬َٔ‫ثؼ‬matchingَُpatern‫أُٞعٞد‬‫هجِٜب‬ًِٚ‫ع‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ٞاء‬pattern
‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٓشس‬
sed '/ahm*/p' splatscript
grep “a*” splatscript

ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ًٛٝgetٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼشع‬patternٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ُٞ ً‫ؽز‬characterَُ ‫اُغبثن‬“*”‫ؿٍش‬
‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬ٍٝ‫اال‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ً1999
THE PLUS OPERATOR) + (
ٍ‫ا‬plusَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ثٍو‬matchingَُpaternٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ثششؽ‬ ‫هجِٜب‬ ‫أُٞعٞد‬pattern
ًِٚ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬

MATCHING A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF THE PATTERN USING THE CURLY
BRACKETS}{
‫رٌشاس‬ ٌٌٖٔ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ٕ‫اُؼ٘ٞا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً٘‫ٝٓؼ‬pattern‫ُؼ‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫أُشاد‬ ٖٓ ‫ذد‬{}
ٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫كٜزا‬a{4} = aaaa
sed '/19{3}/p' splatscript
‫ٝػغ‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ٌُٖٝ“”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬“{“ٍ‫ٝا‬“}”
sed '/19{3}/p' splatscript

ٝ‫ا‬
grep “19{2}” splatscript
َٔ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝmatching‫الي‬3 charactersٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ك٘غزخذ‬form
grep “<[a-z][a-z][a-z]>” 3character
‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬(< and >)ًٔ‫رغ‬encapsulationٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌْ‫ُِزؾ‬letters

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ًزبثخ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝcommandٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬
grep “<[a-z]{3}>” 3character
A DETOUR - USING A DIFFERENT FIELD SEPARATOR IN SED PATTERN
MATCHING
‫اُج‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ؾش‬patternٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ِٓق‬ ً‫ك‬
/home/hamish/some_where
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬sedٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬
sed „//home/hamish/some_where/!d‟ pathscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٌُٖٝformٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ًزبثخ‬ ٍَٜ‫ُٝزغ‬ ، ‫ٓب‬ ‫ؽذ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫طؼجخ‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ٌٌٖٔ
“”ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫آب‬ ‫رٞػغ‬ ً‫اُز‬regular expressions‫ثـ‬“%”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذح‬command
ٚ‫ٜٝٗبٌز‬
‫ػالٓخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫االػزجبس‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫االخز‬ ‫ٓغ‬“%”‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغجوٜب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬“”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬ ٕ‫ال‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬“%”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫رخجش‬ ّٞ‫رو‬shellٞٛ ‫ثؼذٛب‬ ً‫ٌؤر‬ ‫عٞف‬ ‫ٓب‬ ٕ‫ا‬regular expression
sed „%/home/ahmed%!d‟ pathscript

USING W ORD ENCAPSULATING CHARACTERS
‫اُؼالٓخ‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬(< >)ًٔ‫رغ‬encapsulationِْٜ‫هج‬ ‫ٌٝٞػغ‬“”ٍ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫ٌزؼب‬ ًٌُshell
ْٜٗ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬regular expresionsٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬ ‫ظجؾٞا‬ٍ‫ك‬(< >)
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٝظٍلخ‬encapsulationٍ‫ا‬ ‫رـٍِق‬ ًٛpattern‫ثذهخ‬ ٚ‫أُطِٞث‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِؾ‬
‫االٓش‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫الؽع‬ٌٖ
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫هب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ ‫االٓش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ؽٍش‬shellٍٝ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبعزجذا‬3 charactersًَ ٖٓlineّ‫ثبالسهب‬321ً‫ؽز‬
‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬Lineٖٓ ‫اًضش‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬3 characters
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫هب‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ‫االٓش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبعزجذا‬linesًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬3 characters‫كوؾ‬
RETURNING FROM DETOUR TO OUR DISCUSSION ON CURLY BRACES…
َٔ‫ػ‬ ٌٌٖٔmatching‫ُـ‬2 “a” characters‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫االه‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
sed „/a{2,}/!d‟ infinit
‫اُوٞط‬ َ‫داخ‬ ‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬{2,4}ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫كٜزا‬matchًٗ‫اد‬ ‫ثؾذ‬2ً‫ظ‬‫اه‬ ‫ٝثؾذ‬4
sed „/a{2,4}/!d‟ infinit
THE TR COMMAND
ً٘‫ٌؼ‬translateّٞ‫ٌو‬ ُٞٛٝ‫ؽب‬ ‫ثزـٍٍش‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اُؾشف‬ ‫خ‬capitalٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬small

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ٌٌٖٔٝcommandَٔ‫ٝػ‬ ٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬redirectَُoutputًِ‫ػ‬file
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔtr commandٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٍَٜ‫رغ‬ ً‫ك‬reports‫اُزخِض‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌغبػذٗب‬ ‫ؽٍش‬ ،
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓspacesٍ‫ٝا‬tabs‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬ ٍٚ‫ك‬ ‫ثٌضشح‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬option : -sٌ ‫اُزي‬ً‫ك‬ ‫غبػذ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػـؾ‬charactersًُ‫ا‬ ٜٚ‫أُزشبث‬character‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬
‫االٓش‬ ‫ػشػ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫كٔضال‬freeًَ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُغبكبد‬ ٖٓ ‫اٌُضٍش‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫كغ٘غذ‬column، ‫ٝاخش‬
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ك٘غزخذ‬ ‫ٓغبكخ‬ ‫ٝعؼِٜب‬ ‫أُغبكبد‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ؼـؾ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬
free | tr –s “ ”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝspace‫ثؤي‬characterٚ‫ػـط‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫اخش‬

THE CUT COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬command : cutٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫عضء‬ ‫هطغ‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬lineّ‫ثبعزخذا‬delimiter‫ُزؾذٌذ‬
‫اعبعٜب‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُوطغ‬ ْ‫عٍز‬ ً‫اُز‬ َ‫اُلٞاط‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬delimitersٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٙ‫ٓٞعٞد‬shell variablesْ‫ثبع‬IFS (Input Field
Separators)
ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬ٍ‫ا‬delimitersٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُذي‬ ‫أُؼشكخ‬cutًٛt = tab, n=new line,
“ ”= new line
free | tr -s ' ' | grep Mem | cut -d" " –f1-3
‫ؽٍش‬–d: delimiter
ٍ‫ٝا‬–f : field no.

ٍ‫ٝا‬fieldًُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ٌ٘وغ‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ثٔؼ‬ ، ‫أُغبكخ‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُؤٍخ‬ ٞٛfields‫ثٍٜ٘ب‬ َ‫ظ‬‫ٌل‬
( ‫ٓغبكبد‬delimiter)
ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ“-c”َٔ‫ُؼ‬cutَُcharacters
free | tr -s ' ' | grep Mem | cut -c6-13,15,17
ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدد‬ ‫ٝارا‬tabٖٓ ‫ثذال‬spaceٍ‫ا‬ ٌُٖٝdelimiterٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ػجبسح‬character‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٗزت‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ٝال‬tabٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬“t”ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬IFS‫ؼـؾ‬ٗ ‫ُزُي‬ ،CTRL+vْ‫ص‬tab
THE PASTE COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬command : paste‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫ثذٓظ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬2 files‫ؼغ‬ٌ ‫ثؾٍش‬“tab”ًَ ٍٖ‫ث‬line‫ٝاالخش‬
paste pastescript pasteequal
ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝdelimitersٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫ًٔب‬command: cutٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ؼغ‬ٌ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ٌُٖٝ
delimiterٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ثذال‬tab

paste –d”;” pastescript pasteequal
THE UNIQ COMMAND
‫االٓش‬uniq‫ٓززبٍُخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ر‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ثششؽ‬ ‫أٌُشسح‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ‫ثؾزف‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬
‫ِٓق‬ ‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫ثبعزؼشاع‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬/etc/passwdٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٓؼشكخ‬ ‫ٝاسدٗب‬shells‫أُغزخذٓخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ‫ثٜب‬ ‫أٌُزٞة‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ٖٓ ‫اٌُضٍش‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫أُِق‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ك٘غذ‬shells
‫ثبع‬ ّٞ‫ك٘و‬ّ‫زخذا‬uniq‫كوؾ‬ ‫أُخزِق‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝاُؾلبظ‬ ٜٚ‫أُزشبث‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ‫ثؾزف‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ًٌُ
cut –d”:” –f7 /etc/passwd | uniq

‫ٗغذ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬ٕ‫ا‬uniqٜٚ‫ٝأُزشبث‬ ‫أُززبٍُخ‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ًَ ‫ثؾزف‬ ّ‫هب‬‫رظٜش‬ ‫ٓبصاُذ‬ ٌُٖٝ ،shells
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫كبُؾ‬ ، ٜٚ‫ٓزشبث‬sortَُfileَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ْ‫ص‬ ‫اٝال‬uniq
cut –d”:” –f7 /etc/passwd | sort | uniq
THE SORT COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬sort commandsٖٓٝ ‫االًجش‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫االطـش‬ ٖٓ ‫أُِق‬ ‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫ثزشرٍت‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬“a”ًُ‫ا‬“z”

ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔoption : -o‫االٓش‬ ‫ٓغ‬sortٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ثذال‬redirectionً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ٞٛٝ
output
cut -d: -f7 /etc/passwd |sort -ruo test
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬options‫االٓش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ً‫اُز‬sort
Option Action

-o َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬redirectًِ‫ػ‬fileٖٓ ‫ثذال‬“>”
-u َٔ‫ُؼ‬uniq sort
+t ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛdelimiterٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبص‬sort
+3 ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬fields‫عٍزغبِٜٛب‬ ً‫اُز‬
-n ‫اُؾشٝف‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬ ّ‫االسهب‬ ‫ؽغت‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ‫ُزشرٍت‬
-r ٔ‫ُؼ‬َreverse sort
cut –d”:” –f3,7 /etc/passwd | sort –t: -rn
THE GREP COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔgrep‫ًـ‬filterَ‫داخ‬ ‫ُِ٘ظش‬ ٝ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ‫ٌغزطٍغ‬ ‫ًٔب‬regular
expression
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬grepَ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫ُِ٘ظش‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬form
grep “/bin/bash” /etc/passwd
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٝال‬patternًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٗجؾش‬ ‫اُزي‬“/”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثٞػغ‬ ‫كؤ٘ب‬patternٍ‫ػالٓز‬ َ‫داخ‬ٖ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫ًٝزُي‬ ، ""grepٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌجؾش‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌجؾش‬ ‫ال‬pattern‫ثـ‬ ‫ٌجذأ‬“/”ْ‫ص‬
“b”‫اُخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬optionsَُ ‫أُلٍذح‬grep‫كٔضال‬:

‫اػبكخ‬ ٌٌٖٔoption : -B1ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ٖٓ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ًٌُpattern
‫اػبكخ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ–A1ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ‫ُؼشع‬pattern
ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ–vَٔ‫ُؼ‬reverseَُpatternٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذا‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ًَ ‫ٌؼشع‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ثٔؼ‬
pattern

ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ–nَٔ‫ُؼ‬lableَُpattern‫اُزي‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ْ‫سه‬ ‫ؼغ‬ٌ(ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬pattern)
Option Action
-B1 ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼشع‬patternٍ‫ٝا‬lineٚ‫ٌغجو‬ ‫اُزي‬
-A1 ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼشع‬patternٍ‫ٝا‬lineٌٍِٚ ‫اُزي‬
-v ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫ػذا‬ ‫اُغطٞس‬ ًَ ‫ٌؼشع‬pattern
-n ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ْ‫سه‬ ‫ؼغ‬ٌpatternٚ‫ثغبٗج‬
‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫ٗغزخشط‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ahmedٍ‫ا‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ٖٓfilesٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬working directory
ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫سه‬ ‫ٝٓؼشكخ‬Lineٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫اُزي‬patternٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬form‫اُزبٍُخ‬:
ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ٍ‫ثبعزجذا‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ؽٍش‬file‫ثـ‬“*”ٍ‫ا‬ ًَ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٌجؾش‬ ً‫ؽز‬filesٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬ ،
fileٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫اُزي‬Patternْ‫ٝسه‬ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُغطش‬file

ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬grep‫ًـ‬filter
ُ‫ر‬ ٌٍٕٞ‫ك‬‫ي‬ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ً‫ك‬grepٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬pipeٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٌذخ‬ ‫ؽٍش‬outputٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًبٓال‬grep
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫كٍو‬filtrationٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝاعزخشاط‬ ُٚdata‫أُطِٞثخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ثٞػٞػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ‫ٌٝظٜش‬logs: ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬
tail -10 /var/log/messages |grep '19:[0-5][0-9]:[0-5][0-9]‟
‫كٜ٘ب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اخزٗب‬outputٖٓtailٞٛٝ10ًِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫ٝادخِ٘ب‬ ‫عطٞس‬grepَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّ‫كوب‬filter‫ٝاخشط‬ ُٚ4
‫كوؾ‬ ‫عطٞس‬
GREP, EGREP AND FGREP
‫ٛ٘بى‬3ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اٗٞاع‬grep
Type Function
Grep ٍ‫ا‬ ٞٛstandard grep
Egrep ‫ث‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٌضشح‬extended regular expressions‫ثطئ‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ
Fgrep ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ‫ال‬regular expressions‫عشٌغ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ُزُي‬
ٍ‫ٝا‬sedٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫هٍِال‬ ‫اعشع‬grep

