Biological science and earth and space starting points WELFREDO YU JR
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The document provides an extensive overview of biological and earth and space sciences, outlining key concepts, branches, and theories related to the origin and diversity of life. It details historical milestones in biological research, significant figures in the field, and various theories of life's origin, while emphasizing the interconnectedness of different scientific disciplines. The document also explores the evolution of human understanding of biology from prehistoric times through major scientific advancements.
Biological science and earth and space starting points WELFREDO YU JR
- 1. “Biological Science Starting Points,and Earth and Space Starting Points" By: WELFREDO L. YU,JR. MAEd-Science Republic CEBU TECHNO Republic of the Philippines CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
- 2. Objectives/Competencies: 1. Develop a working definition of Biological Science and introduced to a range of alternative conceptions in the broader areas of Biological Science .
- 3. Objectives/Competencies: 2. Develop a working definition of the Earth and Space Science and introduced to a range of alternative conceptions in the broader areas of Earth and Space Science.
- 5. Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "logos" (study). Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms.
- 6. There are generally considered to be at least nine "umbrella" fields of biology, each of which consists of multiple subfields. Biochemistry: the study of the material substances that make up living things Botany: the study of plants, including agriculture Cellular biology: the study of the basic cellular units of living things Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with their environment Evolutionary biology: the study of the origins and changes in the diversity of life over time
- 7. Genetics: the study of heredity Molecular biology: the study of biological molecules Physiology: the study of the functions of organisms and their parts Zoology: the study of animals, including animal behavior
- 8. Adding to the complexity of this enormous idea is the fact that these fields overlap. It is impossible to study zoology without knowing a great deal about evolution, physiology and ecology. You can't study cellular biology without knowing biochemistry and molecular biology as well.
- 9. All the branches of biology can be unified within a framework of five basic understandings about living things. Studying the details of these five ideas provides the endless fascination of biological research: Cell Theory: There are three parts to cell theory — the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells. Energy: All living things require energy, and energy flows between organisms and between organisms and the environment. Heredity: All living things have DNA and genetic information codes the structure and function of all cells. Equilibrium: All living things must maintain homeostasis, a state of balanced equilibrium between the organism and its environment. Evolution: This is the overall unifying concept of biology. Evolution is the change over time that is the engine of biological diversity.
- 10. Biology is often studied in conjunction with other sciences, such as mathematics and engineering, and even social sciences. Here are a few examples: Biophysics involves matching patterns in life and analyzing them with physics and mathematics, according to the Biophysical Society. Astrobiology is the study the evolution of life in the universe, including the search for extraterrestrial life, according to NASA. Biogeography is the study of the distribution and evolution of life forms and the causes of the distribution, according to Dartmouth College. Biomathematics involves creating mathematical models to better understand patterns and phenomena within the biology world, according to North Carolina State University. Bioengineering is the application of engineering principles to biology principles and vice versa, according the University of California Berkeley. Sociologists often study how biology can shape social structures, cultures, and interactions, according to the American Sociological Association.
- 11. Our fascination with biology has a long history. Even early humans had to study the animals they hunted and know where to find the plants they gathered for food. The invention of agriculture was the first great advance of human civilization. Medicine has been important to us from earliest history as well. The earliest known medical texts are from China (2500 B.C.), Mesopotamia (2112 B.C.), and Egypt (1800 B.C.).
- 12. In classical times, Aristotle is often considered to be the first to practice scientific zoology. He is known to have performed extensive studies of marine life and plants. His student, Theophrastus, wrote one of the West's earliest known botanical texts in 300 B.C. on the structure, life cycle and uses of plants. The Roman physician Galen used his experience in patching up gladiators for the arena to write texts on surgical procedures in A.D. 158.
- 13. During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci risked censure by participating in human dissection and making detailed anatomical drawings that are still considered among the most beautiful ever made. Invention of the printing press and the ability to reproduce woodcut illustrations meant that information was much easier to record and disseminate. One of the first illustrated biology books is a botanical text written by German botanist Leonhard Fuchs in 1542. Binomial classification was inaugurated by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735, using Latin names to group species according to their characteristics.
