Biometrics

Introduction
 Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring
and analyzing biological data.

 It measure and analyze human body characteristics,
such as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice
patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements,
for authentication purposes.

Biometric devices consist of:
 A reader or scanning device
 Software that converts the scanned
information into digital form and
compares match points
 A database that stores the biometric
data for comparison

Biometrics can be sorted into
two classes:
 Categories of BIOMETRICS
 Physiological
 Examples- face, fingerprints, hand
geometry and iris Recognition, DNA.
 Behavioral
 Examples-signature and voice.

Basic characteristics of
BIOMETRIC Technologies:
 Universality: Every person should have the
characteristic. People who are mute or without
a fingerprint will need to be accommodated in
some way.

 Uniqueness: Generally, no two people have
identical characteristics. However, identical
twins are hard to distinguish.

 Permanence: The characteristics should not
vary with time. A person's face, for example,
may change with age.

 Collectibility: The characteristics must be easily
collectible and measurable.

 Performance: The method must deliver accurate
results under varied environmental circumstances.

 Acceptability: The general public must accept the
sample collection routines. Nonintrusive methods are
more acceptable.

 Circumvention: The technology should be difficult to
deceive

Working principle:
 Biometric devices consist of a reader or
scanning device software that converts
the gathered information into digital
form, and a database that stores the
biometric data with comparison with
existing records.

Modes
 Enrollment Mode.
 Verification Mode.

 Enrollment Mode:
A sample of the biometric trait is
captured, processed by a computer, and
stored for later comparison.

 Verification Mode:
In this mode biometric system authenticates a
person’s claimed identity from their previously
enrolled pattern.

Biometric Modalities:
Fingerprint Recognition:

 For fingerprint Recognition look at:
 Friction ridges
 Core
 Crossover
 Delta
 Island
 Ridge Ending
 Pore

Face Recognition
It involves recognizing people by there:
 Facial features.
 Face geometry.

 Principle:
Analysis of unique shape, pattern and
positioning of facial features.

Voice Recognition:
 Voice recognition is not the same as
speech recognition, it is speaker
recognition.
 Considered both physiological and
behavioral.
 Popular and low-cost, but less accurate
and sometimes lengthy enrollment.

Styles of spoken input:
These system have three styles of
spoken inputs:
 Text Dependent
 Text prompted
 Text Independent

Iris Recognition:
 It is the colored area of the eye that
surrounds the pupil.
 It is a protected internal organ whose
random texture is stable throughout life.
 The iris patterns are obtained through a
video-based image acquisition system .

Signature Verification:
 Static/Off-line: the conventional way.

 Dynamic/On-line: using electronically
instrumented device.

 Principle:
The movement of the pen during the signing
process rather than the static image of the
signature. Many aspects of the signature in
motion can be studied, such as pen pressure,
the sound the pen makes.

Smart Cards:
 These are digital security pocket-sized cards
with embedded integrated circuits which can
process data.

 It can be used for identification,authentication,
and data storage.

 It can also be used as a medium to provide a
means of effecting business transactions in a
flexible, secure, standard way with minimal
human intervention.

Encryption Systems :
 Transforming information using an
algorithm to make it unreadable to
anyone except those possessing special
knowledge, usually referred to as a key.

 Encryption has long been used by
militaries and governments to facilitate
secret communication.

Performance of BIOMETRICS
:
 False accept rate or false match rate (FAR
or FMR)

 False reject rate or false non-match rate
(FRR or FNMR)

 Relative operating characteristic (ROC)

 Equal error rate or crossover error rate
(EER or CER)

Advantages of
Biometrics:
 Biometric identification can provide extremely
accurate, secured access to information;
fingerprints, retinal and iris scans produce absolutely
unique data sets when done properly.

 Current methods like password verification have
many problems (people write them down, they forget
them, they make up easy-to-hack passwords) .

 Automated biometric identification can be done very
rapidly and uniformly, with a minimum of training .

 Your identity can be verified without resort to
documents that may be stolen, lost or altered.

Disadvantages of
BIOMETRICS:
 The finger print of those people working in Chemical
industries are often affected. Therefore these companies
should not use the finger print mode of authentication.

 It is found that with age, the voice of a person differs. Also
when the person has flu or throat infection the voice
changes or if there there are too much noise in the
environment this method maynot authenticate correctly.
Therefore this method of verification is not workable all
the time

 For people affected with diabetes, the eyes get affected
resulting in differences.

 Biometrics is an expensive security solution.

BIOMETRICS SECURITY:
 Security personnel look for biometric
data that does not change over the
course of your life; that is, they look for
physical characteristics that stay
constant and that are difficult to fake or
change on purpose

Biometrics

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Biometrics