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Basic Course in ER - Part 1 - Germany - ppt

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Basic Course in ER - Part 1 - Germany - ppt

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Basics in Ecological Restoration Basic Course Ecological Restoration – Part 1 Name, email This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted. Date: xx Logo
Outline Part 1 Degradation of Ecosystems Now it's your turn 2
3 Degradation of Ecosystems What is Ecosystem Degradation? How do Ecosystems Degrade? Profound negative impacts to an ecosystem leading to significant loss of: • Biodiversity • Ecosystem functions • Ecosystem services Mainly human-caused • Invasive species, pollution, mining, intensive agriculture, etc. • Also, some natural disasters, e.g., volcanic eruptions, landslides
4 Degradation of Ecosystems Key drivers 1. Human use of land and sea 2. Invasive alien species 3. Climate change 4. Pollution 5. Direct exploitation of natural resources https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/five-drivers-nature-crisis
5 Degradation of Ecosystems Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation: Since 1990, around 420 million hectares of forest have been lost. Agricultural expansion continues to be the main driver of deforestation, forest degradation and forest biodiversity loss. Information about global forest change can be found here. © Aidenvironment, CC BY-SA 2.0. Riau, Indonesia, 2006. © Aidenvironment, CC BY-SA 2.0. Deforestation in Riau, Indonesia in 2006. In the period from 2001 to 2024, 4.30 million hectares of trees were lost in Riau, which corresponds to 55% of the forested area in 2000, to make room for industrial oil palm and timber plantations.
6 Degradation of Ecosystems Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation Destruction of peatlands, wetlands and other natural habitats: In the EU, more than 80% of habitats in bad or poor conservation status. Most affected are peatlands, grasslands and dunes. Habitat loss affects plant and animal diversity à 1 in 3 European bee and butterfly species are in decline, 1 in 10 on the verge of extinction. © Bernd Gross, Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, Pirna (Saxony) in 2013. 70-90 % of floodplains (water retention areas along rivers) are lost or have been environmentally degraded (EEA Report 24/2019). Combined with extreme precipitation events linked to climate change, this can cause catastrophic flooding in urban areas. About floodplains - importance, degradation, restoration
7 Degradation of Ecosystems Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation Habitat destruction Urbanisation: Population shift from rural to urban areas: Today, 55% of the world's population lives in cities. Over 470 megacities worldwide, with more than 40 with 5 to 10 million inhabitants and 32 with more than 10 million inhabitants. Eflon from Ithaca, NY. CC BY-SA 2.0. Favela in Brazil. Worldwide, one in four people live in urban slums where one or more of the following conditions are lacking: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and durability of housing (more information see here).
8 Degradation of Ecosystems © Anita Kirmer, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. Large-scale farming in Germany (left) and irrigation fields in Brazil (right). Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation Habitat destruction Urbanisation Agriculture: Globally, 40% of the land area is under agricultural use, and 52% of this land is degraded. Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater use (Global Land Outlook).
9 Degradation of Ecosystems Invasive alien species A total of 88 invasive animal and plant species are currently on the EU list, of which at least 46 occur wild in Germany. Invasive species caused costs of over 116 billion euros in Europe between 1960 and 2020. Invasive alien species are one of the five major drivers of biodiversity loss. Humans have introduced more than 37,000 invasive species, many harmful, into biomes around the world (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - IPBES). Invasive alien species can compete with native species for habitat and resources and displace them and can be harmful to human health (German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation). © Anita Kirmer, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Highly phototoxic and very competitive. Invasive alien species - E uropean Commission
10 Degradation of Ecosystems Climate change • Since 1980, greenhouse gas emissions have doubled. • Global warming is particularly harmful to coral reefs, mountains and polar ecosystems. • Increased temperatures threatens one in six species at the global level. à Intact peatlands are significant carbon stores. They cover about 3% of the worlds terrestrial surface but contain up to 44% of all soil carbon! à When drained they become carbon sources. à Their conservation and restoration are crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. tons per ha tons per ha
11 Degradation of Ecosystems Pollution Pollution endangers ecosystems and human health, either through air, soil and water pollution or through exposure to harmful chemicals. • Waste • (Micro)Plastics • Chemicals (e.g., PFC) & pesticides • Nitrogen deposition • Particulate matter (fine dust) Bad news for apple fans The treatment index shows how intensively which crops are treated with pesticides in Germany in 2020 Apple Wine Hops Potatoes Sugar beet Winter oilseed rape Winter wheat Winter barley Maize Numbers from 2020 © Chris Jordan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters) / CC BY 2.0 - Albatross at Midway Atoll Refuge. Marine plastic pollution has increased tenfold since 1980.
12 Degradation of Ecosystems Fresh water, forests and harvested products are renewable as long as exploitation does not exceed regeneration. Fossil fuels and metal ores are not renewable. Earth Overshoot Day 2025: 24 July à the day on which humanity have consumed nature's entire annual budget of ecological resources and services. For Germany: 3 May! Solutions for overexploitation and more information about the earth overshoot day can be found here. © Bert Kaufmann from Roermond, Netherlands - Garzweiler Revisited, CC BY-SA 2.0. Garzweiler (North Rhine-Westphalia): 20-25 million tons of lignite mined annually. Direct exploitation of natural resources
13 1. Choose one of the following examples for ecosystem degradation. 2. Present the problems, the impacts and potential solutions, both globally and in Germany. Now it's your turn
14 Examples for ecosystem degradation Drainage of peatlands Extraction of mineral resources Human-caused climate change Intensive agriculture, soil erosion Deforestation, monoculture forests Urbanisation Loss of water retention areas along rivers Invasive alien species
Thank you for your attention! 15 For more information: www.teamup2restore.eu TEAM#UP is an Erasmus+ project co-funded by the European Union under Grant Agreement N°101103653. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted.
Basics in Ecological Restoration Basic Course Ecological Restoration – Part 2 Name, email This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted. Date: xx Logo
Outline Part 2 17 Succession Disturbance Conservation Restoration Ecology and Ecological Restoration Nature-based Solutions Ecological Restoration in Practice Resources in Germany & Europe Now it’s your turn
What is Succession? 18 • Directional change from simple (pioneer) to intermediate to advanced (climax) plant communities • Timescale of years to decades to centuries • Results in more stable community of late successional stages Process of spontaneous succession. Source | LucasMartinFrey https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_succession_depicted_over_time.png Licence | CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Types of Disturbance Abiotic • Drought, Fire • Flooding, tornado • Earthquake, volcano Biotic • Grazing, browsing, burrowing, trampling • Invasive species, disease, pest outbreak Disturbance regime: different types and frequencies of disturbances taken together What is Disturbance? “Any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment” Picket and White 1985 19 © Kathrin Metze, CC-BY-SA Wallowing of horses creates open soil patches, important for many threatened plant and insect species.
• Disturbance creates habitat patches in various successional stages across the landscape. • Creates opportunities for species, e.g., colonizers vs. occupiers. • Resource renewal, e.g., nutrient cycling, light availability. • Patch mosaics create diverse niches in which many species can exist and reproduce. • Grazing and mowing are forms of disturbance essential to European grasslands. Why is Disturbance Important? 20 © Sabine Tischew, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. Typical patch mosaic created by grazing animal, e.g., Heck cattle in a year-round grazing area with a low stocking rate (max. 0.3 livestock units (LU) per ha and year).
Assumptions 1. Competition is an important regulator of species diversity, especially in grasslands. 2. Disturbances reduce abundance and competitive ability of dominant species. 3. The changes in competitive environment increase resource availability for less competitive species. Species diversity can be maximized at intermediate levels of disturbance Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 21
22 Degradation versus Disturbance Disturbance over space and time can lead to many patches of habitat in different successional stages. This can be good for ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. Degradation is the depletion of ecosystem functions and services over time and leads to less resilient ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.
23 … with your help & ecological restoration. It‘s not all bad. There is hope! © Thorsten Ruf, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA
24 Conservation First 1. Not all land is degraded. 2. Conservation of high-quality, minimally-impacted ecosystems is important. 3. Ecological restoration is not a substitute for conservation, but a complementary action. 4. Conserve the best, restore the rest!
What is Restoration Ecology? “The branch of science that provides concepts, models, methodologies, and tools for the practice of ecological restoration. It also benefits from direct observation of and participation in restoration practice.” Holl 2020 25
26 Restoration Ecology: contributions from many different disciplines… Conservation biology Landscape architecture Agricultural sciences Forestry Landscape planning Environmental protection Ecology and more...
27 What ist Ecological Restoration? Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. • Seeks to initiate or accelerate ecosystem recovery. • Return an ecosystem to historic trajectory, not historic condition. • There is a need for reference ecosystems to guide restoration practices.