CHAPTER 4. PRACTICALLY SHELL
SCRIPTING
SECTION TECHNIQUES TO USE WHEN WRITING, SAVING AND
EXECUTING SHELL SCRIPTS
‫اي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗزلن‬ ‫دػٞٗب‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزطجٍن‬ ‫ٗجذأ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
command lineٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ث٘وِٜب‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫عٍذ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ‫ػِٜٔب‬ ٖٓ ‫اُزؤًذ‬ ‫ٝثؼذ‬script file
َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٔؼشكخ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬shellsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُغزخذٓخ‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزطجٍن‬ ‫اٝال‬ ّٞ‫ك٘و‬
commandًِ‫ػ‬ٍ‫ا‬terminal
cat –d: -f7 /etc/passwd | sort –u
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثٞػغ‬ ‫رُي‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ْ‫ص‬command‫ٓضال‬ ٍٚٔ‫ٝٗغ‬ ‫ِٓق‬ ً‫ك‬script.sh
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗؼِٜٔب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫اُوٞاػذ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٌُٖٝscriptٕ‫اال‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ ‫ٗزؼشف‬ ‫ٝعٞف‬
DETOUR: FILE EXTENSION LABELS
1-ٍ‫ثب‬ ْ‫ٌٜز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اٌٍُِ٘ظ‬extensions
‫ال‬ ٚ‫ٌؼشك‬ ‫ٝال‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٍٚ‫ك‬ ‫االعبعٍخ‬ ‫اُوبػذح‬ ٕeverything is a fileْ‫اع‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫االٓزذاد‬ ‫ؼٍق‬ٗ ‫هذ‬ ‫ٌُٝ٘٘ب‬
ٍ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ٗؾ‬ ‫ٗززًش‬ ًٌُfileٞٛscript‫اُخ‬ ً‫ظ‬ٗ ‫ِٓق‬ ٝ‫ا‬
script
script.sh
2-ٍ‫ا‬scriptٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬executable‫االٓش‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫ٝرُي‬
chmod +x script.sh
3-ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُز٘لٍز‬script‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ٚٓ‫آب‬“./”ٝ‫ا‬“sh”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ ً‫ؽز‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬fileٞٛ
script
./script
sh script

COMMENTS IN SCRIPTS
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫عطش‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ‫ٗششػ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ٚ‫ٌٗزج‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬script‫اػزجبس‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
ٚٗ‫ا‬commentٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٝال‬shell‫ؼغ‬ٗ ‫رُي‬ َٔ‫ُٝؼ‬ ، ٙ‫ثز٘لٍز‬(#)ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫آب‬line‫ًـ‬ ٙ‫اػزجبس‬ ‫أُشاد‬
comment
#A script to produce the unique shells using the /etc/passwd
file
cut -d: -f7 /etc/passwd |sort -u
VARIABLES
ٍ‫ا‬variables‫أُؼِٞٓبد‬ ٌٖ‫ُزخض‬ ٚ‫ٓئهز‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ًٍٛ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٓغبؽخ‬ ‫ؽغض‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬memoryْ‫ثبع‬
ٍ‫ا‬variable nameٍ‫ا‬ ‫كٍٜب‬ ‫ٌٝٞػغ‬variable
NAME=”ahmed”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽٍش‬variable nameٞٛNAMEٍ‫ٝا‬ ،variableٞٛahmed
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِزؼب‬ ٍٖٜٔٓ ٍٖ‫هبػذر‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬variables
1-ٍ‫ا‬variableٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬capital‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٔب‬NAME
2-ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓغبكبد‬ ‫اي‬ ‫رٞعذ‬ ‫ال‬variable name‫ٝػالٓخ‬“=”ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٝال‬“”ٍ‫ٝا‬value
ٛ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِٝزؼب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫زا‬variableٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ٝاالعزلبدح‬value‫ػالٓخ‬ ٚٓ‫آب‬ ‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬“$”
echo "$NAME"
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًزبثخ‬ ٍ‫اشٌب‬ ‫اثغؾ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬script

SHEBANG OR HASHPLING!#
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ‫ٓ٘ب‬ ‫اٌُضٍش‬bashٚٓ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫اُجؼغ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٌُٖ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ‫هٔذ‬ ‫ٝارا‬ ،scriptٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬Bash‫ػ‬ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ َٔ‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كوذ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اخش‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ًِshells
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اعجبس‬ ‫كٍغت‬ ‫ُزُي‬scriptً‫ك‬ َٔ‫ٌؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬shellٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬: ٍٖ‫اُطشٌوز‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬
1-ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬script‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬sh
sh script.sh
2-ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اػبكخ‬shebang
ٍ‫ٝا‬shebangٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓضٌظ‬ ٞٛ“# : hash”ٍ‫ٝا‬“! : bang”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫رٞػغ‬scriptٚ‫ثذاٌز‬ ً‫ك‬
ٍُِ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ذالُخ‬interpreter‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫عٍزؼب‬ ‫اُزي‬ٍ‫ا‬script
#!/bin/bash
EXIT
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اُطشٌوخ‬ ‫ػشك٘ب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬standardٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُجذاٌخ‬scriptًٜ٘ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُطشٌوخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؼشف‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٜب‬scriptٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬ending status
ٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫رخشط‬ ‫ثشٗبٓظ‬ ‫اي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫اٗزٜبء‬ ‫كؼوت‬ًٜ‫اٗز‬ َٛ( ‫اُجشٗبٓظ‬ ‫ٛزا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ًٜ‫اٗز‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫رٞػؼ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٔ‫رغ‬ ‫اُؤٍخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬ )‫اخطبء‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ّ‫ا‬ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬exit value
‫ٌؾذس‬ ُْٝ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ‫اُجشٗبٓظ‬ ًٜ‫اٗز‬ ‫كإرا‬errorsٍ‫ا‬ ٌٕٞ‫كز‬exit value =0
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٝؽذس‬ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ‫اُجشٗبٓظ‬ ًٜ‫ٌ٘ز‬ ُْ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬errorsٍ‫ا‬ ٌٕٞ‫كز‬exit value = 1-255
Exit Value Exit Status
0 (Zero) Success

Non-zero Failure
2 Incorrect usage
127 Command Not found
126 Not an executable my be the script is not executable
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓؼشكخ‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫ُزُي‬exit statusًَ ‫ٜٗبٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬script‫ٜٗبٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫اػبكخ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
ٍ‫ا‬script
echo $?
NULL AND UNSET VARIABLES
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬variablesَ‫ٓض‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫ٗزؾذس‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُٜبٓخ‬nullٝunset
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٝٓؼ‬variable nullٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٞٛvariable‫ٓٞعٞد‬‫ح‬(set)ُٜ ‫ٍُظ‬ ٌُٖٝ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ب‬
(null)ًُ‫ًبُزب‬
NAME=””
NAME=

ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬Variable=NAMEٚ‫هٍٔز‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٓٞعٞد‬null‫ٝالؽع‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓغبكخ‬ ‫ٝعٞد‬ ّ‫ػذ‬“”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٝ٘زظ‬variable‫كبسؽ‬ ‫عطش‬
‫ٌغبٝي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٌُٖٝ
NAME=” ”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُغبكخ‬ ٕ‫ال‬“ ”ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؼجش‬value‫رغبٝي‬ ًٜ‫ك‬ ‫ُزُي‬
NAME=”ahmed”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫آب‬Unsetٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٔغؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ًٜ‫ك‬valueَُ ٚ‫ظ‬‫ظ‬‫أُخ‬variableًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
unset NAME
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٗلشم‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝغت‬null valueٍ‫ٝا‬empty valueٍ‫أُضب‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫اًضش‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫ؼؼ‬‫ٌز‬ ًٌُٝ،
ًُ‫اُزب‬‫اُضالس‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬variables:

VARIABLE EXPANSION
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬variablesٕ‫ًب‬ ‫كبرا‬ ،variable=NAME‫ُٜٝب‬
value = ahmed
NAME=”ahmed”
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫ٝهٔذ‬echo‫ُؼشع‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬Value
echo $NAME
‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫اُ٘برظ‬ ٌٍٕٞ‫كغ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًزج٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓبرا‬ ٌُٖٝcommandٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬
echo $NAMEX
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫عٍغذ‬NAMEXٍ‫ا‬ ‫خِق‬ ‫ًبِٓخ‬ ‫ٌٓزٞثخ‬$‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖ‫كٍظ‬variable‫اعٜٔب‬
NAMEXٝ ‫ٌغذٛب‬ ِٖ‫ك‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫ٌجؾش‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬ ٌُٖٝ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫عز‬errorًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬

‫عٍذا‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اٗظش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ُِزلشٌن‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫ٝاك‬variableٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ًٛ ٌٍِٚ ‫شٍئ‬ ‫ٝاي‬ ٚ‫ٗلغ‬variableٍٖ‫ث‬
curly brackets {}
echo ${NAME}X
ٍ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ٌل‬ ‫ٝعٞف‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬variablٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ ‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬ ًٛX‫ٜٓ٘ب‬ ‫عضء‬ ‫ٍُغذ‬
ENVIRONMENTAL VS SHELL VARIABLES
‫ال‬shell variableٍ‫ا‬ ًٛvariableٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رطجن‬ ً‫اُز‬shell‫كوؾ‬ ‫ؽبٍُب‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ َٔ‫ٗؼ‬ ً‫اُز‬
ُٖٝ‫اي‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رطجن‬shell‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ً‫ؽز‬ ‫ٗلزؾٜب‬ ‫عذٌذح‬shellٍ‫ا‬ َ‫داخ‬ ‫ٓلزٞؽخ‬shellّ‫ثبعزخذا‬
‫االٓش‬Bash

‫ال‬environment variablesٍ‫ا‬ ًَ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رطجن‬shellsً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬ٍ‫ا‬system‫ٌٝوشأٛب‬
ٍ‫ا‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬login
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫اؽ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدد‬ ‫ٝارا‬shell variableًُ‫ا‬environment variable‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬export
export NAME
ARITHMETIC IN THE SHELL
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫اُؾغبثٍخ‬ ‫اُؼالٓبد‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬scriptingٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝع٘زؾذس‬
integer arithmetic
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫ظؾٍؾخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫اُؾغبثٍخ‬ ٍْ‫اُو‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِزؼب‬ ‫ؽشم‬ ‫ػذح‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬scripts:
1-ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػغ‬expressionٍٖ‫ٓضدٝع‬ ٍٖ‫هٞع‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُؾغبثٍخ‬ ‫أُؼبدُخ‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ً‫اُؾغبث‬$(( ))

ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُؾغبثٍخ‬ ‫اُؼالٓبد‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬script
Arithmetic operators action
+ ‫اُغٔغ‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬
- ُ‫ا‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬‫طشػ‬
* ‫ؼشة‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬
/ ‫اُوغٔخ‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬
% ‫أُئٌٞخ‬ ‫اُ٘غجخ‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌُزبثخ‬ ‫اُطشم‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ًَ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬expression‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫رئدي‬
((J=I+5))
J=$((I+5))
J=$(( I + 5))
$(( J = I + 5))
ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٌ٘زظ‬ ‫عٞف‬ "=" ‫ػالٓخ‬ ‫ٝثؼذ‬ َ‫هج‬ ‫ٓغبكبد‬ ‫ٝعٞد‬ ٌُٖٝerror
J = $(( I + 5 ))

CHAPTER 5. USING QUOTATION
MARKS
INTRODUCTION
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬chapterٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬quotation marks، ‫االخش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝاخزالكٜب‬ ‫ٝٝظٍلزٜب‬
‫ٝٛ٘بى‬3ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اٗٞاع‬quotation marks
Our term Real term Symbol
Ticks Single quotes „
Back ticks Back quotes ` ("‫"ر‬ ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽشف‬ ًِ‫)ػ‬
Quotes Double quotes “
SINGLE QUOTES OR "TICKS"
1-ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬single quotesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽجبػخ‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬charactersً‫ؽز‬ ٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ث٘لظ‬ ‫ًبِٓخ‬
ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬special characters‫رزشعٜٔب‬ ‫ال‬ ًٜ‫ك‬
2-ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ‫اص٘بء‬ ٚٓ‫اعزخذا‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫ٌل‬ ‫ال‬filesًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬spacesٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫الؽع‬ ،
‫اُزب‬ًُ

3-َٔ‫ُؼ‬ ‫اعزخذآٜب‬ ٌٌٖٔsetَُvariablesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ‫ٝال‬variables
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬commands
‫الؽع‬ٕ‫ا‬ٍ‫ا‬shellٕ‫ا‬ ‫اػزجشد‬ٍ‫ا‬valueًٛahmed gamilٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ٓـِلخ‬ ‫الٜٗب‬ ‫ًِٜب‬single
quotes
4-َٔ‫ُؼ‬ ‫اعزخذآٜب‬ ٌٌٖٔnew line
DOUBLE QUOTES
5-ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬special characters
ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬ٙ‫ٛز‬ٍ‫ا‬commands‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌئدٝا‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ًَspecial charactersٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬“”‫ًـ‬ ‫ٓؼٜب‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ْ‫ٌز‬characters‫ٝال‬ ‫ػبدٌخ‬
َٔ‫ػ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬expansionٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذا‬ ‫ُٜب‬$ٝ„
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬“$”‫ًـ‬character‫ٍُٝظ‬ ‫ػبدي‬special character‫ػالٓخ‬ ‫ؼغ‬٘‫ك‬“”
ًُ‫ًبُزب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬shellٍ‫ا‬ َٓ‫ٌؼب‬“”‫ًـ‬escape characterٍ‫ا‬ ٌَٞ‫ثزؾ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬special
characterًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٍِٜب‬ ‫اُزي‬character‫ػبدي‬ٚ‫رشعٔز‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫ال‬ ً‫ُط‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔ“”‫االٓش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫اخش‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬echo –eٍ‫ا‬ َٓ‫رؼب‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ‫ثزـٍٍش‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اُزي‬shell‫ٓغ‬
ٍ‫ا‬“”ٌٌٕٞ ‫ؽٍش‬
Action Command
n ‫عذٌذ‬ ‫ُغطش‬ ٍٝ‫اُ٘ض‬
t ‫اػبكخ‬tab

