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Basic Computer
Hardware and Software.
Guilford County SciVis
V103.01
Input Devices
 Input Devices:
devices that input
information into the
computer such as a
keyboard, mouse,
scanner, and digital
camera.
Output Devices
 Output: devices
that output
information from
the computer such
as a printer and
monitor.
Central Processing Unit
 CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the
Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the
Computer.
 Processor speed: The speed at which a
microprocessor executes instructions. This is
usually measured in megahertz (MHz).
 Brands of Processors include:
 Pentium
 Celeron
 MAC
 AMD
 Cyrix
Central Processing Unit
 Computer chip: also called
the microprocessor may
contain an entire processing
unit.
 Computer chips contain
millions of transistors. They
are small pieces of semi-
conducting material (silicon).
 An integrated circuit is
embedded in the silicon.
Computers are made of
many chips on a circuit
board.
Data Storage Devices
 The hard-drive is a
mechanical storage device
typically located internally.
 Fast recording and
recovery of data
 Large storage capacity
 Magnetic
 Primary storage device for
data and programs
 Speed is measured in
R.P.M.’s
Data Storage Devices (cont’d)
 CD-ROM (compact disk
read only memory)
 Approximately 600
to 700 megabyte of
storage
 An optical device
read by a diode laser
Data Storage Devices (cont’d)
 Floppy diskette is
magnetic storage
device for small
amounts of data
(1.44MB).
 FLASH drive is a
compact and portable
electronic storage
device.
 USB (plug and play)
supported
Computer Memory
 Computer memory is binary (0 or 1) (on or off).
 The byte is the standard unit of measurement.
 A byte is composed of 8 bits (binary digits).
 Typical units of measurement:
 1 KB (kilobyte) = 1000 bytes
 1 MB (megabyte) =1000 kilobytes or 1 million
bytes
 1 GB (gigabyte) =1000 megabytes or 1 billion
bytes
Computer Memory
 RAM (random access
memory) stores data that
is processing. This type of
memory is erased when
the computer is turned
off.
 ROM (read only memory)
contains special
instructions for the
computer to operate.
 Cache memory increases
the speed of the processor
by recording and
anticipating instructions.
Graphic User Interface (GUI)
 GUI (Graphic User Interface) is a set of
images and icons seen on the desktop
used to operate a program.
 The GUI makes the programs loaded
on the computer easier to access
and use. Basic Windows GUI
 Icons are small pictures that
represent files, commands, or
windows.
 Windows is a GUI operating
system unlike UNIX, which
uses text commands.
Video Cards
 Video cards plug into the
motherboard and are
used to display video.
 VRAM is video memory
that enhances the
refreshment rate of the
image.
 Video cards have chipsets
that can increase the
speed of video display.
Ports and Peripherals
 Ports are an interface between the computer and
another peripheral device such as a disk drive,
mouse, printer, modem, monitor, camera, FLASH
drive or keyboard.
Examples:
Serial
Parallel
hot-wire
USB
Ports and Peripherals
 Peripherals are devices
that plug into a
computer and are not
housed internally.
Examples:
Printers
Scanners
Cameras
Resolution
 Resolution refers to the
number of pixels (picture
elements) in the monitor
image.
 Increased resolution uses
more computer resources
but increases the visual
clarity of the display.
Resolution
 Screen resolution is measured in
pixel per inch (ppi), and printer
resolution is measured in dots per
inch (dpi).
 Computer screen resolution is
approximately 72 ppi.
Width x Height (Pixels) Video
Display
640 x 480 Low Resolution
800 x 600 Medium Resolution
1600 x 1200 High Resolution
LAN and WAN
 LAN: are networks usually
in the same company or
building. The Local Area
Network is connected via
telephone lines or radio
waves. Most LANs connect
workstations.
 WAN: are systems of
LANs that are connected.
(Wide-area network)
Bandwidth and Baud Rate
 Bandwidth is how much
information can be
carried in a given time
period (usually a
second) over a wired or
wireless
communications link.
 Baud rate is the rate at
which information is
transferred in a
communication channel.
Multitasking and Multiprocessing
 Multitasking is the ability
to execute more than one
task (program) at the
same time. Only one CPU
is used but switches from
one program to another.
 In multiprocessing, more
than one CPU is used to
complete a task.
Example: network
rendering.
Multimedia
 Multimedia software
programs include sound,
pictures, video, text, and
hypertext to create
presentations.
Software includes:
PowerPoint
Macromedia Director
FLASH
File Management
 Different programs have different file extensions.
 Naming files - avoid the following characters in naming
files:
Examples:
 @
 *
 .
 Understand the parts of a path name.
Example: C:SciVismovie.avi
Drive designator Directory or folder File name File
extension
File Management
 Saving files - know the difference
between “save” and “save as”.
“Save” will save the open
document over the saved
document while “save as” creates
a new document if you rename
the document. Save often so
work will not be lost.
 Exporting – converts a native
format to a non-native file format
used in various software
programs. In vector programs,
file types may be exported.