28 Ecological Restoration and Restoration Ecology … what´s the difference? Practice of ecological restoration Scientific discipline Rewetting peatlands, re- meandering rivers Re-introducing rare species Testing ecology theory Measuring responses to restoration Investigating ecological interactions Controlling invasive species Ecological Restoration Experimenting with restoration methods Restoring biodiversity & ecological processes Managing land and natural areas Monitoring results & measuring success
• Using the latest restoration ecology science to adapt land management during ecosystem restoration. • Local efforts with global implications. • Conserve and connect; restore and adapt. • A primary target is (usually) biological diversity. • Across space and over time. Ecological Restoration is Applied Ecology 29 © Anita Kirmer, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA
30 Principles for Ecological Restoration 1. Engages stakeholders. 2. Draws on many types of knowledge. 3. Is informed by native reference ecosystems, while considering environmental change. 4. Supports ecosystem recovery processes. 5. Is assessed against clear goals & objectives using measurable indicators. 6. Seeks the highest level of recovery possible. 7. Gains cumulative value when applied at larger scales. 8. Is part of a continuum of restorative activities. Gann et al. 2019
Contributes to protecting biodiversity, improving human health & well-being, increasing food & water security, delivering goods, services, & economic prosperity, and supporting climate change mitigation, resilience, & adaptation. Ecological Restoration is a Continuum Gann et al. 2019 31 This graphic may not be used commercially.
32 Types of Ecological Restoration Passive Restoration • Must remove or reduce cause of degradation; afterwards spontaneous (natural) recovery • Cost-effective - Marine sanctuaries  fish stocks rebound & spill-over to fishing areas - Predator control on New Zealand islands  flightless birds recover - Post-mining sites in Europe  can be important habitat for rare species
Types of Ecological Restoration Active Restoration Focus on restoring: • Keystone processes, e.g., water flow (hydrology), grazing, mowing • Species composition (plants and wildlife) • Vegetational structure (diverse structure = diverse niches) • Habitats prioritized in EU law (Habitats Directive & Nature Restoration Regulation) • Habitat connectivity and wildlife corridors (importance of scale) • Species reintroductions (rare species, Red list species) 33
Ecological Restoration in Germany • Restoration of river landscapes: in Germany, many artificially-straightened river channels have been restored with meanders and oxbows, to improve flood storage capacity and provide habitat and breeding areas for wildlife. • Peatland protection programs: peatlands are effective carbon reservoirs and provide habitat for rare species. Germany has launched various programs to rewet drained fens and bogs and thus strengthen national efforts to mitigate negative effects of a changing climate while protecting biodiversity. • Forest restoration: some forests are being restored by replacing disease- & pest-prone monocultures and promoting diverse, mixed forests. This strengthens resilience to climate change and pest infestation. • Mining sites: former open-cast mining areas, for example in the Lusatian and Central German mining districts, are being restored into lake-rich landscapes or mosaics of near-natural forests and grasslands. Depending on site conditions and restoration goals, passive restoration can naturally provide habitats for rare plants & wildlife. • Restoration of coastlines: along the North Sea and Baltic Sea, measures are being taken to restore coastal habitats such as dunes and salt marshes to protect from sea-level rise and storm surge. • Urban green spaces: in cities such as Berlin and Munich, semi-natural parks, green spaces, and bioswales promote urban biodiversity, reduce heat island effect, improve well-being and reduce impacts of climate change. 34
Global Examples of Ecological Restoration Reforestation in Brazil Initiatives have been launched in Brazil's Atlantic Rainforest to plant millions of trees to restore the large, interconnected swaths of forest across the landscape, although deforestation remains a significant problem. Mangrove restoration In countries such as Indonesia and Bangladesh, mangrove forests are being restored as an effective protection against coastal erosion and storm damage. A 100 m wide mangrove belt can reduce tsunami wave height by 2/3. These projects make coastal communities more resilient to climate change impacts. Tallgrass prairie restoration In the United States and Canada, restoration practitioners implement large grassland restoration projects, using diverse seed mixes of native prairie plants, reintroducing grazing bison, and restoring an endangered ecosystem. Such grasslands store large amounts of carbon, rebuild soil and support many insects that farmers depend on for crop pollination and natural pest control. Successful project in Costa Rica In recent decades, Costa Rica has restored over 50% of its forest area through reforestation and restoration programs, which improves water supply, reduces erosion and contributes to ecotourism among other ecosystem services. The return of wildlife Ecological restoration supports endangered species conservation. Examples include: the Iberian lynx, whose habitats in Spain are being protected through ecological restoration and the five species of Kiwi in New Zealand, benefitting from predator control programs and habitat management. 35
