Java microservices architecture allows for breaking down monolithic applications into smaller, independent services that can be deployed and scaled as needed, enhancing scalability, flexibility, and resilience. Frameworks such as Spring Boot, Micronaut, and Quarkus provide essential tools for building microservices, each offering unique advantages like ease of use, rapid startup times, and support for reactive programming. Use cases include improving cloud deployments, modernizing legacy systems, and enabling modular development within various industries.