BACKTICKS
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬(``)ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬‫ٗ٘لز‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗؤخز‬output‫كبرا‬ ،‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ٚٓ‫ٝٗغزخذ‬
‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ك٘غزخذ‬ ًُ‫اُؾب‬ ‫اُزبسٌخ‬ ‫ػشع‬ ‫اسدٗب‬
date
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ‫اص٘بء‬ ًُ‫اُؾب‬ ‫اُزبسٌخ‬ ‫ٗؼشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝscriptٕ‫ا‬ ‫كٍغت‬ً‫ك‬ ٚ‫ؼؼ‬ٗvariableْ‫ص‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬Variableٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬scriptٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫الؽع‬ ٌُٖٝDATEٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ‫رزـٍش‬ ُٖٝ ًٛ ‫ًٔب‬ َ‫عزظ‬variable : DATE
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ْ‫ر‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ٝاؽذح‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ‫ٌزـٍش‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬backticks
? َ‫اُؾ‬ ‫كٔب‬ ‫ارا‬
َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌغت‬resetَُDATEٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ًَ ً‫ك‬date‫ظٍض‬‫رخ‬ ‫اػبدح‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ًُ‫اُؾب‬
ٍ‫ا‬variable‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬
DATE=`date`
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٝثزُي‬variable : DATEٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثوشاءح‬valueَُ ‫اُغذٌذح‬date

ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ًٔب‬variable : DATEٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫ٝؽذ‬ ‫اُٞهذ‬ ‫ُؼشع‬command
TIME=`echo $DATE | cut –d‟ ‟ –f4`
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُزـٍٍش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٝثزُي‬DATE variableٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫رـٍٍش‬ ٚ‫ٌزجؼ‬TIME variable
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓبرا‬ ٌُٖٝback ticksٍ ‫ظٜب‬ٍ‫ظ‬‫رخ‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬ ‫ٗلغٜب‬variableٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬
ًُ‫اُزب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫خشعذ‬ ٌُٖٝ ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ر‬ ‫االٓش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ع٘غذ‬command lineُ‫ُز‬ ، ‫ُز٘لٍزٛب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظٜش‬ ‫ي‬
error‫ٌٞعذ‬ ‫ال‬ ٚٗ‫ال‬commandٚٔ‫اع‬08:49:46،‫ظٍض‬‫رخ‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫ٌل‬ ‫ُزُي‬variableَُback
ticks commands
‫ػالٓخ‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ$()ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ثذال‬back ticksٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬back ticks‫سإٌزٜب‬ ‫ؼؼت‬ٌ ‫سثٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬script
SHELL ARITHMETIC'S WITH EXPR AND BACK QUOTES
‫رؾذص‬ ‫ُوذ‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫عبثوب‬ ‫٘ب‬$(())ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫اُؾغبثٍخ‬ ‫اُؼٍِٔبد‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ً‫اُز‬shells
‫ثـ‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫االعزؼبػخ‬ ٌٖٔ‫ث‬ ‫ُزُي‬ ‫رلٜٜٔب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اُوذٌٔخ‬commandٚٔ‫اع‬exprً‫ًبالر‬

i=0
i=$((i+1))
‫ٌغبٝي‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬
i=0
i=$(expr i+1)
‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ٞٛٝ
i=`expr i+1`
ANOTHER TIP WHEN USING QUOTATION MARKS
‫ظٍض‬‫ثزخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬variable : file‫االٓش‬ ‫ٗزغخ‬ ‫ُؼشع‬ls –al‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ‫ٝهٔ٘ب‬
file=`ls -al`
echo $file
‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًِٜب‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫كغزظٜش‬Unformatted
‫ؼٍق‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كٍغت‬ ‫أُشٌِخ‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ٗؼبُظ‬ ًٌُٝ“”

echo “$file”

CHAPTER 6. SO, YOU WANT AN
ARGUMENT?
INTRODUCTION
ًٔ‫اي‬ ٍَ‫ُزشـ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ػِٔ٘ب‬ ‫ب‬scriptًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬
./script.sh
ًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ‫رشـٍِخ‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ٌُٖٝ
./eatout.sh file.txt
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓلٍذح‬scriptًِ‫ػ‬fileٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ٌٌٖٔٝscriptٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫رٞعذ‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬file‫ٛ٘ب‬ ًٔ‫رغ‬ ‫أٌُِخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬ ،argument
./eatout.sh Word-in-file.txt
‫ُذٌ٘ب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلزشع‬script : eat.shٝfile : restaurant.txtًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬dataْ‫أُطبػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
ٌٍُٖٝ ْ‫أُطبػ‬ ٖٓ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ثٍبٗبد‬ ‫ٗغزخشط‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗشٌذ‬Italian
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬scriptً‫االر‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ًٌُٝscriptُ‫ثب‬ ‫االٓش‬ ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٌَ‫ش‬
./eat.sh Italian
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫عٍذا‬ ‫الؽع‬script‫اُشٓض‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬$1‫ٛ٘بى‬ َٛٝ ٙ‫ٓؼ٘ب‬ ‫كٔب‬$0ٝ$2
‫اُخ‬
ٍ‫كب‬ ْ‫ٗؼ‬shell‫اعضاء‬ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫االٓش‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٍْ‫ثزوغ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬
./eat.sh Italian
َ‫رٔض‬ ‫ؽٍش‬./eat.sh‫ثبُشٓض‬$0
ٍ‫ٝا‬italian‫ثبُشٓض‬$1
‫اي‬ ‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬argument‫ثؼذ‬ ‫اخش‬italian‫ثبُشٓض‬ ُٚ ‫كٍشٓض‬$2‫اُخ‬
ًٔ‫رغ‬ ‫اُشٓٞص‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬positional parameters
ٍ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ثزؼذ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝعؼِ٘ب‬TYPE = $2
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫ٝهٔ٘ب‬script‫ثؼشع‬ ّ‫هب‬ ٙ‫ٗغذ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٍبٗبد‬argumentٞٛٝ ًٗ‫اُضب‬smart
ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ َ‫ٗغؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝfile : restaurant.txt‫اي‬ ‫ٝػغ‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ثؾٍش‬ ‫ٓزـٍش‬file‫اخش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫داخ‬ ٍُٚ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗشٍش‬script‫ثبُشٓض‬$2ًُ‫ًبُزب‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ٝػ٘ذ‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬form‫اُزبٍُخ‬
POSITIONAL PARAMETERS 0 AND 1 THROUGH 9
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫رًشٗب‬ ‫ًٔب‬positional parametersٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ًٛparametersًُ‫ا‬ ‫رشٍش‬ ً‫اُز‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٌٓب‬argumentٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫عٍغزخذ‬ ‫اُزي‬script
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ٝاًجش‬parametersٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٚٓ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔscriptٞٛ10 parametersٖٓ ‫اي‬$0
ًُ‫ا‬$9
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝشٍش‬$0ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ًُ‫ا‬script
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝشٍش‬$1ٍٝ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬argument‫ٌٝٛزا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫عٍذا‬ ‫رززًش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ٌُٖٝ$0ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫رشٍش‬scriptّ‫اعزخذ‬ ‫ارا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬script‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫اع‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫رشٍش‬shell‫ًـ‬ ٙ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ّ‫أُغزخذ‬commandًُ‫ًبُزب‬ َ‫ظ‬‫ٓ٘ل‬

‫ظٍض‬‫رخ‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫ٌل‬variableَُargument‫ظٍض‬‫رخ‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫االك‬ ٖٓ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ثٔؼ‬TYPE=$1ّ‫ٝاعزخذا‬
ٍ‫ا‬variableٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗلغٜب‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬argument‫اُغطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬
grep $TYPE $FILE
‫ثؼذ‬ ‫الٗ٘ب‬َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ًٍلٍخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬ ٍَِ‫ه‬shiftَُarguments‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫رـٍٍش‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫عٍئدي‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬
ٍ‫ا‬positional argumentsٕٝ‫كب‬ ًُ‫ثبُزب‬$1ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ُٖargumentٍٝ‫اال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؾلع‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫كبالك‬ ‫ُزُي‬positional argumentً‫ك‬variable
OTHER ARGUMENTS USED WITH POSITIONAL PARAMETERS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫عبثوب‬ ‫رًشٗب‬ ‫ًٔب‬positional argumentٞٛ10ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫اُؾوٍوخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌُٖٝ
‫رُي‬ ٖٓ ‫اًضش‬
$# HOW MANY POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS HAVE W E GOT ?
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ًْ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ًٌُpositional argumentsٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗغزخذٜٓب‬ ً‫اُز‬script‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ
‫اُشٓض‬“$#”ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬script
$* DISPLAY ALL POSITIONAL PARAMETERS
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ًٌُٝpositional arguments‫اُشٓض‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫أُغزخذٓخ‬“$*”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫داخ‬
script

USING THE "SHIFT" COMMAND - FOR MORE THAN 9 POSITIONAL
PARAMETERS
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬ ‫ُوذ‬positional argumentٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝهِ٘ب‬$0َُ ٚ‫ظ‬‫ظ‬‫ٓخ‬script‫ٌٍِٜب‬ ْ‫ص‬$1ًُ‫ا‬$9
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫رُي‬ ٖٓ ‫اًضش‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝرًشٗب‬positional argument? ‫رُي‬ ‫كٌٍق‬
‫اًضش‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫اُؾ‬ ٌٌٖٔ$9َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬shiftَُpositional arguments‫ٓوذاس‬ ‫ثؤي‬
‫هِ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬
shift 5
‫اػبكخ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫كجزُي‬$1 : $5ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظجؼ‬‫ٝر‬ ‫عذٌذح‬$1 >>> $6ٍ‫ٝا‬$9 >>> $14
‫االك‬ ٖٓ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫هِ٘ب‬ ‫ُزُي‬‫ظٍض‬‫رخ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫ؼ‬variableٌَُpositional argument
EXIT STATUS OF THE PREVIOUS COMMAND
‫اخش‬$ًٛ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬“$?”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫رٞػؼ‬ ًٛٝexit status‫ال‬‫خش‬commandٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ر‬
‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ّ‫ا‬ ‫ث٘غبػ‬ ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ر‬ َٛ(error)
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٚ‫ك‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬exit status 0ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ر‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫رُي‬ ً٘‫ٝٓؼ‬scriptٌَ‫ثش‬
‫طؾٍؼ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌُٖٝexit status 2‫ُٞعٞد‬errorً‫ك‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬script‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬
‫ٝعٞد‬ ّ‫ُؼذ‬fileًٔ‫ٌغ‬fake

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫اُضبُش‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬exit status 1‫ُٞعٞد‬errorً‫ك‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬script‫ٝعٞد‬ ّ‫ُؼذ‬
argumentًٔ‫ٌغ‬egypt
ًَٝcommandُٚ ٌٌٕٞ ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ٌز‬exit status‫ٌُٜٝ٘ب‬by default‫اال‬ ‫اُشبشخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رظٜش‬ ‫ال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬command : $?

CHAPTER 7. WHERE TO FROM
HERE?
MAKING DECISIONS
‫ر٘لٍز‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؾزبط‬ ٕ‫االؽٍب‬ ٖٓ ‫ًضٍش‬command‫ؽذٝس‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬action‫ًزا‬ ‫ؽذس‬ ‫ارا‬ ً٘‫ثٔؼ‬ ،‫ٓب‬
‫اك‬‫ششؽٍخ‬ َٔ‫ع‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؾزبط‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫اي‬ ، ‫ًزا‬ َ‫ؼ‬
if [ expression ]
then
OK #Do something
else
NOT OK #Do something else
fi
TESTING FOR A TRUE OR FALSE CONDITION
َ‫ٓض‬ ‫اُششؽٍخ‬ َٔ‫اُغ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬ ‫ُزُي‬if-elseّٞ‫كغ٘و‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫ٗزؾذس‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬ ٌُٖٝ ،
‫االٓش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبُؾذٌش‬test
THE TEST COMMAND
ٍ‫كب‬test commandَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬file typeٝcompareٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬Values
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬form‫اُزبٍُخ‬
if [ x -eq 9 ]
then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
ٍ‫ثب‬form‫اُزبٍُخ‬
test $x -eq 9
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo equal
else

echo no equal
fi
ٝ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍَ‫اُزلبط‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓضٌذ‬ ‫ٓؼشكخ‬ ٌٌٖٔ
info test
W HAT IS "TRUE" AND "FALSE"
ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٓبرا‬trueٝ‫ا‬falseٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫اُزؼجٍش‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫ًٍٝق‬shell??
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُزؼجٍش‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫ثشٓغخ‬ ‫ُـخ‬ ‫اي‬ ً‫ك‬trueٝ‫ا‬falseٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ٝك‬ ،ٍٚ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ثؤٍخ‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُزؼجٍش‬ ْ‫ٌز‬
trueٍ‫ثب‬value 0‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝاُزؼجٍش‬ٍfalseَ‫ٓض‬ ‫اخش‬ ْ‫سه‬ ‫ثؤي‬1ٝ25ٝ2000
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُزؼجٍش‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫كٔضال‬false‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ًٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظٜٞس‬ ً٘‫ٝٓؼ‬status code :1ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٞٛPingٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُزؼجٍش‬ ْ‫،ٌٝز‬ ‫خبؽئخ‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬
trueًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظٜٞس‬ ً٘‫ٝٓؼ‬status code :0‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٞٛwho‫طؾٍؾخ‬

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TESTS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ٌٌٖٔtest command‫ػذح‬ ًِ‫ػ‬parameters: َ‫ٓض‬
1. a string test
2. a numeric test
3. a file test
TESTING A STRING
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬test commandَٔ‫ثؼ‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬stringsٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ُ٘و‬commands
NAME="ahmed"
test $NAME = ahmed
echo $?
ُ‫اُزب‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ع٘غذ‬‫ٍخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬form‫ظٜشد‬ ًُٝ‫اال‬0ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬conditionٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُؼٌظ‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٓزؾون‬form
‫اُضبٍٗخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ع٘غذ‬test commandٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓغبكخ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ا‬variable name : NAMEٍ‫ٝا‬
test condition : =ٍ‫ٝا‬variable value : ahmed
‫ٝعٞد‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزؤًذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬variable‫اعٜٔب‬NAME‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬“”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬ ‫هبٓذ‬$‫ى‬ ‫ٝٓؼبِٓزٜب‬regular expressionٖٓ ‫اُزبًذ‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝ ،
‫ٝعٞد‬variableًٔ‫رغ‬HI
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ك٘غذ‬“ status 1 “‫ٝعٞد‬ ّ‫ػذ‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬variableْ‫االع‬ ‫ثٜزا‬
‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝ$NAMEٍٖ‫ػالٓز‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ticks „‟
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كغ٘غذ‬status = 0ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ْ‫اُشؿ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ticks „‟َٔ‫ؿ‬ ‫ثبُـبء‬ ّٞ‫رو‬expansionَُ$
? ‫رُي‬ ‫كٌٍق‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬test commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝعذ‬ ‫ارا‬ticks „‟َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ال‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬variables
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝcheckٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬ ‫أٌُِخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ticksًٛ َٛstring‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬‫ٝثبُطجغ‬ ،
‫اٜٗب‬ ‫ٌغذ‬stringٍ‫ا‬ ‫كزظٜش‬status = 0
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ػالٓز‬ ‫ٝٝػغ‬ ‫عٍذا‬ ‫اُؾزس‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫ُزُي‬“”ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫ؽ‬variable nameَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ً‫ؽز‬check
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬variablesٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬strings
test "$NAME" = "hamish"
test "$NAME" = hamish
HAS A VARIABLE BEEN SET OR NOT ?

‫رؤ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝثؼذ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝعٞد‬ ٖٓ ‫ًذٗب‬variableٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزؤًذ‬ ‫عٞف‬variableُٚvalueَٛ ‫اي‬ ‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬Variable set or unset
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًٛٝ ‫ثغٍطخ‬ ‫ثطشٌوخ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫رُي‬ ٖٓ ‫اُزؤًذ‬form
test "${NAME}x" = x
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫كبرا‬variable : NAME‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ُٜب‬(set)ٌٍُٖٝahmed‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬${NAME}x
‫رغبٝي‬(ahmedx)‫رغبٝي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ثبُطجغ‬ ًٛٝ(x)‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ظجؼ‬‫كز‬falseٍ‫ٝا‬status = 1
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬variable : NAME‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٍُظ‬(unset)‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬${NAME}x‫رغبٝي‬
(x)‫أُبدُخ‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ‫اال‬ ‫اُطشف‬ ‫رغبٝي‬ ًٛٝ ‫كوؾ‬(x)‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ظجؼ‬‫كز‬trueٍ‫ٝا‬status = 0
ٌ‫ؽش‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫ؽ‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِزؤًذ‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫وخ‬string
String test Meaning
-z Zero – length
-n Non zero – length
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُذٌ٘ب‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫كبرا‬variableًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬valueٖٓ ٌٕٞ‫رز‬5‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٗزؤًذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝاسدٗب‬ ‫ٓغبكبد‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬variableًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬value‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬non valueَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ك٘و‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫ؽ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
valueٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫ؽ‬ ٝ‫ا‬string

ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫عؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ‫ٗؼٍذ‬variable‫اي‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ‫ال‬value
َُ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ع٘زطشم‬test condition‫ػالٓخ‬ َ‫ٓض‬“=”ٌٌٖٔ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُؼالٓبد‬ ٖٓ ‫اٌُضٍش‬ ‫كٜ٘بى‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫اعزخذآٜب‬string testَ‫ٓض‬
String test condition Name
= ‫ٌغبٝي‬
!= ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ‫ال‬
<= ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٖٓ َ‫اه‬
>= ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اًجش‬
< ٖٓ َ‫اه‬
> ٖٓ ‫اًجش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬conditionsٍ‫ثب‬ ٚ‫خبط‬string test
NUMERIC TESTS
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬string testٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُؾذٌش‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ً‫ٗؤر‬numeric testّ‫رغزخذ‬ ًٛٝ
: َ‫ٓض‬ ، ّ‫االسهب‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ً‫ك‬
x=101
test "$x" -lt 10
echo?$
‫اُشٓض‬ ‫ٝعٞد‬ ‫ٗالؽع‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬“-lt”? ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫كٔبرا‬
‫اُشٓض‬“-lt”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼزجش‬numeric test conditionً٘‫ٌٝؼ‬less thanٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٗٞاع‬ ًٌِ ‫ٝكٍٔب‬numeric
conditions
String test condition Name
-eq ‫ٌغبٝي‬
-neq ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ‫ال‬

-le ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٖٓ َ‫اه‬
-ge ‫ٌغبٝي‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اًجش‬
-lt ٖٓ َ‫اه‬
-gt ٖٓ ‫اًجش‬
ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُوبسٗخ‬ ‫كؼ٘ذ‬ ‫ارا‬2 stringdٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬string test conditions
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُوبسٗخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ‫آب‬valuesٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ك٘غزخذ‬numeric test conditions
FILE TEST
ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ٌِْ‫ع٘ز‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ٝاخش‬ ‫صبُش‬ ٍٞٛٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓب‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِزؤًذ‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ٞٛٝ ،fileٞٛdirectory
ٝ‫ا‬normal fileٝ‫ا‬soft linkٝ‫ا‬hard linkٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬ ،options‫ٓغ‬
‫االٓش‬test
Option Type
-f File
-d Directory
-L , -h Symbolic link
-s The size is greater than zero
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اٌُضٍش‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬options:‫االٓضِخ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٝع٘ؤخز‬ ‫ثٜزا‬ ً‫عٌ٘زل‬ ٌُٖٝ

‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٓضب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫خش‬directory
ٍ‫أُضب‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ٗؤخز‬ ‫ٝاخٍشا‬
ٍ‫ا‬“.”ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛcurrent directoryٍ‫ا‬ ‫كبً٘ذ‬ ‫ُزُي‬status = 1ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ًَ ً‫ك‬–f, -L
‫رغبٝي‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘ب‬0ً‫ك‬–d

LOGICAL OPERATORS
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُؾذٌش‬ ٖٓ ‫اٗزٍٜ٘ب‬ ‫ُوذ‬test‫ٓغ‬ ٚٓ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ًٍٝلٍخ‬One condition:
test if “x” is true then “y”
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدد‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓبرا‬ ٌُٖٝtestٖٓ ‫اًضش‬ ‫ٓغ‬condition: َ‫ٓض‬
test if “x” OR “y” is true then “z”
ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ٌؼشف‬ ‫ٓب‬ ّ‫ع٘غزخذ‬ ‫اُؾبُخ‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ً‫ك‬logical operatorsَ‫ٓض‬
NOT‫ثبُشٓض‬ ‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٌٝشٓض‬“!”
AND‫ثبُشٓض‬ ‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٌٝشٓض‬“-a”
OR‫ثبُشٓض‬ ‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٌٝشٓض‬“-o”
‫ا‬ ِْ‫ٗؼ‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٚٗNOTٌٌٕٞ ‫كغٞف‬
!1=0
!0=1
‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬ANDَُ ‫ٝسٓضٗب‬true‫ثؾشف‬“T”ٍ‫ٝا‬false‫ثؾشف‬“F”
0 -a 0 = 0
0 -a 1 = 1
1 -a 0 = 1
1 -a 1 = 1
‫ًٝزُي‬
T and T = T
T and F = F
F and T = F
F and F = F
‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬ORَُ ‫ٝسٓضٗب‬true‫ثؾشف‬“T”ٍ‫ٝا‬false‫ثؾ‬‫شف‬“F”
0 -o 0 = 0

0 -o 1 = 0
1 -o 0 = 0
1 -o 1 = 1
‫ًٝزُي‬
T or T = T
T or F = T
F or T = T
F or F = F
‫ٗزٍغخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬“$NAME” = ahmedًٛtrueٝ‫ا‬“T”ٝ“-n”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬stringً٘‫ٌؼ‬
“non zero length”ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬trueٝ‫ا‬“T”‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫كز‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬
T OR T = T
ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬
F OR T = T
‫اُضبُش‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬

T AND T = T
‫اُشاثغ‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬
F and T = F
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزؤًذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝfile: ًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
test ( -f .bashrc )
test ( ! -f .bashrc )
CONDITIONS IN THE SHELL
ٍ‫ا‬conditions‫ٗز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫االشٍبء‬ ْٛ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ًٍٛ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ؼِٜٔب‬scripting‫ؽشم‬ ‫ػذح‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬ ،
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِزؼب‬conditions
USING THE "IF" STATEMENT
‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٗزؼب‬ ‫ًٍق‬if statementٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اشٌب‬ ‫اثغؾ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ?if statement: ٞٛ
if condition
then
do some operations
fi

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫رجذأ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ًٛٝif statement:‫ثـ‬
1-“if”
2-ٌِ‫ًِٔخ‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٍٜب‬“then”
3-‫اُضبُش‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٌٍِٜب‬ٍ‫ا‬commands‫ٝػغ‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫(ٌٝل‬ ‫ر٘لٍزٛب‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ً‫اُز‬tabٍٖ‫ٓغبكز‬ ٝ‫ا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬commands)
4-ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثبٜٗبء‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ْ‫ص‬statement‫ثـ‬“fi”
THE "IF" "THEN" "ELSE" STATEMENT
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓضٌذ‬ ‫ثبػبكخ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬featuresٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬if statement‫ٝا‬‫خٍبساد‬ ‫ثبػبكخ‬ ‫ُ٘ب‬ ‫رغٔؼ‬ ً‫ُز‬
‫اًضش‬
if condition
then
<condition was TRUE, do these actions>
else
<condition was FALSE, do these actions>
fi
ٖٓ ‫اًضش‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝtest‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
if condition
then
else
if condition
then
else
fi
fi

THE "ELIF" STATEMENT
ٖٓ ‫اٌُضٍش‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ‫االخٍش‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٔب‬if statementٖٓ ‫ٝاٌُضٍش‬elseٝthenًٌِ‫ك‬ ‫ُزُي‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٌَ‫ش‬ ‫ثزجغٍؾ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬if statement‫ظبس‬‫االخز‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٝػغ‬ ٌٌٍٖٔ‫اعزجذا‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ‫اد‬else if‫ثـ‬elif
if condition
then
elif condition
then
else
fi
‫ٝعٞد‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؾزبط‬ ِٖ‫ك‬ ‫ظبساد‬‫االخز‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ّ‫ٝثبعزخذا‬“fi”ًَ ‫ٓغ‬elifً‫ٌٌٝل‬“fi”‫كوؾ‬ ٙ‫ٝاؽذ‬
‫ُذي‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓبرا‬ ٌُٖٝ10 conditionsّ‫ع٘غزخذ‬ َٜ‫ك‬else if10? ‫ٓشاد‬
? َ‫اُؾ‬ ‫كٔبرا‬ ، ‫عٍئ‬ ‫كٜزا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ثبُطجغ‬
ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٞٛ َ‫اُؾ‬case statementٖٓ ٍ‫ثذ‬if statement
THE "CASE" STATEMENT
ٍ‫ا‬case statement‫ٍُغذ‬looptَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘ب‬matcheingٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬conditions
َٜ‫اع‬ ‫ثطشٌوخ‬
case expression in
pattern1 )
statements ;;
pattern2 )
statements ;;
* )

statements ;;
...
esac
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ؽٍش‬caseَٔ‫ثؼ‬expandَُexpressionَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ْ‫ص‬matchingًَ ٍٖ‫ٝث‬ ٍٚ٘‫ث‬
pattern
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝعذ‬ ‫كبرا‬matched patternٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫كٍو‬statementًُ‫ا‬ َ‫ظ‬ٌ ً‫ؽز‬;;
‫اي‬ ‫ٌغذ‬ ُْ ٕ‫ٝا‬matched patternَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫كٍو‬matcheٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬“*”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌ٘لز‬ ْ‫ص‬statement
‫ص‬ٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبٜٗبء‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ْcase statementٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝاخشاط‬status
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ َ‫رغؼ‬ ‫اُطشٌوخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬scriptَٜ‫اع‬
DEBUGGING YOUR SCRIPTS
َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ًٍلٍخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬debugَُscript‫ؽشٌن‬ ‫ػذح‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ‫اُؾوٍوخ‬ ً‫ٝك‬ ،َٔ‫ُؼ‬
debugging: َ‫ٓض‬
1-‫اػبكخ‬–xٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫عطش‬ ٍٝ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬script
#!/bin/bash -x

