Biosensor
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A biosensor is a device that uses biological components like tissues, cells or enzymes to detect chemicals or microbes. It converts the biological response into an electrical signal that is measured. Professor Leland Clark is considered the father of biosensors. A good biosensor provides accurate, precise, reproducible results cheaply and is small, portable and easy to use. The main components are a bioreceptor that interacts selectively with the target analyte, a transducer that converts the biological response into a measurable signal, and a signal processor that interprets the signal. Biosensors are classified by transducer type and have many applications like monitoring blood glucose, detecting environmental toxins, and aiding drug discovery.
Biosensor
- 2. Introduction • A biosensor is an analytical device which converts the biological signal into a measurable electrical signal. • Professor Leland C Clark is the father of Biosenor. Professor Leland C Clark 1918–2005
- 3. A good biosensor • It should provide accurate, precise, reproducible results. • It should be free from electrical noise. • It should be cheap, small, portable and capable of being used by semi-skilled operators. • The reaction should be independent from physical parameters (stirring, pH and temperature).
- 4. Parts of biosensor • Bioreceptors • Transducer • Signal processor http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/37959/media/image9.png
- 5. Bioreceptor Display Adapted from www. newtech.tabrizu.ac.ir/Files/Biosensor%20seminar(2).ppt
- 6. Bioreceptor The bioreceptor is a biologically derived material such as tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc. or Biomimetic component that binds or recognizes the analyte of interest.
- 7. Transducer • When the analyte interacts with the bioreceptor, change in biological signals such as change in temperature, electrical charge occurs. • The transducer transforms these signal into another signal which is easily measured and quantified.
- 8. Biosenor Calorim- etric Optical Amper ometric Piezo- electric Potenti- ometric Based on the type of transducer the Biosensor are classified as
- 9. • Calorimetric biosensors The heat produced (or absorbed) by the reaction. • Potentiometric biosensors Changes in the distribution of charges causing an electrical potential. • Amperometric biosensors Movement of electrons produced in a redox reaction. • Optical biosensors Light output during the reaction or a light absorbance difference between the reactants and products . • Piezo-electric biosensors Effects due to the mass of the reactants or products .
- 10. Signal processors • Signal processor process the data obtained from the transducer and displays the result in user friendly way. Pregnancy test Detects the hCG protein in urine. Example of Biosensor
- 11. The enzyme glucose oxiadase is used by blood glucose biosensor to break down of blood glucose. First it oxidizes glucose and uses two electrons to reduce the FAD (a component of the enzyme) to FADH2 which in turn is oxidized by the electrode in a number of steps. The resulting current is a measure of the concentration of glucose. In this case, the electrode is the transducer and the enzyme is the bioreceptor. Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients) Monitors the glucose level in the blood.
- 12. Applications There are numerous applications of biosensors with various types. Some of them are used in • Monitoring blood glucose level of diabetes patients. • Detection of Environmental contamination e.g. the detection of pesticides and heavy metals in river water. • Remote sensing of airborne pathogens durning epidemic outbreaks • Determining levels of toxic substances before and after bioremediation • Routine analytical measurement of folic acid, biotin, vitamin B12 • Drug discovery. • Protein engineering. • Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins.
- 13. References • http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/122959/file-66858649- jpg/images/dr._leland_clark.jpg • http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/biosensors.html • www.newtech.tabrizu.ac.ir/Files/Biosensor%20seminar(2).ppt • www.pitt.edu/~super4/36011-37001/36421.ppt • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor