Basics of disaster risk management
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Disaster risk management involves reducing risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity. It includes preparedness, response, and recovery efforts to lessen disaster impacts. The document outlines key concepts in disaster risk management, including defining disasters and different types, phases of management from risk reduction to recovery, and principles such as using an integrated and collaborative approach. Disaster risk is a function of hazards and vulnerability moderated by capacity. Risk analysis should involve communities to identify priorities and reduce social exclusions.
Basics of disaster risk management
- 1. BASICS OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
- 2. What is a Disaster ? DISASTER is an event which is – Generally unpredictable, Happens instantly or without giving enough time to react Affects a large number of people, Disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale devastation in terms of loss of life and property Always finding the administration and affected people struggling to respond in the desired manner and Leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic after effects which persist for a long time to come.
- 3. Definition of Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.- UNISDR “A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins” –IFRC Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”. BY - World Health Organisation -(WHO)
- 4. Types of Disasters : Natural Disasters Earthquake Floods Cyclones Tsunami Landslide and Avalanches Manmade Disasters Chemical Disaster Nuclear Disaster Biological Disaster Examples • Natural disasters : Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods and cyclones • Man-made disasters : Stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.
- 5. Different Forms of Disaster Small-scale disaster: a type of disaster only affecting local communities which require assistance beyond the affected community. Large-scale disaster: a type of disaster affecting a society which requires national or international assistance. Frequent and infrequent disasters: depend on the probability of occurrence and the return period of a given hazard and its impacts. The impact of frequent disasters could be cumulative, or become chronic for a community or a society. A slow-onset disaster is defined as one that emerges gradually over time. Slow-onset disasters could be associated with, e.g., drought, desertification, sea-level rise, epidemic disease. A sudden-onset disaster is one triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly. Sudden-onset disasters could be associated with, e.g., earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood, chemical explosion, critical infrastructure failure, transport accident.
- 6. Emergency/disaster categories Rapid-onset natural disasters floods, EQ, tropical storms, volcanic eruptions Slow-onset disasters drought, famine, desertification Technological disasters pollution, spillage, explosion, fires Complex emergencies armed conflict Epidemics cholera, measles etc Sudden, large population movements
- 7. Effects of disaster : Population displacement Injury or Death Risk of epidemic of diseases Damage to infrastructure Psychological problems Food shortage Socioeconomic losses Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.
- 8. What is Disaster Management ? Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
- 9. Principles of disaster management Comprehensive – disaster managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases, and all impacts relevant to disasters. Progressive – anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory measures. Risk-driven – use sound risk management principles (hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources. Integrated – ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements of a community.
- 10. Contd... Collaborative – create and sustain broad and sincere relationships among individuals and organizations . Coordinated – synchronize the activities to achieve a common purpose. Flexible – use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges. Professional – value a science and knowledge-based approach for continuous improvement.
- 11. Different Phases Of Disaster Management
- 12. Disaster risk reduction The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causes of disasters. Includes: reducing exposure to hazards lessening vulnerability of people and property wise management of land and the environment improving preparedness for adverse events
- 13. Disaster Risk= Hazard (Danger) X Vulnerability (Weakness) Capacity (Streangths)
- 14. DRR means ensuring that Vulnerable men and women understand the risks they face and direct their available capacities to make them more resilient; people and institutions manage the resources available to them in ways that do not increase, but reduce, risks to the most vulnerable – this includes natural productive resources (such as land or water) and human resources (such as risk knowledge and education, organising community disaster management committees or advocacy groups) vulnerable people are prepared for hazards and get out of poverty in spite of them; people at risk can depend on early warning systems and regularly rehearse how to take action to reduce or avoid the impact of hazards – early warning information must be accessible to all, especially traditionally excluded people such as those who do not speak the national language or are excluded from communal activities, such as women, older people or those with HIV; effective institutional frameworks, policy and legislation exist to reduce and manage disaster risk; organisations, institutions and governments who are responsible for reducing disaster risk exhibit good governance, transparency and accountability in their work; and increased funds are spent on activities that reduce vulnerability.
- 15. DRR is not: just about preparedness; just ‘good programming’ – the sum of the parts of Oxfam’s programme as it stands will not achieve as much as a consistently applied, more ambitious, more focused DRR approach in all our work; just about physical structures – while some physical measures do reduce risks, policy and planning are also essential; just about standalone interventions – for Oxfam DRR involves integrating disaster risk analysis and action into all humanitarian and development processes; too expensive – the benefits of DRR far outweigh the costs. There are many good examples of developing countries making a huge difference by adopting a DRR approach. For example, flood protection structures can also provide irrigation or drinking water and electricity. Community-level activities are very cost–effective. For example using cash for work interventions to raise housing in flood-prone areas.
- 16. disaster risk reduction approached How is disaster risk reduction approached globally? In 2000, a coalition of 168 governments, UN agencies, regional organisations and civil society organisations committed to reduce disaster risk. A ten-year strategy known as the Hyogo Framework for Action was drawn up in 2005, outlining five priority areas: The Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–15) 1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation 2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning 3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels 4. Reduce the underlying risk factors 5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.
- 17. DRR Programme cycle management and disaster risk reduction: Community Institution Building Capacity Development of Community members/ institutions/ Task force teams; Context analysis and identification: hazard, capacity and vulnerability analysis: The composite term for hazard, capacity and vulnerability analysis is risk analysis. External change analysis (policies, socio - political context etc…)
- 18. community participation in the risk identification and analysis process and promotes community empowerment and action. This means that the most vulnerable should determine the priorities that ideally should guide all stakeholders’ interventions. Participatory Capacity and Vulnerability Analysis (PCVA) is an expanded participatory learning and action planning process for community DRR Critical issues in context analysis for DRR: gender, social exclusion and HIV and AIDS: Social exclusion, whether caused by gender, ethnic background, age, disability or HIV status, is central to the notion of vulnerability. Social exclusion affects the use and control of resources, as well as access to information and decision-making power. Often this means that livelihood options, in the face of hazards, may be more limited for women and other excluded groups. While vulnerability is much broader than simply risk of mortality, women and children are 14 times more likely to die than men during a disaster
- 19. Critical issues in context analysis for DRR This should result in: identification of the most excluded groups in any given context; prioritisation of the involvement of these groups in community-based disaster management structures to make best use of their knowledge and skills, and ensure that the outcomes of DRR work are accessible to all; implementation of public health or livelihoods work that improves the ability of these groups to access and control natural resources in ways that reduce their vulnerability; and greater empowerment of excluded men and women and an overall challenge to the social structures that exclude them
- 20. Critical issues in context analysis for DRR: conflict sensitivity Design: planning for DRR in different contexts Sudden and relatively unpredictable hazards Sudden but predictable/cyclical hazards Slow-onset hazards affecting chronically vulnerable men and women Implementation: DRR in practice Monitoring & Evaluation Learning & Future Planning
- 21. The Risk Reduction Cycle Hazard Analysis Risk Reduction: •Hazard mitigation •Vulnerability reduction Sustainable development Source unknown 21