2-ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬script‫اُطشٌوخ‬ ٙ‫ثٜز‬
bash -x eatout.sh
‫ػشع‬ ً‫ك‬ ٕ‫رغزخذٓب‬ ٍٖ‫اُطشٌوز‬ ٍٖ‫ٝٛبر‬‫ؽشٌوخ‬‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ٍscript‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫عطش‬ ‫عطش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ًٛٝ ‫اُضبُضخ‬ ‫اُطشٌوخ‬script‫ثؼذ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫اخش‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫عضء‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫االٗزوب‬ ّ‫ػذ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫عضء‬ ‫عضء‬ٖٓ ‫اُزؤًذ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫اػبكخ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬ ، ٚ‫ٗزٍغز‬linesٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬scriptَ‫ٓض‬
echo #?
echo "Hit any key to continue"...

read
THE NULL COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬null commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫اػبكخ‬ ٞٛ“:”ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬scriptٌَ‫اُش‬ ‫ثٜزا‬
if :
then
echo “....”
fi

ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ٝدائٔب‬formtrueٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬“:”‫دائٔب‬true
THE || AND && COMMANDS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُز٘لٍز‬ ‫ظشح‬‫ٓخز‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗجؾش‬ ‫ً٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬if statement&& ٝ || ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫رُي‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫ك٘غزطٍغ‬
‫ثز‬ ‫ٌغٔؼ‬ ‫اُزي‬‫٘لٍز‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اُؼذٌذ‬command، ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬? ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ًٍق‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ُ٘و‬2 commands: ‫اُلشم‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬ ًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
Command 1
grep italian restaurants.txt || echo "sorry no italians here"
Command 2
grep egypt restaurants.txt || echo “sorry no italians here”

ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫الؽع‬italian recordٌٌٖ ِْ‫ك‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬
‫ٛ٘بى‬Egypt recordٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬restaurant.txt file‫سعبُخ‬ ‫ظٜشد‬ ‫ُزُي‬“sorry no italians
here”
ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫كٔبرا‬‫ٛزا‬?
‫ٌغبٝي‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬
if there are italians inside resturants.txt
then
return them
[else]
return the string “sorry no italians here”
َُ ‫ٝثبُ٘غجخ‬shellً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫كٜزا‬
if the result of the grep command is TRUE (0)
then
you will get the lines containing the word italian from
the file resturants.txt
if the result of the grep command is FALSE (1)
then
print 'sorry no italians here'
‫كبُؼالٓخ‬ ‫ارا‬||ً٘‫رؼ‬OR‫(ارا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫رؾون‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لز‬ ‫كال‬ ، ٍٝ‫اال‬commandًٗ‫اُضب‬
‫ٝارا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌزؾون‬ ُْcommandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلز‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬command)ًٗ‫اُضب‬
echo “Oh, you're looking for italian, here they are : “ && grep
italian restaurants.txt

ً٘‫رؼ‬ && ‫كبُؼالٓخ‬ ‫ارا‬andٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌزؾون‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫(ٌغت‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٌ٘زو‬ ً‫ؽز‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬
command)ًٗ‫اُضب‬
:‫مثال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌ٘لز‬ ِْ‫ك‬ ‫خطؤ‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬commandًٗ‫اُضب‬
: ‫أخر‬ ‫مثال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬commandّ‫كوب‬ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ر‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬commandًٗ‫اُضب‬
: ‫اخر‬ ‫مثال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫طؾٍؼ‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬command‫كؼشع‬ ، ‫خطؤ‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗزٍغخ‬command‫كوؾ‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬

CHAPTER 8. LOOPS
INTRODUCTION
‫ٛ٘بى‬3ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫اٗٞاع‬loopsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ْٜٓ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔshell
1- for loops
2- while loops
3- until loops
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ُْٜ ْٜ‫ٝعٍٔؼ‬syntax‫ع٘شي‬ ‫ًٔب‬
THE "FOR" LOOP
ٍ‫ا‬for loopٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ُٜب‬syntax
for variable in list
do
...
done
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًٝؤ‬for loopٍٞ‫رو‬
for every element in the list (1,2,3,4)

do something (echo $i in output)
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬List‫(ا‬ ‫شٍئ‬ ‫اي‬ ٌٕٞ‫ر‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌّٖٔ‫سهب‬–‫اعٔبء‬–ٝ‫ا‬variablesٝ‫ا‬commandsٝ‫ا‬
‫ٓؾزٞي‬fileٝ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬)‫اخش‬ ‫شٍئ‬ ‫اي‬
‫علي‬ ‫مثال‬‫في‬ ‫االسماء‬‫ال‬for loop
‫ال‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫علي‬ ‫اخر‬ ‫مثال‬commands‫ال‬ ‫في‬for loop
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫الؽع‬commandsٍٖ‫ث‬``َ‫داخ‬ ٚ‫ٝػؼ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ$( )
‫ٝاالٓش‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬file

ٕ‫ٝا‬ٍ‫ا‬commandٞٛls -1 (one)‫ٍُٝظ‬ls –lًَ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٞٛٝfile‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬‫ٝالؽع‬
‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اُلشم‬
‫ال‬ ‫محتويات‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫علي‬ ‫اخر‬ ‫مثال‬files‫ال‬ ‫في‬for loop
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اخش‬ ٍ‫ٓضب‬for loop‫االػذاد‬ ‫ٓغ‬

‫االٓش‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ؽٍش‬seqَٔ‫ثؼ‬print numeric sequence
‫اخ‬ ٍ‫ٓضب‬‫ًِٔخ‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬ ‫ش‬“in”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬script

ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ“i=i+1”‫ثـ‬“i++”ٍ‫ٝاعزجذا‬“i=i-1”‫ثـ‬“i--”

‫ًِٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫االعزـ٘بء‬ ‫ٗغزطٍغ‬“in”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ؼغ‬٘‫ع‬ ٌُٖٝvaluesً‫ك‬
‫ثغبٗت‬ ‫اُخبسط‬ٍ‫ا‬scriptًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬for loop‫ٝػغ‬ ًٛٝvariable countٚ‫هٍٔز‬1ّٞ‫ٌو‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٜب‬ ‫هبٓذ‬ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُؼٍِٔبد‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ثؾغبة‬for loop
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫الؽع‬form
$((count=count+1))
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫رلٜٜٔب‬ ‫ال‬shellًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫عزظٜش‬ ‫ُزُي‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗظشٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬error‫ا‬ ‫ثغجت‬ ‫ٌ٘زظ‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ‫اُظبٛش‬ٍline 6ٍ‫ا‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ثضٌبدح‬ ‫اُخبص‬ ٞٛٝcount
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ؽٍش‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ٝصٌبدح‬countّ‫هب‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫رُي‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ‫ٌزٞهق‬ ُْٝ
‫ًؤٜٗب‬ ‫ثز٘لٍزٛب‬command‫ٌغذ‬ ِْ‫ك‬ ‫ُزُي‬commandٚٔ‫اع‬2ٝ‫ا‬3ٝ‫ا‬4ٝ‫ا‬5
? َ‫اُؾ‬ ‫كٔب‬ ‫ارا‬
‫أُشٌِخ‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ َ‫ُؾ‬ ‫ؽشم‬ ‫ػذح‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬
‫االولي‬ ‫الطريقة‬‫ٝػغ‬ ًٛ(noop “:” )ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ّ‫آب‬formًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ٌٕٞ‫ُز‬
: $((count=count+1))
‫الثانية‬ ‫الطريقة‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ًٛٝform‫ة‬formَ‫ٓض‬ ‫اخشي‬
count=$((count+1))

‫الثالثة‬ ‫الطريقة‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ًٛform‫ة‬form‫اخشي‬
count=`expr $count + 1`
W HILE AND UNTIL LOOPS
‫ع٘زؾذس‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٌٖ‫اخش‬ ٍٖ‫ٗٞػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬loopsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛٔب‬while loopٍ‫ٝا‬until loop‫ٗلظ‬ ‫ُٜٝب‬
ٍ‫ا‬syntax
ٍ‫ا‬while loop‫ُٜب‬syntax

while <condition is true>
do
Action
done
ٍ‫ٝا‬until loop‫ُٜب‬syntax
until <condition is true>
do
Action
done
ٍْٜ٘‫ث‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫كٔب‬ ‫ارا‬
ٍ‫ا‬while loopٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫رو‬true conditions‫ُٜب‬ ً‫اُز‬status 0‫كوؾ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬until loopٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫عزو‬false conditionsٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ َ‫ظ‬‫ر‬ ً‫ؽز‬true condition
‫مثال‬
i=5
while test "$i" -le 10
do
echo $i
done

ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ
while test "$i" -le 10
ٍ‫ثب‬form
while [ "$i" -le 10 ]

‫اخر‬ ‫مثال‬
while [ !-d `ls` ]
do
echo "file"
done
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬command : lsٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٌٝزؤًذ‬files‫ٍُغذ‬directories
‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫ٌخشط‬ ْ‫ص‬file
‫اخر‬ ‫مثال‬
ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٗؼشف‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬userٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ثبُذخ‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫هذ‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬system‫ػذح‬ ‫كٜ٘بى‬ ،‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬‫ؽشم‬
‫رُي‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ : ‫اٝال‬script‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬who commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬User
user=$1
while `who | grep "$user" > /dev/null`
do
echo "User logged in"
done
ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ٝ‫ا‬Until‫عبُخ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اُزي‬“User not logged in”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٌذخ‬ ً‫ؽز‬
userٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬system‫كٍزٞهق‬ٍ‫ا‬scriptَٔ‫اُؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
user=$1
until `who | grep "$user" > /dev/null`
do
echo "User not logged in"
done
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٜٔ٘ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬command output‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ُزُي‬/dev/null
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٌُٖٝscriptٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٗغؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ُزُي‬ ، َ‫اُشعبئ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ٛبئ‬ ًْ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫عٍو‬script‫ٌ٘زظش‬
‫ُٔذح‬10ًٗ‫صٞا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼٍز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬check‫اػبكخ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬sleep 10ًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬

#!/bin/bash
user=$1
until who |grep "$user"> /dev/null
do
echo "User not logged in"
sleep 10
done
echo "Finally!! $user has entered the OS"
exit 0
THE BREAK AND CONTINUE COMMANDS
‫ٗؾزب‬ ‫هذ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞهق‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اؽٍبٗب‬ ‫ط‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝٗغش‬ ٙ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫اص٘بء‬ َٔ‫اُؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬loop
‫ُذٌ٘ب‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫كٔضال‬scriptًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٝؾزٞي‬ ‫ًجٍش‬loops: َ‫ٓض‬ ‫ٓزذاخِخ‬
for
do
for
do
if
then
break;
fi
done
done
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫كِِخشٝط‬loop‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ثٌغشٛب‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫اُذاخٍِخ‬break
‫ٓض‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ًٍلٍخ‬ ‫ٌٞػؼ‬ ٍ‫ب‬breakٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫سه‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اٗزشٗذ‬ ‫طلؾخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ٍٝ‫عذ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ً‫ك‬
columnٍ‫ا‬ ْ‫ٝسه‬rowٍٝ‫اُغذ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ثٜب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬ ‫اُخبٗخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ْٜ‫ًٝزبثز‬

/!#bin/bash
# Start by warning the browser that a table is starting
echo "<TABLE BORDER='1'>”
#Start the ROWs of the table (4 rows)
for row in `seq 4`
do
#Start the row for this iteration
echo "<TR>”
#Within each row, we need 3 columns (or table-data)
for col in `seq 3`
do
#If this row 2, then break out of this inner (column) loop,
returning to
if [ $row -eq 2 ]
then
break;
fi
#If this is NOT row 2, then put the cell in here.
echo " <TD>$row,$col</TD>”
done
#End this ROW
echo "</TR>”
done
#End this table.
echo "</TABLE>”
exit 0

‫ًغش‬ ٌٌٖٔٝ2 inner loopsْ‫اُشه‬ ‫اػبكخ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬2ًُ‫ا‬break
break 2
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬command : continueٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػٌظ‬ ‫ٌؼزجش‬ ‫اُزي‬command : breakٍ‫كب‬
command : breakٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ثبُخشٝط‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬loopٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬continueٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ثبُؼٞدح‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬
loop‫اي‬ َٛ‫ٌٝزغب‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬commandٙ‫ثؼذ‬ ً‫ٌؤر‬
‫اُغضء‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٝأخش‬‫ارا‬ ٍٞٛ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ‫اسدٗب‬script output‫ٓض‬ ٌَ‫ش‬ ‫ثؤي‬َ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اسعب‬outputًُ‫ا‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ٌَٞ‫رؾ‬ ٝ‫ا‬outputٖٓsmall lettersًُ‫ا‬capital lettersٕ‫كب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اخش‬ ً‫ك‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫رُي‬script‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫ثؼذ‬done
‫كبرا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽلع‬ ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫كشػ٘ب‬loop outputً‫ك‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬ ّ‫كغ٘غزخذ‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬redirection
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٜٗبٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬scriptًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
for ((i=0;i<10;i++))
do
echo "Number is now $i"
done > forloop.txt

ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫ٗؾ‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ًٝزُي‬small lettersًُ‫ا‬capital letters
for ((i=0;i<10;i++))
do
echo "Number is now $i"
done |tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' > forloop.txt
GETOPTS USING ARGUMENTS AND PARAMETERS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗ٘لز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغزطٍغ‬script: َ‫ٓض‬ ٍ‫اشٌب‬ ‫ثؼذح‬
./eatout.sh -a -i -r <parameter>
./eatout.sh -ai -r <parameter>
./eatout.sh -air <parameter>
./eatout.sh -r <parameter> -ai
ٍ‫ٝا‬Getopts‫ظبس‬‫اخز‬ ًٛgetting optionsً٘‫ٝرؼ‬getting options from the
command lineٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝاُزؤًذ‬shell‫ٌغزطٍغ‬ٙ‫ثٜز‬ َٓ‫ٌزؼب‬ ٕ‫ا‬parametersٍِٚ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝث٘بء‬
‫ٌخشط‬trueٝ‫ا‬false
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٗزؼب‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫ارا‬getopts?

CHAPTER 9. USER INPUT TO A
SCRIPT
INTRODUCTION
َٔ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ٗغزطٍغ‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫ٌؼ‬CLIَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ِْ‫ع٘زؼ‬ ٕ‫ٝاال‬interactive script
THE READ COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ٌؼ‬read commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٗٞاع‬ ‫عٍٔغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬shellsٞٛٝ ،built-in shell command
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ُٝٔؼشكخ‬commandٞٛbuilt-in commandً‫االر‬ َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ّ‫ا‬
type command
ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؼٞد‬command : read‫ًزج٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬
read X Y
‫ٝػـط٘ب‬enterٖٓ ًَ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ًزبثخ‬ ‫ٌٝ٘زظش‬ ًُ‫اُزب‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫كغٍ٘ض‬X,Y

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ؽجو٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬commandٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ثذاخ‬scriptًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ٌٍٕٞ‫كغ‬
‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ‫اػبكخ‬option : -pَُ ‫سعبُخ‬ ‫ُؼشع‬userٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫رخجش‬ ًٌُInputّٞ‫عٍو‬ ‫اُزي‬
: َ‫ٓض‬ ُٚ‫ثبدخب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬curser‫ٌ٘زظش‬ٍ‫ا‬Inputٚ‫عٌ٘زج‬ ‫اُزي‬

َُ ‫عذا‬ ‫ٛبٓخ‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘بى‬read commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓؾزٌٞبد‬ ‫هشاءح‬ ًٛٝfilesْٜ‫ٌل‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫ًٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬delimiterٍ‫ا‬ ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫ؼ‬‫(ٌل‬delimiter‫ػالٓخ‬ ٞٛ“,”)‫ٓغبكخ‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغذ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬restaurant.txt file: ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬
ْ‫أُطؼ‬ ‫ٗٞع‬typeٚٗ‫ٌٓب‬ ،placeٕٞ‫اُزٍِل‬ ْ‫سه‬ ،telْ‫أُطؼ‬ ‫دسعخ‬ ،rating‫ثبُزشرٍت‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ‫ٝٗشٌذ‬read commandٌٍُٕٞ ‫اُزشرٍت‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫رـٍٍش‬ ً‫ك‬
ْ‫أُطؼ‬ ‫ٗٞع‬typeْ‫أُطؼ‬ ‫دسعخ‬ ،ratingٚٗ‫،ٌٓب‬placeٕٞ‫اُزٍِل‬ ْ‫سه‬ ،tel
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬ ‫ُزُي‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ًُ‫ا‬read command
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬IFSًٛinput field separatorٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫رٞػؼ‬ ًٛٝseparatorَ‫ظ‬‫عٍل‬ ‫اُزي‬
ًَ ٍٖ‫ث‬field‫ٝاخش‬
ٝBy defaultٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬IFS=$‟ tn‟ً٘‫ٝرؼ‬spaceٝ‫ا‬tabٝ‫ا‬new lineٍ‫أُضب‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٌُٝ٘٘ب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزـٍٍش‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬IFS
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬fileٍ‫ا‬ ‫اخش‬ ً‫ك‬script‫ًـ‬STDIN

PRESENTING THE OUTPUT
THE ECHO COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٍٖ‫ٓخزِل‬ ٍٖ‫ٗٞػ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬echo command
1-built in shell
2-external program /bin/echo
ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اعزؼ٘ب‬ ‫ٝارا‬helpٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبص‬echo program
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬special charactersٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫اػبكزٜب‬ ٌٌٖٔ ً‫اُز‬echo command‫ؼٍغ‬‫ر‬ ً‫ٝاُز‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓضٌذ‬featuresٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬command: َ‫ٓض‬
n ‫الي‬ ‫النزول‬new line
t ‫اػبكخ‬Tab
c ‫ٌطجغ‬‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫شًء‬ ًَ
ٌٝ‫ثؼذٛب‬ ‫ٓب‬ ًَ ‫ٔغؼ‬
r ‫هجِٜب‬ ‫ٓب‬ ًَ ‫ُٔغؼ‬
b Back space‫ؽشف‬ ‫ُٔغؼ‬‫اُخِق‬ ٖٓ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٌُٖٝechoٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٝال‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٓب‬ ًَ ‫ثٌزبثخ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬special characters
‫ثزشعٔخ‬ ّٞ‫عٍو‬ ‫كٌٍق‬ ‫ارا‬ ،“”? ًٛ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫ثٌزبثزٜب‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ٝال‬

‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٞٛ َ‫اُؾ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬optionsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ً‫اُز‬echoَ‫ٓض‬
-e ‫ال‬ ‫بترجمة‬ ‫يسمح‬special characters
-n
: ‫آضِخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬“n”‫اػبكخ‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬ ٌُٖٝ ًٛ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫ظٜشد‬“-e”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫هبٓذ‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬“n”
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٓضب‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬“c”ُ٘‫ا‬ ‫اظٜبس‬ ً‫ك‬ٍ‫ٝا‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫زٍغخ‬“t”‫الػبكخ‬tab
THE PRINTF COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬echoٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫الؽظ٘ب‬ ، ‫االٓضِخ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ‫ٝهٔ٘ب‬outputٌٌٕٞ ‫ٓب‬ ‫دائٔب‬
unformatted،ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثٜب‬ َ‫ٗغؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ َٜ‫ك‬output? َ‫ؼ‬‫اك‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬ ، ْ‫ٗؼ‬printfَٔ‫ُؼ‬formattingَُoutputٍ‫ٝا‬ ،printfٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ُٜز‬ ‫ظغ‬‫ٌخ‬
form
printf(%[flags][width][.precision]type)
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اشٌب‬ ‫ٝاثغؾ‬printfًٛ

printf(%type)
ٍ‫ٝا‬typeٍٞٛ‫ا‬characters‫ؽجبػزٜب‬ ْ‫عٍز‬ ً‫اُز‬:
s Srting
d Decimal
o Octal
x Hexadecimal
u Unsigned integers
ٍ‫ٓضب‬‫ثط‬ ّٞ‫ع٘و‬ :‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫جبػخ‬ahmedٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬printfَُ ‫ٝع٘ٞػؼ‬command‫ٓب‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ٞٛ ٚ‫ثطجبػز‬ ّٞ‫عٍو‬string
printf '%s' ahmed
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬prompt‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫ثغٞاس‬ ‫ػشػٜب‬ ْ‫ر‬ahmedٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗخجش‬ ُْ ‫الٗ٘ب‬ َ‫ٓغزو‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬
command‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ٙ‫ٌؼشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬new lineٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ثؼذ‬command،‫ؽٍش‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫خجش‬
printfٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ُزُي‬ ‫ؽشكٍب‬ ٙ‫ٗشٌذ‬ ‫ثٔب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ‫عذٌذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ‫ٗؼشع‬command‫اػبكخ‬ ٝ‫ا‬tab
‫اي‬ ٝ‫ا‬optionsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫كؼِ٘ب‬ ‫ٓضِٔب‬echo‫اػبكخ‬ ‫كٍغت‬
n ‫الي‬ ‫النزول‬new line
t ‫اػبكخ‬Tab
c ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫شًء‬ ًَ ‫ٌطجغ‬
‫ثؼذٛب‬ ‫ٓب‬ ًَ ‫ٌٝٔغؼ‬
r ‫هجِٜب‬ ‫ٓب‬ ًَ ‫ُٔغؼ‬
b Back space‫اُخِق‬ ٖٓ ‫ؽشف‬ ‫ُٔغؼ‬

‫اخر‬ ‫مثال‬:
‫ثبػبكخ‬precitionٍ‫ا‬ ‫اؽذ‬ ًٛٝoptions‫اُؼشع‬ ‫دهخ‬ ‫ُزؾذٌذ‬ ‫اػبكزٜب‬ ٌٌٖٔ ً‫اُز‬:
printf „%.5d‟ 12
ٖٓ ‫ؽِج٘ب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬printfْ‫اُشه‬ ‫ؽجبػخ‬12ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ٌُٖٝ5 digits‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ٝث‬ ٍٚ٘‫ث‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫الؽع‬
‫اُزبٍُخ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ثبػبكخ‬ٍflagsَ‫ٓض‬“+”ٝ‫ا‬“-“
ٍ‫ٝا‬“+”ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫رطِت‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ػش‬digits‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫عٞاء‬ ‫ثٜب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬ ‫ثبالشبسح‬“+”ٝ‫ا‬“-“
: ‫اُضالصخ‬ ‫االٓضِخ‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٝاُلشم‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫الؽع‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ك‬string: flyingٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬type‫اي‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٕٝ‫ٝثذ‬ ‫كوؾ‬
options
‫ثبػبكخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ًٗ‫اُضب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬size option‫ظٍض‬‫ثزخ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫اُزي‬10‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫ُؼشع‬ ‫خبٗبد‬flying
‫ثؼشع‬ ّ‫كوب‬ ،flyingٍ‫ا‬ ‫اخش‬ ً‫ك‬10‫خبٗبد‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثبػبكخ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫اُضبُش‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬flagًٛٝ“-“‫ُؼشع‬flyingٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬10‫خبٗبد‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظـٍش‬‫ثز‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫اُشاثغ‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ً‫ٝك‬size‫ُـ‬ ‫ظض‬‫أُخ‬flying‫ثؼشع‬ ّ‫كوب‬flying‫ًبٓال‬

CHAPTER 10. ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
THE SHELL ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES PERTAINING TO
SCRIPTING
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗظشح‬ ً‫عِ٘و‬shellٍ‫ٝا‬environment variables‫ثٜب‬ ‫أُزؼِوخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫عبثوب‬ ‫رٌِٔ٘ب‬ ‫ُٝوذ‬shell variableٍ‫ٝا‬environment variableٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرؾذص٘ب‬
ٍ‫ا‬subshellٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝاُخشٝط‬ ٍٞ‫اُذخ‬ ‫ًٍٝلٍخ‬subshell
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٝٔؼشكخ‬environment variables‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬
Env
ٍ‫ا‬ ْٛ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬environmental variablesَٔ‫ػ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ً‫اُز‬setٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ‫ُٜب‬startup

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٝٔؼشكخ‬shell variables‫االٓش‬ ّ‫ٗغزخذ‬
set
‫ا‬ ْٛ‫ا‬ ٍٖٓٝshel variablesًٛ
ٍ‫ٝا‬promptًٔ‫ٌغ‬ ًُ‫اُزب‬bash prompt
[root@localhost~]#
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ًزبثخ‬ ‫ٝؽشٌوخ‬promptٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؼزٔذ‬form‫اُزبٍُخ‬
‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ُٝزٌ٘ب‬prompt‫ًزبثخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ ‫ٌظٜش‬ ‫اخش‬commandٞٛٝ ‫ٗبهض‬“>”
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬promptًٔ‫ٌغ‬PS2

ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬PS1, PS2ًٛ ‫ٝؿٍشٛب‬shell variables
‫ٝٛ٘بى‬special environment variablesَ‫ٓض‬“~-”ٝ“~”
‫رشٓض‬ ‫ؽٍش‬“~”ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬home directory
ٍ‫ٝا‬“~-“ًُ‫ا‬ ‫رشٓض‬ٍ‫ا‬previous directory
THE SOURCE COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬source commandٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫ُزشـ‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ًٛscriptsٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝر٘لٍز‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ
current shell‫كزؼ‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬new sub shell
‫ٝػغ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬“. “ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬ ‫ٓغبكخ‬ ‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬
“.”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫ٗززًش‬ ‫دػٞٗب‬ ‫ارا‬script?
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ْ‫ٌز‬script: ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ثبُطشٌوخ‬
./shellscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫كٍو‬shell‫ثلزؼ‬new subshellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝ٘لز‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬ ٍٚ‫ك‬script‫ثـ‬ ‫ٌجذأ‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ؿبُجب‬
“#!/bin/bash”
ٍ‫ا‬ ًٜ‫ٌ٘ز‬ ٍ‫االؽٞا‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ً‫ٝك‬script‫ثـ‬exit 0ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫كٍو‬shellٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبٜٗبء‬subshell‫ٝاُؼٞدح‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬parent shell
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اعزخذٓ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫كٔب‬ ‫ارا‬source command?