36 Ecological restoration process Assessment Planning & Design Implementation Ongoing Management Monitoring & Evaluation Source: Standards of practice to guide ecosystem restoration – A contribution to the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030. Rome, FAO, Washington, DC, SER & Gland, Switzerland, IUCN CEM. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9106en
Social Participation in Ecological Restoration • Various types of knowledge: e.g., scientific, practical, local, indigenous. • What are stakeholders? • Examples: Local municipalities, nature conservationists, nature conservation authorities, farmers, landowners, scientists, hunters, politicians, volunteer stewards, businesses, indigenous communities, grant agencies, environmental educators, local schools, regional authorities, etc. 37
Nature-based Solutions • Use natural processes to solve environmental problems • Benefit people and the environment Global examples • Sustainable drinking water for big cities by protecting/restoring upstream watershed • Coastal buffers for flood control using mangrove restoration & reed wetlands • Sand dunes instead of taller dykes: benefits to recreation (Hondsbossche Dunes in NL) Agricultural examples • Cover crops to reduce soil erosion and increase soil fertility/organic matter content • Establishing wildflower & grass buffer strips along waterways to reduce nutrient leaching and increase water quality. Additional effect: promoting beneficial insects for pollination and pest control. • Retention ponds and bioswales can be used for irrigation and can replenish groundwater 38
39 Before: intensive farming Soil erosion, low organic matter Crop pests Lower crop yield, few insects Low water quality & nutrient leaching After: flower strips between fields  Increased soil quality, organic matter  Natural pest control, less pesticide  More crop pollinators  Higher water retention and quality  Higher biodiversity  Increased connectivity in the landscape Practical example: Establishment of perennial wildflower strips in agriculture Ecological restoration in practice
40 Practical example: Establishment of perennial wildflower strips in agriculture Ecological restoration in practice Before: intensive farming After: flower strips between fields © Annika Schmidt, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. AES perennial wildflower strip in Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), prescribed seed mix of 30 wild plants, sown in 2016. Flowering aspect in June 2018. © Annika Schmidt, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. Large-scale farming of winter wheat in Saxony-Anhalt (Germany).
Ecological Restoration Resources in Germany https://renaweb.standortsanalyse.net/ German Ecological Restoration Network- for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners 41
https://www.ser.org/news/592785/SER-E-Webinar-State-of-Eco logical-Restoration-in-Germany.htm Ecological Restoration Resources in Germany 42 Flowering Inter-rows in Vineyards | Project LIFE VineAdapt
• Network of Networks - EU Peers, National Groups • Expertise for Policy • Projects - e.g., Marine Network, TEAM#UP, WoodMeadow LIFE • Webinar Library • For researchers & practitioners Society for Ecological Restoration- Europe SER-Europe Chapter 43
44 Decide on one of the two tasks: 1. Write a short report: In a short report (approx. 200 words), describe an example of ecosystem degradation. Explain the cause(s) of the degradation, immediate and long-term consequences and possible ecological restoration measures. 2. Take on a role and discuss: Take the perspective of one of the affected parties (e.g., a farmer, an ecologist, a politician, or a local student). Prepare a short statement in which you explain your point of view on how ecosystem degradation affects you and what can be done about it. Now it's your turn
45 1. What ecosystem services are important to you? 2. How do you restore those services to degraded agricultural lands? 3. What stakeholders should be involved for success?  Flower strips are one example  Do research online & discuss  Write up a summary  Present it to the group Now it's your turn
Thank you for your attention! 46 For more information: www.teamup2restore.eu TEAM#UP is an Erasmus+ project co-funded by the European Union under Grant Agreement N°101103653. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted.

