Biological process of memory
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There are two types of long-term memory: declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory involves consciously recalling facts and experiences, including episodic and semantic memory. Non-declarative memory deals with skills and procedures rather than facts. Three systems in the brain are involved in long-term memory storage: the cerebellum and striatum for implicit memories, the amygdala for emotional memories, and the hippocampus for consciously recalled episodic and semantic memories. After initial processing, memories are stored in the cortical association areas.
Biological process of memory
- 2. 2 TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY Declarative Memory Non-declarative Memory
- 3. Declarative Memory Memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge Examples are: 1.Episodic Memory - this is any memory of a specific event that happened while you were present. 2. Semantic Memory - this contains generalized knowledge of the world that does not involve memory of a specific event.
- 4. Non- Declarative Memory It deals more on enhancing or learning skill It involves body movements and how to use objects in the environment Examples are:
- 5. BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MEMORY
- 6. 3 LONG-TERM MEMORY SYSTEM • Cerebellum and striatum • Amygdala • Hippocampus
- 7. Long-Term Memories begins with sensation after being processed in to the CORTICAL SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREAS - any various region of the cerebral cortex When we are learning to do things (implicit procedures), output goes mostly to the cerebellum and striatum. When we experience an emotional event, output goes to the amygdala. And when we consciously and explicitly remember personal events (episodes), facts, and information, output goes mostly to the hippocampus. After being processed by the hippocampus, however, the memory is stored back in the cortical association area from where it came.
- 8. • Cerebellum and Striatum • For Implicit or procedural memory Striatum helps coordinate motivation with body movement. It facilitates and balances motivation with both higher-level and lower-level functions, such as inhibiting one's behavior in a complex social interaction and fine-motor functions of inhibiting small voluntary movement.(Wikipedia) Short- Term Memory
- 11. Amygdala are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions. For emotional memory
- 12. In complex vertebrates, including humans, the amygdalae perform primary roles in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Research indicates that, during fear conditioning, sensory stimuli reach the basolateral complexes of the amygdalae, particularly the lateral nuclei, where they form associations with memories of the stimuli. The association between stimuli and the aversive events they predict may be mediated by long-term potentiation, a sustained enhancement of signaling between affected neurons. There have been studies that show that damage to the amygdala can interfere with memory that is strengthened by emotion. One study examined a patient with bilateral degeneration of the amygdala. He was told a violent story accompanied by matching pictures and was observed based on how much he could recall from the story. The patient had less recollection of the story than patients without amygdala damage, showing that the amygdala has a strong connection with emotional learning. (Wikipedia)
- 13. Hippocampus Is a major component of the brains of human Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories. olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain
- 14. The prefrontal cortex is the front most region of the frontal lobes. It plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory (Baier et al., 2010)