- 14. Microscopes opened up new worlds for scientists. In 1665, Robert Hooke, used a simple compound microscope to examine a thin sliver of cork. He observed that the plant tissue consisted of rectangular units that reminded him of the tiny rooms used by monks. He called these units "cells." In 1676, Anton von Leeuwenhoek published the first drawings of living single celled organisms. Theodore Schwann added the information that animal tissue is also composed of cells in 1839.
- 15. During the Victorian era, and throughout the 19th century, "Natural Science" became something of a mania. Thousands of new species were discovered and described by intrepid adventurers and by backyard botanists and entomologists alike. In 1812, Georges Cuvier described fossils and hypothesized that Earth had undergone "successive bouts of Creation and destruction" over long periods of time. On Nov. 24, 1859, Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of Species," the text that forever changed the world by showing that all living things are interrelated and that species were not separately created but arise from ancestral forms that are changed and shaped by adaptation to their environment.
- 16. While much of the world's attention was captured by biology questions at the macroscopic organism level, a quiet monk was investigating how living things pass traits from one generation to the next. Gregor Mendel is now known as the father of genetics although is papers on inheritance, published in 1866, went largely unnoticed at the time. His work was rediscovered in 1900 and further understanding of inheritance rapidly followed.
- 17. The 20th and 21st centuries may be known to future generations as the beginning of the "Biological Revolution." Beginning with Watson and Crick explaining the structure and function of DNA in 1953, all fields of biology have expanded exponentially and touch every aspect of our lives. Medicine will be changed by development of therapies tailored to a patient's genetic blueprint or by combining biology and technology with brain-controlled prosthetics. Economies hinge on the proper management of ecological resources, balancing human needs with conservation. We may discover ways to save our oceans while using them to produce enough food to feed the nations. We may "grow" batteries from bacteria or light buildings with bioluminescent fungi. The possibilities are endless; biology is just coming into its own.
- 18. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology • Carcinology - study of crustaceans • Conchology - shells • Entomology – insects
- 19. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology • Helminthology– worms • Herpetology – reptiles and amphibians • Ichthyology - Fish
- 20. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology •Mammalogy – warm-blooded animals •Malacology – mollusks
- 21. Sub Sciences Related to Zoology • Parasitology – org. that depends on a host for survival. • Protozoology – Unicellular org • Ornithology - birds
- 22. Sub Sciences of Botany • Mycology – Fungi • Phycology – algae • Bacteriology - microorganism
- 23. Origin of Life • Man has always been curious to find answers to the mysteries posed by the reality he lives in. • One of the deepest and most profound is the one that in itself searches for the answer to how he came to be, to how his world originated, to how and when he and all living beings emerged from the nature they live in.
- 24. Theories About the Origin of Life 1. Divine Creation Theory – The first form of life was created by a SUPER NATURAL BEING called GOD.
- 25. Theories About the Origin of Life 2. Spontaneous Generation Theory – held that living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances, e.g. that mice spontaneously appear in stored grain or maggots spontaneously appear in meat. • That plant lice arise from the dew which falls on plants, • that fleas are developed from putrid matter, • that mice come from dirty hay, and so forth
- 26. The theory was refuted by the following scientist: • 1. Francesco Redi, • 2. Lazzaro Spallanzani, • 3. Louis Pasteur
- 27. Theories About the Origin of Life
- 28. Pasteur
- 29. Theories About the Origin of Life 3. Marine Life Theory – the first form of life originated from the sea.
- 30. Theories About the Origin of Life 4. Cosmozoic = Interplanetary = known also as Panspermia is a of life are prevalent throughout the Universe, and furthermore that life on earth began by such seeds landing on Earth and propagating. • Panspermia can be said to be either interstellar or interplanetary. hypothesis that the seeds • There is as yet no compelling evidence to support or contradict it, although the consensus view holds that panspermia - especially in its interstellar form - is unlikely given the challenges of survival and transport in space.
