The document discusses BIOS, CMOS, and POST. BIOS is a small program that stores hardware configuration settings and can be accessed by pressing keys like F2 or Del at startup. CMOS is a chip on the motherboard that stores BIOS settings and keeps the system time even when powered off. POST is the Power On Self Test process that runs each time the system starts up to check for errors in components like the processor, RAM, and hard disk.