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Basic Course in ER - Part 1 - Germany - ppt

  • 1. Basics in Ecological Restoration Basic Course Ecological Restoration – Part 1 Name, email This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted. Date: xx Logo
  • 2. Outline Part 1 Degradation of Ecosystems Now it's your turn 2
  • 3. 3 Degradation of Ecosystems What is Ecosystem Degradation? How do Ecosystems Degrade? Profound negative impacts to an ecosystem leading to significant loss of: • Biodiversity • Ecosystem functions • Ecosystem services Mainly human-caused • Invasive species, pollution, mining, intensive agriculture, etc. • Also, some natural disasters, e.g., volcanic eruptions, landslides
  • 4. 4 Degradation of Ecosystems Key drivers 1. Human use of land and sea 2. Invasive alien species 3. Climate change 4. Pollution 5. Direct exploitation of natural resources https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/five-drivers-nature-crisis
  • 5. 5 Degradation of Ecosystems Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation: Since 1990, around 420 million hectares of forest have been lost. Agricultural expansion continues to be the main driver of deforestation, forest degradation and forest biodiversity loss. Information about global forest change can be found here. © Aidenvironment, CC BY-SA 2.0. Riau, Indonesia, 2006. © Aidenvironment, CC BY-SA 2.0. Deforestation in Riau, Indonesia in 2006. In the period from 2001 to 2024, 4.30 million hectares of trees were lost in Riau, which corresponds to 55% of the forested area in 2000, to make room for industrial oil palm and timber plantations.
  • 6. 6 Degradation of Ecosystems Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation Destruction of peatlands, wetlands and other natural habitats: In the EU, more than 80% of habitats in bad or poor conservation status. Most affected are peatlands, grasslands and dunes. Habitat loss affects plant and animal diversity à 1 in 3 European bee and butterfly species are in decline, 1 in 10 on the verge of extinction. © Bernd Gross, Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, Pirna (Saxony) in 2013. 70-90 % of floodplains (water retention areas along rivers) are lost or have been environmentally degraded (EEA Report 24/2019). Combined with extreme precipitation events linked to climate change, this can cause catastrophic flooding in urban areas. About floodplains - importance, degradation, restoration
  • 7. 7 Degradation of Ecosystems Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation Habitat destruction Urbanisation: Population shift from rural to urban areas: Today, 55% of the world's population lives in cities. Over 470 megacities worldwide, with more than 40 with 5 to 10 million inhabitants and 32 with more than 10 million inhabitants. Eflon from Ithaca, NY. CC BY-SA 2.0. Favela in Brazil. Worldwide, one in four people live in urban slums where one or more of the following conditions are lacking: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and durability of housing (more information see here).
  • 8. 8 Degradation of Ecosystems © Anita Kirmer, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. Large-scale farming in Germany (left) and irrigation fields in Brazil (right). Human use of land and sea​ The biggest driver of biodiversity loss is how people use land and sea. This includes: Deforestation Habitat destruction Urbanisation Agriculture: Globally, 40% of the land area is under agricultural use, and 52% of this land is degraded. Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater use (Global Land Outlook).
  • 9. 9 Degradation of Ecosystems Invasive alien species A total of 88 invasive animal and plant species are currently on the EU list, of which at least 46 occur wild in Germany. Invasive species caused costs of over 116 billion euros in Europe between 1960 and 2020. Invasive alien species are one of the five major drivers of biodiversity loss. Humans have introduced more than 37,000 invasive species, many harmful, into biomes around the world (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - IPBES). Invasive alien species can compete with native species for habitat and resources and displace them and can be harmful to human health (German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation). © Anita Kirmer, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Highly phototoxic and very competitive. Invasive alien species - E uropean Commission
  • 10. 10 Degradation of Ecosystems Climate change • Since 1980, greenhouse gas emissions have doubled. • Global warming is particularly harmful to coral reefs, mountains and polar ecosystems. • Increased temperatures threatens one in six species at the global level. à Intact peatlands are significant carbon stores. They cover about 3% of the worlds terrestrial surface but contain up to 44% of all soil carbon! à When drained they become carbon sources. à Their conservation and restoration are crucial to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. tons per ha tons per ha
  • 11. 11 Degradation of Ecosystems Pollution Pollution endangers ecosystems and human health, either through air, soil and water pollution or through exposure to harmful chemicals. • Waste • (Micro)Plastics • Chemicals (e.g., PFC) & pesticides • Nitrogen deposition • Particulate matter (fine dust) Bad news for apple fans The treatment index shows how intensively which crops are treated with pesticides in Germany in 2020 Apple Wine Hops Potatoes Sugar beet Winter oilseed rape Winter wheat Winter barley Maize Numbers from 2020 © Chris Jordan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters) / CC BY 2.0 - Albatross at Midway Atoll Refuge. Marine plastic pollution has increased tenfold since 1980.