. ./shellscript
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬current shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬script
‫كبرا‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬script‫ثـ‬ ًٜ‫ٌ٘ز‬exit 0ٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ًٍٜ٘‫ع‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬current shell‫ٛ٘بى‬ ٌٌٖ ُْ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬ ،
exit 0ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬current shell‫ٓلزٞؽخ‬ َ‫عزظ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬sourcingٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبُـبء‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬shebangٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ُزُي‬ ،command
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬scriptٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫رؼ‬current shell‫ٝثب‬ ،‫ٝعٞد‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ًُ‫ُزب‬exit 0
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗخشط‬ ‫كبٗ٘ب‬current shellٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗزٛت‬login shell
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ًٛ ‫كٔب‬ ‫ارا‬sourcing?
ًَuserٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬systemُٚvariablesً‫ك‬ ‫ؽلظٜب‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ‫خبطخ‬files
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓغٔٞػخ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬startup scriptsٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ َٔ‫رؼ‬ ً‫اُز‬
system
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬Userَٔ‫ثؼ‬loginٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬systemٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ّٞ‫رو‬scriptsَٔ‫ثؼ‬callَُfiles
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬ ً‫اُز‬user variablesٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬sourcingًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬
‫ٛ٘بى‬Userٚٔ‫اع‬ahmed gamilٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ثٍبٗبر‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫ُ٘لزشع‬variablesً‫ك‬ ‫رٞعذ‬ ٚ‫ث‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬file
ٚٔ‫اع‬var
ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗلزشع‬‫ٛ٘بى‬startup scriptًٔ‫ٌغ‬vars.shٍ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬ َٔ‫ٌؼ‬system‫ٌؾزٞي‬
: ًِ‫ػ‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬”. var"ٍ‫ا‬ ًٛsourcingٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌ٘بدي‬ ‫اُزي‬variable file : var
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٍَ‫رشـ‬ ‫ٝػ٘ذ‬script: ً‫االر‬ ‫ٌؾذس‬
‫ٝػغ‬ ٌٌٖٔٝscriptَ‫داخ‬script‫اخش‬ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ٝاعزخذا‬sourceٚ‫ٓؼ‬
THE EXEC COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬execٞٛcommandَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬replaceَُparent process‫ة‬process‫اخشي‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫كٔضال‬command
exec ls -l
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗالؽع‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثبؿالم‬ ّ‫هب‬terminal،? ‫ُٔبرا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬terminal‫اي‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬ ٌٌٖ ُْ ‫اُجذاٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬process‫ك‬ ، َٔ‫رؼ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫ؤ٘ب‬exec
commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫اُزي‬command : ls –lًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌؼٞد‬ ‫رُي‬ ‫ٝثؼذ‬parent process
‫اي‬ ‫ٌٞعذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كؼٍِب‬ ٌُٖٝparent processٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ُزُي‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗؼٞد‬ ‫رـِن‬login prompt
OTHER METHODS OF EXECUTING A SCRIPT OR A SERIES OF COMMANDS
ٍ‫ا‬shell‫ٓج‬: ٍٖٓ‫ٗظب‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ً٘
1-ٍ‫ا‬round brackets ()
2-ٍ‫ا‬curly brackets {}
EXECUTION W ITH ROUND BRACKETS
ٍ‫ا‬round brackets ()ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬commandٍٖ‫اُوٞع‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
ً‫ك‬subshell‫عذٌذ‬
ًُ‫اُزب‬ ‫االٓش‬ ‫ٗلزٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬

Pwd
ٌٕٞ‫عز‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬
‫ثزـ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٍٍش‬path‫ٝر٘لٍز‬pwdٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼشع‬ ّٞ‫كغٍو‬ ٍٖ‫اُوٞع‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ٌُٖٝpath‫اُغذٌذ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ْ‫اُشؿ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬prompt‫ٌزـٍش‬ ُْ
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ْ‫ر‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٌزـٍش‬ ُْcommandsً‫ك‬ ‫االهٞاط‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
subshell‫عذٌذح‬ٍ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ‫ٌؼٞد‬ ْ‫ص‬current shell
EXECUTION W ITH CURLY BRACKETS
ٍ‫ا‬curly brackets {}ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬commandٍٖ‫اُوٞع‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلظ‬ ً‫ك‬shellً‫ك‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬subshell‫عذٌذ‬
: ‫مثال‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ‫ُذٌ٘ب‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬commandsٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبسعب‬ ّٞ‫رو‬error messagesًُ‫ا‬/tmp/error‫كٜ٘بى‬
: ‫رُي‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬ ٍٖ‫ؽشٌوز‬
‫االولي‬ ‫الطريقة‬:
Command1 2>/tmp/errors
command2 2>/tmp/errors
command3 2>/tmp/errors
: ‫الثانية‬ ‫الطريقة‬
{command1;command2;command3;} 2>/tmp/errors

ًَ ‫ٌزجغ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٝغت‬commsnd‫ػالٓخ‬ ‫ٝاخش‬“;”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫كٜز‬form‫ػٜ٘ب‬ ‫عٍ٘زظ‬error‫ٝعٞد‬ ّ‫ُؼذ‬“;”‫ثؼذ‬pwd
{ls -l; pwd}
ٍ‫ٝا‬form‫ظؾٍؾخ‬ُ‫ا‬ًٛ
{ls -l; pwd;}

CHAPTER 11. POSITIONAL
PARAMETERS &VARIABLES RE-
VISITED
INTRODUCTION
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫عبثوب‬ ‫رٌِٔ٘ب‬parametersَ‫ٓض‬$0 : $9, $#, $?ٍْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٝاؽذ‬ ًَ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ‫ٝػشك٘ب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ثٜب‬ َٓ‫ٗزؼب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ً‫اُز‬ ‫اُطشم‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ‫ٝع٘زؾذس‬parametersٌَ‫ثش‬ ٌُٖٝ
‫ٓخزِق‬
‫ُذٌ٘ب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٓضال‬ ‫ُ٘لزشع‬parameter : NAMEًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌؾزٞي‬value : ahmed
NAME=ahmed
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِٝزؤًذ‬parameters‫ُٜب‬ ‫اطجؼ‬value‫ُٜب‬ ‫ؽذس‬ ‫(اي‬set)
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِزؼب‬ ‫ؽشٌوخ‬ ٍٝ‫ا‬ ًُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫اال‬ ً‫ٗؤر‬parameters
PARAM:-VALUE
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬formٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِزؤًذ‬ٍ‫ا‬nset: null or uparameter(‫اي‬ ‫ؼغ‬‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ً٘‫ٝرؼ‬
variable‫ٝعٞدٛب‬ ٖٓ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫رؤًذ‬ ٌُٖٝ)
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫كبرا‬parameterُٚvalueٝ‫ا‬setٍ‫ا‬ ‫كغزظٜش‬valueٍ‫ا‬ ‫ُٜزا‬ ‫ً٘زٍغخ‬command
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬parameter‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٍُظ‬valueٝ‫ا‬unsetٍ‫ا‬ ‫كغٍظٜش‬valueٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
form
${PARAM:-value}
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫كٔضال‬parameter‫اُغبثن‬NAMEَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ،set‫ثؤٍخ‬ ُٚahmed

NAME=ahmed
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬
echo ${NAME:-'AMR'}
‫ُ٘ب‬ ‫عٍظٜش‬ahmed‫ٍُٝظ‬AMRٕ‫ال‬NAMEُٚ ٚ‫ظ‬‫ظ‬‫ٓخ‬value‫اعبعب‬‫رؤًذٗب‬ ‫هذ‬ ٌٕٞٗ ‫ٝثزُي‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٖٓvariable‫ُٜب‬value‫ُٜب‬ ٚ‫ظ‬‫ظ‬‫ٓخ‬
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٌُٖٝunsetَُNAME‫ر٘ل‬ ‫ٝاػذٗب‬‫اخشي‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ‫االٓش‬ ‫ٍز‬
‫ظٜش‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬AMRٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٌذ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬variable‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٍُظ‬value‫ثبُزؤًٍذ‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬ ، ‫ظخ‬‫ظ‬‫ٓخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٕ‫ا‬variable‫ُٜب‬ ‫اطجؼ‬value‫عذٌذح‬AMR
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُغبثوخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗشي‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬NAME‫ٓبصاُذ‬unsetٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ ‫ٗلزٗب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ٖٓ ْ‫اُشؿ‬ ًِ‫ػ‬
form‫ٝٛزا‬ ، ‫اُغبثوخ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٌذ‬form‫ٝعٞد‬ ٖٓ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ُِزؤًذ‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬variable
value

PARAM:=VALUE
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫كٌٍق‬ ‫ارا‬setَُparameter?
ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ّٞ‫ٗو‬formًٛٝ ‫ثبُغبثوخ‬ ‫عذا‬ ٍٜٚ‫شج‬
PARAM:=value
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬parameter : (unset or null)ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ؼغ‬‫ك‬valueٌ‫اُغذ‬‫ذح‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫كبرشى‬ ‫ٝاال‬value‫اُوذٌٔخ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػغ‬ ً٘‫(ٝرؼ‬value)‫ٓٞعٞدح‬ ٌٖ‫ر‬ ُْ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كوؾ‬
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ًٛٝsetَُparametersٍ‫ا‬ ٝ‫ا‬variables‫اٜٗب‬ ‫ؽبُخ‬ ً‫ك‬unset‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٍُظ‬ ٝ‫ا‬
value‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ًٔب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫كٜز‬ ‫ارا‬formَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬checkٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬Variableٞٛ َٛ ‫ُزشي‬setّ‫ا‬unsetٛ ٝ‫ا‬ُٚ َ
value‫ال‬ ّ‫ا‬
‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫كبرا‬set‫ُٜب‬ ٝ‫ا‬value‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫آب‬ ، ًٛ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫كززشًٜب‬unset‫ُٜب‬ ‫ٍُظ‬ ٝ‫ا‬valueّٞ‫كزو‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثبػبكخ‬value‫اُغذٌذح‬
${PARAM:+VALUE}
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬parameter : (unset or null)‫ٝاال‬ ًٛ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫كبرشًٜب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫كبعزجذ‬value‫ثب‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬ٍvalue‫اُغذٌذح‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اعزجذ‬ ً٘‫(ٝرؼ‬value)‫ٝعذد‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كوؾ‬

ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٞػؼ‬ ‫اُزي‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫عطش‬ ‫اخش‬ ‫الؽع‬ ٌُٖٝvalue : amr‫رزـٍش‬ ُْ،ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬form
‫اُغبثوخ‬“${NAME:+ahmed}”‫ٝعٞد‬ ٖٓ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ُِزؤًذ‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ‫ًبٗذ‬setٝ‫ا‬valueٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ُٜز‬
parameter
${VARIABLE%PATTERN}
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬formّٞ‫رو‬َٔ‫ثؼ‬matchَُpatern (variable value)ٚ‫ثؾزك‬ ّٞ‫ٝرو‬ ٚ‫ٜٗبٌز‬ ٖٓ ٌُٖٝ
ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫ٌئصش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٌُٖٝ( ً‫اُجبه‬ ‫ٝػشع‬value) ‫ٗلغٜب‬
ٍ‫ٝا‬“%”ً٘‫رؼ‬match the shortest pattern from the end of it
: ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ‫الؽع‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫اعزخذا‬ ٌٌٖٔٝwild cardsٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ً‫ك‬form

‫ٝٛ٘ب‬‫اهشة‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبُجؾش‬ ّ‫هب‬“a”ٝ“l”ٖٓ ٍْٜ٘‫ث‬ ‫ٝٓب‬ ْٜ‫ٝؽزك‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖٓcharacters
ٍٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬ ٚٗ‫ا‬ ‫الؽع‬paternٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٓشح‬ ٖٓ ‫اًضش‬ ‫ٌٓشس‬valueٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬formَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬
match‫اهشة‬ ‫ٓغ‬patern
MAGIC%%R*A
ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٓض‬ ًٛٝformٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُلشم‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫اُغبثوخ‬formَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬matchingَُlongest
patternٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬shortestٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ًٔب‬form‫اُغبثوخ‬
: ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٍ‫أُضب‬ ‫اٗظش‬
‫ثبُجؾش‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬‫اثؼذ‬“h”ٝ“d”ٍ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝؽذس‬ ْٜ‫ٝؽزك‬ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬charactersٍْٜ٘‫ث‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬
VARIABLE#PATTERN

ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٗالؽع‬formsٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اُغبثوخ‬matchingٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٜٗبٌخ‬ ٖٓ ٌٌٕٞvalue،‫ٌٞعذ‬ َٜ‫ك‬
matchingٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓvalue?
ٍ‫ا‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٌٌٖٔ ، ْ‫ٗؼ‬ ًٛ ‫االعبثخ‬Matchingٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓvalue‫ظٍـخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬
variable#pattern
ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٝٓض‬“%”ٍ‫ٝا‬“%%”ٕ‫كب‬ٍ‫ا‬“#”َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫ٛ٘ب‬matchingَُshortest patternًٛٝ
‫اهشة‬paternٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓvalue‫(ػٌظ‬“%”ً‫ك‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬form‫ع‬)‫بثوخ‬
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬Matching‫الهشة‬“a”ٝ“m”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖٓvalue‫ٓب‬ ‫ٝؽزف‬ ‫ٝؽزكٜب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٍْٜ٘‫ث‬characters
ٍ‫ٝا‬“##”َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬Matchingَُlongest pattern‫اثؼذ‬ ًٛٝpatternٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
value
َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّ‫هب‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬Matching‫الثؼذ‬“a”ٝ“m”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ثؼغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬value‫ٓب‬ ‫ٝؽزف‬ ‫ٝؽزكٜب‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ٍْٜ٘‫ث‬characters
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗززًش‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫ارا‬“#”َٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬matchingٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓvalueٍ‫ٝا‬“%”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٜٗبٌخ‬ ٖٓ
value?
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ِْ‫ٗؼ‬ ‫ًٔب‬“#”‫ًؼالٓخ‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬commentٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬scriptsً‫ك‬ ‫ٓٞعٞدح‬ ٌٕٞ‫ر‬ ‫ٓب‬ ‫ٝدائٔب‬ ،
َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫أُشاد‬ ‫اُغطش‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬commentٕ‫كب‬ ‫ُزُي‬ ، ٍُٚ‫ا‬“#”‫اُجذاٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫دائٔب‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ِْ‫ٗؼ‬ ‫ًٝٔب‬“%”ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫ُِؾ‬ ‫اُؾغبثٍخ‬ ‫اُؼٍِٔخ‬ ‫ٜٗبٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫دائٔب‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬
percentage‫اُٜ٘بٌخ‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫دائٔب‬ ّ‫رغزخذ‬ ًٜ‫ك‬ ‫ُزُي‬ ،
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗززًش‬ ‫ًٍق‬ ‫ارا‬“%”ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫رذ‬shortestٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬“%%”ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫رذ‬longestٍ‫ٝا‬“#”
? ‫ًزُي‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬

ٌٌٍٖٔ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اػزجشٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫رُي‬ ‫ٗززًش‬ ٕ‫ا‬“%”ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫رذ‬ ًٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٝاؽذح‬ ‫ػالٓخ‬ ‫ٓغشد‬ ًٛshortest
‫ثٍ٘ٔب‬“%%”ٍ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫رذ‬ ‫كجزُي‬ ‫اًجش‬ ‫اٜٗب‬ ‫اي‬ ٍٖ‫ػالٓز‬longest
VARIABLE:OFFSET:LENGTH
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬formَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬cutٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓؾذد‬ ‫ُؼذد‬charactersٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫عضء‬ ‫اي‬ ٖٓvariable‫ٝال‬
ٌٌٕٞ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌشزشؽ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓvariableٚ‫ٜٗبٌز‬ ٝ‫ا‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫كبرا‬variable=ahmedٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫عضء‬ ‫اي‬ ‫رؾذٌذ‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬variable: َ‫ٓض‬ ً‫اُجبه‬ ‫ٝؽزف‬
ahmٝ‫ا‬meٝ‫ا‬hme
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٝٛز‬form: ً‫االر‬ ً٘‫رؼ‬
1-Variableٍ‫ا‬ ًٛٝ :variableَ‫ٓض‬ ‫ػٍِٜب‬ َٔ‫ع٘ؼ‬ ً‫اُز‬ahmed
2-Offsetٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ًٛٝ :characters( ‫ع٘زغبِٜٛب‬ ً‫اُز‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثذاٌخ‬ ٖٓvariable‫ٝٛزا‬ )
ً‫ؽشك‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ظ‬‫اُؾ‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ً٘‫ٌؼ‬“me”ً‫ؽشك‬ َٛ‫ٗزغب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬“ah”ٌٌٕٞ ‫كجزُي‬
ٍ‫ا‬offset = 2
3-Lengthٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ٞٛٝ :charactersٍ‫ا‬ ٖٓ ‫ع٘غزخشعٜب‬ ً‫اُز‬variable‫اسدٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬
ً‫ؽشك‬ ‫اعزخشاط‬“me”ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬length=2
‫ؽشٝف‬ ‫اعزخشاط‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫كبرا‬“med”ٍٖٓ‫ا‬variable : ahmed: ًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ٌٕٞ‫عز‬ ‫ظٍـخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬
variable:OFFSET:LENGTH
ahmed:1:3
#VARIABLE
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ‫ظبس‬‫ثبخز‬formٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ثؼشع‬charactersٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ب‬ ٌٕٞ‫رز‬ ً‫اُز‬value

RE-ASSIGNING PARAMETERS WITH SET
‫االٓش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫عبثوب‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬setٍ‫ا‬ ‫ػشع‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ‫اُزي‬shell variablesٚٓ‫ع٘غزخذ‬ ‫ٌُٝ٘٘ب‬ ،
‫اخش‬ ٌَ‫ثش‬ ٕ‫اال‬
ٍ‫كب‬set commandَٔ‫ػ‬ ً‫ك‬ ّ‫ٌغزخذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٌٖٔassignَُparameters
ٍ‫ا‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬script‫ثوشاء‬ ًُ‫اُزب‬3 parametersْٜ‫ٝػشػ‬
ًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٝر‬
‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ٓبرا‬ ٌُٖٝsetٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬scriptًٌِ ‫ًٔب‬

ًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ظجؼ‬‫كغز‬
‫كٔبرا‬? ‫ؽذس‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫هب‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬script‫ظٍض‬‫ثزخ‬$1, $2, $3ًُ‫ا‬one, two, three‫هبٓذ‬ ،set‫ظٍض‬‫رخ‬ ‫ثبػبدح‬
ٍ‫ا‬$1, $2, $3ًُ‫ا‬a, b, c
EXPLAINING THE DEFAULT FIELD SEPARATOR FIELD - IFS
ٍ‫ا‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫اُغبثن‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ ‫رؾذص٘ب‬IFS: input field separatorٍ‫ا‬ ًٛٝdelimiterٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬
cut command
ً٘‫ٌؼ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬(space and tab and new line)‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رـٍٍشٛب‬ ٌٌٖٔ ٌُٖٝ
IFS=”,”
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫رـٍٍش‬ ٌٌٖٔ ٌُٖٝvalue‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫اُزؼب‬ ‫ػ٘ذ‬script‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرُي‬ ‫كوؾ‬ ٍٖ‫ٓؼ‬
(IFS=',';script.sh)
ٌٖ‫ٓغزذٌش‬ ٍٖ‫هٞع‬ ‫ٝعٞد‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬()ً‫ك‬ ْ‫عٍز‬ ‫اُزـٍٍش‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٌذ‬ ‫ٝٛزا‬subshell‫كوؾ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٍُٝظ‬shellً‫اُشئٍغ‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫رزـٍش‬ ُٖٝIFS‫االطٍِخ‬
SETTING VARIABLES AS "READONLY"
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٝاخٍشا‬chapterٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ظ‬‫رؾ‬ ‫ًٍلٍخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ع٘زؾذس‬variable‫ٝعؼِٜب‬readonly‫ثؾٍش‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اؿِوذ‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫اال‬ ‫رـٍٍشٛب‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ال‬shellَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ‫هٔذ‬ ٝ‫ا‬kill‫ُٜب‬
:‫ظٍـخ‬ُ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬

Readonly NAME=ahmed
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٝثزُي‬variable NAMEٍ‫ا‬ ‫رـٍٍش‬ ٌٌٖٔ ُٖvalueَٔ‫ػ‬ ً‫ؽز‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫ثٜب‬ ‫اُخبطخ‬unset‫ُٜب‬

CHAPTER 12. BITS AND PIECES –
TYING UP THE LOOSE ENDS
THE EVAL COMMAND
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٛزا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ‫هٔ٘ب‬ ‫ارا‬commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝاعزخذٓ٘ب‬pipe “|”
ls |wc –l
ٌٌٖٔ َٛ ٌٍُٖٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٝػغ‬“|”ً‫ك‬variableٍ‫ثب‬ ُٚ‫اعزجذا‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ثؾٍش‬variable? ًُ‫ًبُزب‬
PIPE=‟|‟
ls $PIPE wc -l
‫رُي‬ ‫رٞػؼ‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬ُ‫ٝا‬ ، ‫ال‬ ًٛ ‫االعبثخ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬sellَٔ‫ثؼ‬ ّٞ‫رو‬variable expansionٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثز٘لٍز‬ ّٞ‫رو‬ ْ‫ص‬ ‫اٝال‬ls commandٕ‫ا‬ ٕٝ‫ثذ‬
َُ ‫اُغذٌذح‬ ‫اُؤٍخ‬ ‫هشاءح‬ ‫ٌؼٍذ‬variableْ‫ص‬‫ث‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫بُجؾش‬fileًٔ‫ٌغ‬„|‟ًٔ‫ٌغ‬ ‫ٝاخش‬wc،
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظٜش‬ ‫ُزُي‬error : No such file or directory
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝظٍلخ‬ ً‫رؤر‬ ‫ٝٛ٘ب‬eval commandٍ‫ا‬ ‫هشاء‬ ‫ثبػبدح‬ ّٞ‫ٌو‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬command lineٍ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اعزجذا‬ ‫ثؼذ‬
variable

ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗالؽع‬evalٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬ ّ‫هب‬pipe‫ؼب‬ٌ‫ا‬ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬ ‫ٝالؽع‬ ،ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗلزٗب‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫اُزبٍُخ‬ ‫ظٞسح‬
commandٕٝ‫ثذ‬echo‫ظٜش‬error
‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬ ٌُٖٝeval
‫ُذٌ٘ب‬ ٕ‫ًب‬ ‫ارا‬x=100ٝptr=x
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫هٍٔخ‬ ‫ػشػ٘ب‬ ‫كبرا‬ptrٍ‫ا‬ ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬echo‫عزغبٝي‬ ‫كغ٘غذٛب‬x‫ٍُٝظ‬100

ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؼشع‬ ًٌُٝptr=100ًُ‫اُزب‬ ٌَ‫اُش‬ ًِ‫ػ‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ‫ؼغ‬ٗ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬
eval echo $x
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ثبُزؼٌٞغ‬ ّٞ‫ع٘و‬ ‫اخش‬ ً٘‫ثٔؼ‬ ٝ‫ا‬xٍ‫ا‬ ً‫ك‬form
eval echo $$ptr
ًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ‫ظٜشد‬ ‫اُ٘زٍغخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ع٘غذ‬ ‫ٌُٝ٘٘ب‬
‫ٝػؼ٘ب‬ ‫ػ٘ذٓب‬ ‫اٗ٘ب‬ ‫ع٘الؽع‬$$ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثزشعٔخ‬ ّ‫هب‬echo $$ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٜٗب‬ ًِ‫ػ‬PIDَ‫ظ‬‫ٗل‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫كٍغت‬ ‫ارا‬ ،
ٍ‫ا‬ ٍٖ‫ث‬$ّ‫ثبعزخذا‬ ‫ٝاُضبٍٗخ‬ ًُٝ‫اال‬{}
eval echo ${$ptr}
‫ٝٛ٘ب‬ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫كب‬shellٍ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫رل‬$ٍ‫ا‬ ‫خبسط‬ ‫أُٞعٞدح‬{}‫اٜٗب‬ ًِ‫ػ‬special character‫رغزطٍغ‬ ‫كال‬
ٍ‫ا‬echoْ‫رزشع‬ ٕ‫ا‬formًِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؾزٞي‬2 special characters‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ٕ‫ال‬ ،formً٘‫رؼ‬
${$ptr}ً٘‫رؼ‬ ‫ٝال‬${x}
‫ٝػغ‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫ُزُي‬“”ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫هج‬$
eval echo ${$ptr}

RUNNING COMMANDS IN THE BACKGROUND USING&
ٍ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ال‬linuxٞٛmulti-task operating systemٖٓ ‫اًضش‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ٌٍٖٔ‫ك‬commandً‫ك‬
‫اُٞهذ‬ ‫ٗلظ‬
ٍ‫ا‬ َ‫ٗغؼ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٌغت‬ ‫رُي‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ًٌُ ٌُٖٝprocessًٌُ ‫اُخِلٍخ‬ ً‫ك‬ َٔ‫رؼ‬ ‫ر٘لٍزٛب‬ ْ‫ٌز‬ ً‫اُز‬
ًِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ظ‬‫ٗؾ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٗغزطٍغ‬curserٍ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٗ٘لز‬ ‫عذٌذ‬process‫اُغذٌذح‬
‫ا‬ ‫اػبكخ‬ ‫ؽشٌن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رُي‬ ْ‫ٌٝز‬‫ُشٓض‬“&”ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ثغبٗت‬commandًُ‫ًبُزب‬ ٍٝ‫اال‬
find / -name "ahmed" &
ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ظٜٞس‬ ‫ٝٗالؽع‬PIDٍ‫ثب‬ ‫اُخبص‬process
ٍ‫ا‬ ٙ‫ٛز‬ ‫ر٘لٍز‬ ٌٌٖٔ ‫ٜٓ٘ب‬ ‫ٗزؤًذ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫اسدٗب‬ ‫ٝارا‬form
echo $!

Bash scripting for beginner and intermediate

More Related Content

Similar to Bash scripting for beginner and intermediate (15)

More from Ahmed Gamil (16)

Recently uploaded (20)

Bash scripting for beginner and intermediate