- 31. Theories About the Origin of Life 5. Physico-Chemical Theory = Oparin’s Theory – life came from a series of chemical reaction. Aleksander Oparin and JBS Haldane who in the 1920’s postulated that life formed as a result of "chemical evolution," where natural reactions between the chemicals present on the early earth eventually formed life.
- 32. Oparin’s Theory Formation of the Galaxy Formation of the Solar System Formation of the Earth Formation of atmosphere & Prebiotic Synthesis Polymerization Chemical Origins of Life (“Pre-RNA” World) RNA World DNA / Protein World Bacteria, Invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Human Big Bang
- 33. Chemical Reaction Series H + C 0 + H C + 0 N + H CH4 H2O CO2 NH3 C6H12O6 Carbohydrates Protein Amino Acid PLANTS ANIMALS
- 34. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things • 1. Metabolism – The vital life processes which includes all the changes that the materials taken as food undergoes. The two Phases A. Anabolism – constructive phase, building up phase Ex. Assimilation of food, photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --- C6H12O6 + energy B. Catabolism – Destructive phase, breaking down phase Ex. Digestion, respiration C6H12O6 - CO2 + H2O
- 35. 2.Reproduction – the ability of organism to create another organism of the same kind Kinds of Reproduction 1. Sexual 2. Asexual Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
- 36. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things 3. Growth – any increase in size Accretion – external growth Intussusceptions – internal growth 4. Form and Size Shape and structure LT - definite NLT – vary
- 37. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things • 5. Organization – arrangement of materials system organs tissues cell Atoms Molecules/Compounds Mixture/Complex Molecules organism communitypopulation Ecosystem Biosphere
- 38. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things 6. Chemical Composition – what matter is made of LT – organic compounds - oil, fats, sugar. Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, protein NLT – inorganic compounds - Acid, base, salt, metals, water
- 39. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things 7. Irritability – ability of organisms to react to changes in the environment. Stimuli – anything that will cause an organism to react/respond • Tropism – plants • Taxis – animals •Kinds of Irritability 4.Phototropism 5.Thermotropism 6.Thigmotropism 7.Geotropism
- 40. Phototropism
- 41. Thermotaxis
- 42. Differentiate Living from Non Living Things • 8. Life Span/Life cycle– period of existence 9.adaptation/evolution 10.Movement
- 43. • Cosmic evolution — the origin of time, space and matter (essentially referring to the Big Bang). • Stellar and planetary evolution — Origin of stars and planets. • Chemical evolution — the origin of higher elements from hydrogen. • Organic evolution — Origin of life from inanimate matter. • Macroevolution — Origin of major 'kinds' (for a creationist treatment see Created kinds). • Microevolution — Variations within 'kinds'. • The first four of the above definitions are taken from disparate fields of science, including cosmology, astronomy, geology, and chemistry, and have little to do with the more restrictive definition of biological evolution as per the modern synthesis. Biologists who have responded to creationist criticism dispute that there is any meaningful difference between the last two types, noting that microevolution over a longer span of time is macroevolution. Many creationists currently accept the sixth aspect as being fact (microevolution is defined by them as the creation of new breeds of dog or the divergence of the human races) but tend to reject some or all of the rest.
- 45. Early Evidence for Human Reliance Upon a Natural Perspective
- 46. Prehistoric Period • Learning by trial and error • Rich natural history knowledge • Information not written down (paper & writing developed ~5K years ago) • Crops Domesticated
- 47. When did the study of science begin? Paleolithic paintings on cave walls and recordings on bones- observations 32,000 years ago
- 48. When did the study of science begin? Mesopotamian 7,000 B.C. to 6th century B.C. Bronze surgical knives Medical text Astronomy
- 49. Ancient Greece Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.) • Greek physician • Diseases have natural causes • Rejected view that disease caused by evil spirits • Believed that the brain was area of higher thought and emotion, not heart • Program for good health: rest, good nutrition, and exercise. • Started “Western Medicine”
- 50. Hippocrates’ Four Humors Blood: considered to be made by the liver. Phlegm: associated with the lungs. Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder. Black bile: associated with the spleen.