  • 12. 12 Degradation of Ecosystems Fresh water, forests and harvested products are renewable as long as exploitation does not exceed regeneration. Fossil fuels and metal ores are not renewable. Earth Overshoot Day 2025: 24 July à the day on which humanity have consumed nature's entire annual budget of ecological resources and services. For Germany: 3 May! Solutions for overexploitation and more information about the earth overshoot day can be found here. © Bert Kaufmann from Roermond, Netherlands - Garzweiler Revisited, CC BY-SA 2.0. Garzweiler (North Rhine-Westphalia): 20-25 million tons of lignite mined annually. Direct exploitation of natural resources
  • 13. 13 1. Choose one of the following examples for ecosystem degradation. 2. Present the problems, the impacts and potential solutions, both globally and in Germany. Now it's your turn
  • 14. 14 Examples for ecosystem degradation Drainage of peatlands Extraction of mineral resources Human-caused climate change Intensive agriculture, soil erosion Deforestation, monoculture forests Urbanisation Loss of water retention areas along rivers Invasive alien species
  • 15. Thank you for your attention! 15 For more information: www.teamup2restore.eu TEAM#UP is an Erasmus+ project co-funded by the European Union under Grant Agreement N°101103653. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted.
  • 16. Basics in Ecological Restoration Basic Course Ecological Restoration – Part 2 Name, email This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted. Date: xx Logo
  • 17. Outline Part 2 17 Succession Disturbance Conservation Restoration Ecology and Ecological Restoration Nature-based Solutions Ecological Restoration in Practice Resources in Germany & Europe Now it’s your turn
  • 18. What is Succession? 18 • Directional change from simple (pioneer) to intermediate to advanced (climax) plant communities • Timescale of years to decades to centuries • Results in more stable community of late successional stages Process of spontaneous succession. Source | LucasMartinFrey https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_succession_depicted_over_time.png Licence | CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
  • 19. Types of Disturbance Abiotic • Drought, Fire • Flooding, tornado • Earthquake, volcano Biotic • Grazing, browsing, burrowing, trampling • Invasive species, disease, pest outbreak Disturbance regime: different types and frequencies of disturbances taken together What is Disturbance? “Any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment” Picket and White 1985 19 © Kathrin Metze, CC-BY-SA Wallowing of horses creates open soil patches, important for many threatened plant and insect species.
  • 20. • Disturbance creates habitat patches in various successional stages across the landscape. • Creates opportunities for species, e.g., colonizers vs. occupiers. • Resource renewal, e.g., nutrient cycling, light availability. • Patch mosaics create diverse niches in which many species can exist and reproduce. • Grazing and mowing are forms of disturbance essential to European grasslands. Why is Disturbance Important? 20 © Sabine Tischew, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. Typical patch mosaic created by grazing animal, e.g., Heck cattle in a year-round grazing area with a low stocking rate (max. 0.3 livestock units (LU) per ha and year).
  • 21. Assumptions 1. Competition is an important regulator of species diversity, especially in grasslands. 2. Disturbances reduce abundance and competitive ability of dominant species. 3. The changes in competitive environment increase resource availability for less competitive species. Species diversity can be maximized at intermediate levels of disturbance Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 21
  • 22. 22 Degradation versus Disturbance Disturbance over space and time can lead to many patches of habitat in different successional stages. This can be good for ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. Degradation is the depletion of ecosystem functions and services over time and leads to less resilient ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.
  • 23. 23 … with your help & ecological restoration. It‘s not all bad. There is hope! © Thorsten Ruf, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA
  • 24. 24 Conservation First 1. Not all land is degraded. 2. Conservation of high-quality, minimally-impacted ecosystems is important. 3. Ecological restoration is not a substitute for conservation, but a complementary action. 4. Conserve the best, restore the rest!
  • 25. What is Restoration Ecology? “The branch of science that provides concepts, models, methodologies, and tools for the practice of ecological restoration. It also benefits from direct observation of and participation in restoration practice.” Holl 2020 25
  • 26. 26 Restoration Ecology: contributions from many different disciplines… Conservation biology Landscape architecture Agricultural sciences Forestry Landscape planning Environmental protection Ecology and more...
  • 27. 27 What ist Ecological Restoration? Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. • Seeks to initiate or accelerate ecosystem recovery. • Return an ecosystem to historic trajectory, not historic condition. • There is a need for reference ecosystems to guide restoration practices.