File Management
 Merging files - in 3D
graphics, bringing an
outside file into an
open file (another
name for this may be
loading or replacing
objects in the
workspace).
 Importing files -
bringing a converted
non-native format file
into an open file.
The End

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Basic computer hardware and software

  • 1. Basic Computer Hardware and Software. Guilford County SciVis V103.01
  • 2. Input Devices  Input Devices: devices that input information into the computer such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and digital camera.
  • 3. Output Devices  Output: devices that output information from the computer such as a printer and monitor.
  • 4. Central Processing Unit  CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the Computer.  Processor speed: The speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. This is usually measured in megahertz (MHz).  Brands of Processors include:  Pentium  Celeron  MAC  AMD  Cyrix
  • 5. Central Processing Unit  Computer chip: also called the microprocessor may contain an entire processing unit.  Computer chips contain millions of transistors. They are small pieces of semi- conducting material (silicon).  An integrated circuit is embedded in the silicon. Computers are made of many chips on a circuit board.
  • 6. Data Storage Devices  The hard-drive is a mechanical storage device typically located internally.  Fast recording and recovery of data  Large storage capacity  Magnetic  Primary storage device for data and programs  Speed is measured in R.P.M.’s
  • 7. Data Storage Devices (cont’d)  CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory)  Approximately 600 to 700 megabyte of storage  An optical device read by a diode laser
  • 8. Data Storage Devices (cont’d)  Floppy diskette is magnetic storage device for small amounts of data (1.44MB).  FLASH drive is a compact and portable electronic storage device.  USB (plug and play) supported
  • 9. Computer Memory  Computer memory is binary (0 or 1) (on or off).  The byte is the standard unit of measurement.  A byte is composed of 8 bits (binary digits).  Typical units of measurement:  1 KB (kilobyte) = 1000 bytes  1 MB (megabyte) =1000 kilobytes or 1 million bytes  1 GB (gigabyte) =1000 megabytes or 1 billion bytes
  • 10. Computer Memory  RAM (random access memory) stores data that is processing. This type of memory is erased when the computer is turned off.  ROM (read only memory) contains special instructions for the computer to operate.  Cache memory increases the speed of the processor by recording and anticipating instructions.
  • 11. Graphic User Interface (GUI)  GUI (Graphic User Interface) is a set of images and icons seen on the desktop used to operate a program.  The GUI makes the programs loaded on the computer easier to access and use. Basic Windows GUI  Icons are small pictures that represent files, commands, or windows.  Windows is a GUI operating system unlike UNIX, which uses text commands.
  • 12. Video Cards  Video cards plug into the motherboard and are used to display video.  VRAM is video memory that enhances the refreshment rate of the image.  Video cards have chipsets that can increase the speed of video display.
  • 13. Ports and Peripherals  Ports are an interface between the computer and another peripheral device such as a disk drive, mouse, printer, modem, monitor, camera, FLASH drive or keyboard. Examples: Serial Parallel hot-wire USB
  • 14. Ports and Peripherals  Peripherals are devices that plug into a computer and are not housed internally. Examples: Printers Scanners Cameras
  • 15. Resolution  Resolution refers to the number of pixels (picture elements) in the monitor image.  Increased resolution uses more computer resources but increases the visual clarity of the display.
  • 16. Resolution  Screen resolution is measured in pixel per inch (ppi), and printer resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi).  Computer screen resolution is approximately 72 ppi. Width x Height (Pixels) Video Display 640 x 480 Low Resolution 800 x 600 Medium Resolution 1600 x 1200 High Resolution
  • 17. LAN and WAN  LAN: are networks usually in the same company or building. The Local Area Network is connected via telephone lines or radio waves. Most LANs connect workstations.  WAN: are systems of LANs that are connected. (Wide-area network)
  • 18. Bandwidth and Baud Rate  Bandwidth is how much information can be carried in a given time period (usually a second) over a wired or wireless communications link.  Baud rate is the rate at which information is transferred in a communication channel.
  • 19. Multitasking and Multiprocessing  Multitasking is the ability to execute more than one task (program) at the same time. Only one CPU is used but switches from one program to another.  In multiprocessing, more than one CPU is used to complete a task. Example: network rendering.
  • 20. Multimedia  Multimedia software programs include sound, pictures, video, text, and hypertext to create presentations. Software includes: PowerPoint Macromedia Director FLASH
  • 21. File Management  Different programs have different file extensions.  Naming files - avoid the following characters in naming files: Examples:  @  *  .  Understand the parts of a path name. Example: C:SciVismovie.avi Drive designator Directory or folder File name File extension
  • 22. File Management  Saving files - know the difference between “save” and “save as”. “Save” will save the open document over the saved document while “save as” creates a new document if you rename the document. Save often so work will not be lost.  Exporting – converts a native format to a non-native file format used in various software programs. In vector programs, file types may be exported.
  • 23. File Management  Merging files - in 3D graphics, bringing an outside file into an open file (another name for this may be loading or replacing objects in the workspace).  Importing files - bringing a converted non-native format file into an open file.