- 51. Sanguine: Disease, excess blood Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile Imbalances of the Humors Cause Disease
- 52. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) • Scientific method (observation, inductive reasoning) • Described hundreds of marine species • Dolphin is a mammal • The earth is round • Biology (spontaneous generation)- disproved by Francesco Redi (1668), an Italian doctor who proved maggots came from flies. Ancient Greece
- 53. Galen (130 - 200 A.D.) • Anatomy & Physiology • disease resulted from an internal imbalance of the four humors • Mistakes in understanding circulation • Research based on ape dissection • Textbook used for 1000 years Roman Times
- 54. Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D. • Sad time • Little new knowledge • Taboo against dissecting human cadavers continued • Avoided actual involvement • Authority prevails
- 55. da Vinci(1452-1515) • Anatomy & Physiology Renaissance
- 56. Renaissance Vesalius dissects a female cadaver in his anatomy lab Vesalius (1514-1564) • Anatomy & Physiology • Followed Galen’s writings, but later found he was wrong
- 57. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body.
- 58. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a surgeon and a monk.
- 59. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
- 60. Medieval Human Anatomy Before Vesalius
- 61. Vesalius’ Images
- 62. The female pelvic anatomy. From Vesalius's De Corporis Humani Fabrica, 1543. Vesalius’ Images
- 63. 1578-1657 William Harvey Discoveries • Disproved Galen that blood not made from the liver • Heart is a pump not a suction device • Showed closed circuit circulation • Showed existence of valves in veins
- 64. Circulation
- 65. Ptolemy (170 A.D.)- geocentric universe Ptolemy
- 66. 1473 - 1543 C.E. Heliocentric universe; not accepted until 100 years after his death
- 67. 1564 - 1642 physicist, astronomer, scientific method
- 69. 1632 - 1723 Invented a simple microscope Discovered bacteria, protists, sperm cells, blood cells…
- 72. 1635 - 1703
- 73. Cells in Cork
- 74. Impact of Leeuwenhoek and Hooke on the Development of Biological Science • Developed the microscope. • Their observations led to the development of the Cell Theory. • However, their observations were of little practical significance to their peers. • Nothing immediately developed from their work.
- 75. Botany Travel to find new plants Medicinal plants 1600: 6,000 species known Classification added
- 76. Age of Systematics Flair for creative simplicity 1700s Carl Linnaeus Incurable classifier
- 77. Linnaeus Back to Sweden as a doctor Born in Sweden Medical school in Holland 14 books in 3 years Fish book: 3,000 pages
- 78. Linnaeus Goal: academic position Professor of Medicine & Natural History Held the position for 30 years
- 79. Linnaeus 1753: published book describing World’s plants Start of naming process ID: flowers - number & structure of the parts
- 80. Linnaeus Descriptions: “poetic precision” Result: easily applied system 2 word names: “binomial nomenclature”
- 81. Binomial Nomenclature 2 word name (genus + species) 1st level classification Loxodonta africanas Elephas maximus
- 82. Tiger = Panthera tigris Leopard = Panthera pardus Lion = Panthera leo
- 83. Panda Bear = Ailuropoda melanoleuca Black Bear = Ursus americanus Polar Bear = Ursus maritimus
- 84. Classification system Implies relationships between species Linnaeus’ ideas were not useful “National hero” Linnaeus But… retarded botany for a century
- 85. Epic Voyages 18th & 19th centuries Discover new species Sponsored by governments and wealthy individuals
- 86. Sauerkraut Epic Voyages Chronometer with temperature compensation Prevent scurvy: Fresh fruits & vegetables Navigation (longitude):
- 87. Epic Voyages Lt. James Cook Southern Hemisphere 1769: transit of Venus King funds the Royal Society HMS Endeavor
- 88. Cook (1700’s)- sailed twice around the world 1st European to visit Hawaii Cook
- 89. Cook’s First Voyage Passengers: Joseph Banks + 9 Stopped in Tahiti Named the “Society Islands” NZ & Australia Botany Bay
- 90. Banksia
- 91. Other Epic Voyages Capt. Fitzroy 1831: HMS Beagle Chas. Darwin
- 92. Darwin- HMS Beagle (1831); Subsidence theory Origin of Species (1859) Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- 93. Modern Science Crick & Watson 1953- DNA • Wegener (1880-1930)- plate tectonics Human Genome Project Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1900’s)- DNA
- 94. Science Disciplines Physical Sciences Biological or Life Sciences Physics Astronomy Chemistry Geology Botany Zoology Oceanography Marine biology Embryology Anatomy Ecology Genetics Microbiology Biochemistry Biophysics Biomath Bioengineering Aerospace Engineering Agronomy TECHNOLOGY
- 95. Questions: • Linnaeus developed a classification scheme that uses ________ nomenclature. • The invention of the microscope contributed to the ______ theory. • Cook’s primary mission in 1769 was to ______. • Vitamin C prevented __________. • Two theories proposed by Darwin are: • Galen’s anatomy text book was based on the anatomy of ______.