  • 28. 28 Ecological Restoration and Restoration Ecology … what´s the difference? Practice of ecological restoration Scientific discipline Rewetting peatlands, re- meandering rivers Re-introducing rare species Testing ecology theory Measuring responses to restoration Investigating ecological interactions Controlling invasive species Ecological Restoration Experimenting with restoration methods Restoring biodiversity & ecological processes Managing land and natural areas Monitoring results & measuring success
  • 29. • Using the latest restoration ecology science to adapt land management during ecosystem restoration. • Local efforts with global implications. • Conserve and connect; restore and adapt. • A primary target is (usually) biological diversity. • Across space and over time. Ecological Restoration is Applied Ecology 29 © Anita Kirmer, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA
  • 30. 30 Principles for Ecological Restoration 1. Engages stakeholders. 2. Draws on many types of knowledge. 3. Is informed by native reference ecosystems, while considering environmental change. 4. Supports ecosystem recovery processes. 5. Is assessed against clear goals & objectives using measurable indicators. 6. Seeks the highest level of recovery possible. 7. Gains cumulative value when applied at larger scales. 8. Is part of a continuum of restorative activities. Gann et al. 2019
  • 31. Contributes to protecting biodiversity, improving human health & well-being, increasing food & water security, delivering goods, services, & economic prosperity, and supporting climate change mitigation, resilience, & adaptation. Ecological Restoration is a Continuum Gann et al. 2019 31 This graphic may not be used commercially.
  • 32. 32 Types of Ecological Restoration Passive Restoration • Must remove or reduce cause of degradation; afterwards spontaneous (natural) recovery • Cost-effective - Marine sanctuaries  fish stocks rebound & spill-over to fishing areas - Predator control on New Zealand islands  flightless birds recover - Post-mining sites in Europe  can be important habitat for rare species
  • 33. Types of Ecological Restoration Active Restoration Focus on restoring: • Keystone processes, e.g., water flow (hydrology), grazing, mowing • Species composition (plants and wildlife) • Vegetational structure (diverse structure = diverse niches) • Habitats prioritized in EU law (Habitats Directive & Nature Restoration Regulation) • Habitat connectivity and wildlife corridors (importance of scale) • Species reintroductions (rare species, Red list species) 33
  • 34. Ecological Restoration in Germany • Restoration of river landscapes: in Germany, many artificially-straightened river channels have been restored with meanders and oxbows, to improve flood storage capacity and provide habitat and breeding areas for wildlife. • Peatland protection programs: peatlands are effective carbon reservoirs and provide habitat for rare species. Germany has launched various programs to rewet drained fens and bogs and thus strengthen national efforts to mitigate negative effects of a changing climate while protecting biodiversity. • Forest restoration: some forests are being restored by replacing disease- & pest-prone monocultures and promoting diverse, mixed forests. This strengthens resilience to climate change and pest infestation. • Mining sites: former open-cast mining areas, for example in the Lusatian and Central German mining districts, are being restored into lake-rich landscapes or mosaics of near-natural forests and grasslands. Depending on site conditions and restoration goals, passive restoration can naturally provide habitats for rare plants & wildlife. • Restoration of coastlines: along the North Sea and Baltic Sea, measures are being taken to restore coastal habitats such as dunes and salt marshes to protect from sea-level rise and storm surge. • Urban green spaces: in cities such as Berlin and Munich, semi-natural parks, green spaces, and bioswales promote urban biodiversity, reduce heat island effect, improve well-being and reduce impacts of climate change. 34
  • 35. Global Examples of Ecological Restoration Reforestation in Brazil Initiatives have been launched in Brazil's Atlantic Rainforest to plant millions of trees to restore the large, interconnected swaths of forest across the landscape, although deforestation remains a significant problem. Mangrove restoration In countries such as Indonesia and Bangladesh, mangrove forests are being restored as an effective protection against coastal erosion and storm damage. A 100 m wide mangrove belt can reduce tsunami wave height by 2/3. These projects make coastal communities more resilient to climate change impacts. Tallgrass prairie restoration In the United States and Canada, restoration practitioners implement large grassland restoration projects, using diverse seed mixes of native prairie plants, reintroducing grazing bison, and restoring an endangered ecosystem. Such grasslands store large amounts of carbon, rebuild soil and support many insects that farmers depend on for crop pollination and natural pest control. Successful project in Costa Rica In recent decades, Costa Rica has restored over 50% of its forest area through reforestation and restoration programs, which improves water supply, reduces erosion and contributes to ecotourism among other ecosystem services. The return of wildlife Ecological restoration supports endangered species conservation. Examples include: the Iberian lynx, whose habitats in Spain are being protected through ecological restoration and the five species of Kiwi in New Zealand, benefitting from predator control programs and habitat management. 35
