Cns 19
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The document discusses several topics related to higher functions of the nervous system including language, speech pathways, memory types, learning, and memory disorders. It describes how language allows expression of thoughts through sounds and how the speech pathway works. It also summarizes the types of memory as declarative and nondeclarative, and explains short-term versus long-term memory and memory consolidation processes in the brain.
Cns 19
- 1. Higher functions Language (Speech) It is expression of thoughts and ideas through production of sounds. To understand the spoken and printed words and to express idea in speech and writing is called language.
- 3. Printed words will be seen by the primary visual area Words are interpreted by the visual association area These words are converted into internal words by the Dejerine area (angular gyrus) These words are then interpreted by Wernicke’s area Broca’s area will coordinate Motor area for the spoken speech Exner’s area (motor writing centre) along with motor area to initiates appropriate muscle movements of hand and fingers to written speech Pathway for Spoken and Written speech
- 4. Speech disorders Aphasia: abnormalities of speech functions Types: 1. Sensory aphasia 2. Conduction aphasia 3. Motor aphasia 4. Global aphasia
- 5. Learning and memory Learning and memory are two important higher functions of the nervous system. Learning means to gather experience or knowledge Memory is to retain this knowledge for future use
- 6. Learning Conditioned reflex - Important for learning Unconditioned reflex or inborn reflex Pavlov’s classical dog experiment Types of conditioned reflex 1. Operant conditioning :An animal learns to repeat a behavior which is rewarding or to avoid a behavior associated with punishment. 2. Discriminate conditioning: Animal is taught to discriminate between different signals with great accuracy.
- 7. Basis of conditioned reflex Development of new connection in the nervous system Synaptic plasticity
- 8. Memory Memory is the ability to store what is learned or experienced and can be recalled in need.
- 9. . Memory systems Types of declarative and nondeclarative memory Declarative : easy to form and easily forgotten Nondeclarative : require repetition and practice over a long period, but less likely to be forgotten
- 10. Types of Declarative Memory Short-term (seconds to hours) and long-term memory
- 11. Definitions Short-term declarative memory 1. temporary, limited in capacity, requires repetition Long-term declarative memory 1. more permanent, large capacity, does not require repetition 2. consolidation = process of retention in long-term memory
- 12. I. Inferotemporal Cortex A. Visual association area ) B. Experimental lesion studies 1. loss of visual discrimination task 2. basic vision normal 3. loss of memory
- 13. Inferotemporal Cortex (area IT) C. Face recognition neurons 1. face selectivity 2. facial memory
- 14. II. Temporal Lobe & Memory 5. connections A. inputs: all sensory association areas B. outputs: hypothalamus via fornix
- 17. Prefrontal Cortex Hypothesized functions 1. complex planning 2. problem solving 3. memory
- 18. Memory Short-term: Memory of recent events. Medial temporal lobe: Consolidates short term into long term memory. Hippocampus is critical component of memory. Acquisition of new information, facts and events requires both the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus.
- 19. Long-Term Memory Consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory. Requires activation of genes, leading to protein synthesis and formation of new synaptic connections. Altered postsynaptic growth of dendritic spines in area of contact. Cerebral cortex stores factual information: Visual memories lateralized to left hemisphere. Visuospatial information lateralized to right hemisphere. Prefrontal lobes: Involved in performing exact mathematical calculations. Complex, problem-solving and planning activities.
- 20. Long-Term Potentiation Type of synaptic learning. Synapses that are 1 st stimulated at high frequency will subsequently exhibit increased excitability. Postsynaptic changes: Glutamate binds to NMDA and AMPA receptors. Opens Ca 2+ and Na + channels. Presynaptic changes: Ca 2+ causes, release of NO from postsynaptic neuron. NO acts as a retrograde messenger, causing release of NT in bouton.
- 22. Amnesia = loss of memory and/or the ability to learn A. Retrograde amnesia loss of memory prior to trauma B. Anterograde amnesia loss of ability to form new memories after trauma
- 23. Alzheimers disease Degenerative changes in various parts of CNS Amyloid plaques Senile dementia