- 97. In the one hundred years since AGU (american geophysical union) was founded in 1919, the field of Earth and space science – often influenced by large-scale geopolitical events and technological innovation – has advanced by leaps and bounds.
- 98. The period between the end of World War I in 1918 and the start of the hostilities of World War II (1939) was particularly fruitful: In 1926, Robert Goddard became the first person to launch a liquid-fuel rocket In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto, a new planet predicted 25 years earlier by Percival Lowell, and seismologist Inge Lehmann, discovered Earth's inner core; and In 1935 Charles Richter developed the Richter magnitude scale as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes
- 99. As global tensions arose with the advent of the Cold War in 1947, scientific study continued unabated and the space race began in earnest: The first International Geophysical Year was proclaimed in 1957, the same year Sputnik I was successfully launched by the Soviet Union In 1964, the deep-sea submersible Alvin – capable of diving to 13,000 feet – is launched In 1969, in an event that was once only science- fiction, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon
- 100. After the moon landing, atmospheric research, and in particular the depletion of the ozone layer, received renewed attention. In 1981, NASA reported satellite evidence that the stratospheric ozone layer was being depleted globally Eight years later, in 1989, the Montreal Protocol to phase out stratospheric ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons went into effect
- 101. With the dawning of the new millennium, researchers employed even more powerful tools and technologies to chart the heavens and track threats posed by natural disasters and anthropogenic climate change. The Hubble Space Telescope – named after astronomer Edwin Hubble who first discovered galaxies beyond our own 66 years earlier - was launched into orbit in 1990 In 2013, NASA landed the Curiosity rover on our nearest celestial neighbor, Mars A year later, in 2014, the European Space Agency’s Philae lander touched down on the Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet In 2017, a Delaware size iced shelf collapsed off of the Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
- 102. Clearly, the scientific achievements that were needed to overcome the challenges our global society experience over the last century demanded innovation, creativity, and cooperative effort – all things in which the Earth and space science community excels. AGU’s Centennial is about using that energy to advance the next century of Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity.
- 103. Earth and Space Science - the scientific study of geology, oceanography, meteorology, environmental science and astronomy
- 104. Earth and Space Science Earth is generally thought of being made of four “spheres”: 1. Geology - Lithosphere - the hard outer crust (rocks) which covers 30% of our planet - two types: a. continental crust (rock type granite - old) b. oceanic crust (rock type basalt - young)
- 105. Earth and Space Science 2. Oceanography - Hydrosphere - the combined volumes of water on Earth (i.e. Oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, groundwater) - 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water (of which 97% is salt and only 3% freshwater)
- 107. Earth and Space Science 3. Meteorology - Atmosphere - the layer of gasses which surround Earth (i.e. air) - 99% of air is made up of only two elements (79% nitrogen and 20% oxygen) - other gasses include argon 0.9% and carbon dioxide 0.03% Weather is the atmospheric conditions in a particular location over a short period of time. Climate is the average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time.
- 108. The Atmosphere
- 109. Earth and Space Science 4. Environmental Science - Biosphere - the global community of living organisms and their environment - life has been found ranging from 41 km above Earth’s surface to a depth of 5 km into Earth’s crust