  • 36. 36 Ecological restoration process Assessment Planning & Design Implementation Ongoing Management Monitoring & Evaluation Source: Standards of practice to guide ecosystem restoration – A contribution to the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030. Rome, FAO, Washington, DC, SER & Gland, Switzerland, IUCN CEM. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9106en
  • 37. Social Participation in Ecological Restoration • Various types of knowledge: e.g., scientific, practical, local, indigenous. • What are stakeholders? • Examples: Local municipalities, nature conservationists, nature conservation authorities, farmers, landowners, scientists, hunters, politicians, volunteer stewards, businesses, indigenous communities, grant agencies, environmental educators, local schools, regional authorities, etc. 37
  • 38. Nature-based Solutions • Use natural processes to solve environmental problems • Benefit people and the environment Global examples • Sustainable drinking water for big cities by protecting/restoring upstream watershed • Coastal buffers for flood control using mangrove restoration & reed wetlands • Sand dunes instead of taller dykes: benefits to recreation (Hondsbossche Dunes in NL) Agricultural examples • Cover crops to reduce soil erosion and increase soil fertility/organic matter content • Establishing wildflower & grass buffer strips along waterways to reduce nutrient leaching and increase water quality. Additional effect: promoting beneficial insects for pollination and pest control. • Retention ponds and bioswales can be used for irrigation and can replenish groundwater 38
  • 39. 39 Before: intensive farming Soil erosion, low organic matter Crop pests Lower crop yield, few insects Low water quality & nutrient leaching After: flower strips between fields  Increased soil quality, organic matter  Natural pest control, less pesticide  More crop pollinators  Higher water retention and quality  Higher biodiversity  Increased connectivity in the landscape Practical example: Establishment of perennial wildflower strips in agriculture Ecological restoration in practice
  • 40. 40 Practical example: Establishment of perennial wildflower strips in agriculture Ecological restoration in practice Before: intensive farming After: flower strips between fields © Annika Schmidt, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. AES perennial wildflower strip in Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), prescribed seed mix of 30 wild plants, sown in 2016. Flowering aspect in June 2018. © Annika Schmidt, Hochschule Anhalt, CC-BY-SA. Large-scale farming of winter wheat in Saxony-Anhalt (Germany).
  • 41. Ecological Restoration Resources in Germany https://renaweb.standortsanalyse.net/ German Ecological Restoration Network- for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners 41
  • 43. • Network of Networks - EU Peers, National Groups • Expertise for Policy • Projects - e.g., Marine Network, TEAM#UP, WoodMeadow LIFE • Webinar Library • For researchers & practitioners Society for Ecological Restoration- Europe SER-Europe Chapter 43
  • 44. 44 Decide on one of the two tasks: 1. Write a short report: In a short report (approx. 200 words), describe an example of ecosystem degradation. Explain the cause(s) of the degradation, immediate and long-term consequences and possible ecological restoration measures. 2. Take on a role and discuss: Take the perspective of one of the affected parties (e.g., a farmer, an ecologist, a politician, or a local student). Prepare a short statement in which you explain your point of view on how ecosystem degradation affects you and what can be done about it. Now it's your turn
  • 45. 45 1. What ecosystem services are important to you? 2. How do you restore those services to degraded agricultural lands? 3. What stakeholders should be involved for success?  Flower strips are one example  Do research online & discuss  Write up a summary  Present it to the group Now it's your turn
  • 46. Thank you for your attention! 46 For more information: www.teamup2restore.eu TEAM#UP is an Erasmus+ project co-funded by the European Union under Grant Agreement N°101103653. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 except where noted.

Editor's Notes

  • #4: “Invasive alien species create serious problems when entering new territories as for example pests in agriculture and forestry or vectors of diseases.” European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA)
  • #5: https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022-04/UNCCD_GLO2_low-res_2.pdf 52% of total agricultural land is degraded Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater use Agriculture is responsible for 80% of global deforestation
  • #6: https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022-04/UNCCD_GLO2_low-res_2.pdf 52% of total agricultural land is degraded Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater use Agriculture is responsible for 80% of global deforestation
  • #7: https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022-04/UNCCD_GLO2_low-res_2.pdf 52% of total agricultural land is degraded Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater use Agriculture is responsible for 80% of global deforestation
  • #8: https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022-04/UNCCD_GLO2_low-res_2.pdf 52% of total agricultural land is degraded Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater use Agriculture is responsible for 80% of global deforestation
  • #9: “Invasive alien species create serious problems when entering new territories as for example pests in agriculture and forestry or vectors of diseases.” European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA)