Biosensors and its applications
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This document discusses biosensors and their applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte. The document outlines the three main components of a biosensor - the biological recognition element, transducer, and detector. It describes different types of biosensors including calorimetric, potentiometric, amperometric, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors. Finally, the document discusses various applications of biosensors in fields like healthcare testing, environmental monitoring, and future applications in cancer detection.
![Father of the Biosensor
Professor Leland C Clark Jnr [1918–2005]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biosensorsmsc2-200705112530/85/Biosensors-and-its-applications-13-320.jpg)
![Future Application
Cancer Monitoring
• Nanobiosensors play a very important role for early cancer
detection in body fluids.
• The sensor is coated with a cancer-specific antibody or other Bio-
recognation ligands. The capture of a cancer cell or a target
protein yields electrical, optical or mechanical signal for detection.
[Professor Calum McNeil detection of cancer proteins that cause
MRSA]
Identification of Biomarkers
↓
Validation of Cancer Biomarkers
↓
Cancer Biomarkers
↓
Ligands / Probes Developments
↓
Cancer Diagnostics Biosensor ← Detector
↓
Point of Care Cancer Diagnostics](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biosensorsmsc2-200705112530/85/Biosensors-and-its-applications-42-320.jpg)
Biosensors and its applications
- 1. BIOSENSORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS DR. GURPREET SINGH, Ph.D Assistant Professor Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar (INDIA) EMAIL: singh.gpbio@gmail.com
- 2. Definition for Biosensors: A sensor/device that integrates a biological element with a physio- chemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.
- 3. What is a Biosensor? “Biosensor” once refered to any device which responds to chemical species in biological samples or using biological components. www.wvminesafety.org http://www.gentronix.co.uk/images/newscientist.jpg
- 4. Some common household practices we follow now-a-days
- 5. ALCOMETER USED BY POLICE TO DETECT THE CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHAL CONSUMED BY DRIVER Or sometimes!!!!!!
- 6. Year Biosensor development 1916 First report on the immobilization of proteins: adsorption of invertase on activated charcoal 1922 First glass pH electrode 1956 Invention of the oxygen electrode 1962 First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose 1969 First potentiometric biosensor: urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect urea 1970 Invention of the Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) 1972/5 First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments glucose biosensor 1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles) 1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases 1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose 1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor 1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor: ferrocene used with glucose oxidize for the detection of glucose 1987 Launch of the MediSense ExacTech™ blood glucose biosensor 1990 Launch of the Pharmacia BIACore SPR-based biosensor system 1992 i-STAT launches hand-held blood analyzer 1996 Glucocard launched 1996 Abbott acquires MediSense for $867 million 1998 Launch of LifeScan Fast Take blood glucose biosensor 1998 Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to form Roche Diagnostics 2001 LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testing business for $1.3billion 2003 i-STAT acquired by Abbott for $392 million 2004 Abbott acquires TheraSense for $1.2 billion
- 7. What is a Sensor/Transducer/Actuator ? • Sensor is a device which converts a physical or chemical quantity into an electrical quantity/ usable electrical output. • Transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into another form. • Actuator is a device which performs a mechanical action in response to an input signal.
- 8. Why Biosensors ? • Sensitivity • Low detection limits • Cost • Simplicity • Reliability • Speed • Accuracy • Precision • Utility • Field portability • Reproducibility • Ease of calibration • Stability • Room for improvement
- 9. Direct transduction (Bio)selectivity Simple, monolithic structures Miniaturised Electrical/optoelectronic readout Continuous monitoring Deskilled use in vivo / ex vivo / in vitro POCT Tissue + blood monitoring Why biosensors?
- 10. Current Definition for Biosensors A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector. www.imec.be/ovinter/static_research/BioHome.shtml
- 11. Nanobiosensor Transducer Detector Biological Recognition Element (Bioreceptor) Living biological system (cell, tissue or whole organism) Biological molecular species (antibody, enzyme, protein…)
- 13. Father of the Biosensor Professor Leland C Clark Jnr [1918–2005]
- 14. Biosensors and its microfabrication
- 16. http://www.dddmag.com/images/0409/HTS1_lrg.jpg Detector DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION
- 17. 1ST Component: Biological Element Microorganism Tissue Cell Organelle Nucleic Acid Enzyme Enzyme Component Food item Environmental sample The component used to bind the target molecule. http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/HIV/DrugStrategies.html Must be highly specific, stable under storage conditions, and immobilized.
- 18. 2ND Component: Physiochemical Transducer Acts as an interface, measuring the physical change that occurs with the reaction at the bioreceptor then transforming that energy into measurable electrical output.
- 19. 3RD Component: Detector Signals from the transducer are passed to a microprocessor where they are amplified and analyzed. The data is then converted to concentration units and transferred to a display or/and data storage device. www.modernmike.com
- 21. Types of Biosensors 1. Calorimetric Biosensor 2. Potentiometric Biosensor 3. Amperometric Biosensor 4. Optical Biosensor 5. Piezo-electric Biosensor
- 22. Calorimetric biosensor • Many enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating heat - used as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction and, hence, the analyte concentration. Reactant Enzyme Heat output -DH (kJ ˣ mol- 1) Cholesterol Cholesterol oxidase 53 Esters Chymotrypsin 4 - 16 Glucose Glucose oxidase 80 Hydrogen peroxide Catalase 100 Penicillin G Penicillinase 67 Peptides Trypsin 10 - 30 Starch Amylase 8 Sucrose Invertase 20 Urea Urease 61 Uric acid Uricase 49
- 23. The sample stream (a) passes through the outer insulated box (b) to the heat exchanger (c) within an aluminium block (d). From there, it flows past the reference thermistor (e) and into the packed bed bioreactor (f, 1ml volume), containing the biocatalyst, where the reaction occurs. The change in temperature is determined by the thermistor (g) and the solution passed to waste (h). External electronics (l) determines the difference in the resistance, and hence temperature, between the thermistors. The thermistors, used to detect the temperature change, function by changing their electrical resistance with the temperature,
- 24. Principles of Detection Electrochemical Biosensors •Amperometric for applied current: Movement of e- in redox reactions detected when a potential is applied between two electrodes. •Potentiometric for voltage: Change in distribution of charge is detected using ion-selective electrodes, such as pH-meters. •Conductimetric for impedance http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/index.html
- 25. Principles of Detection Optical Biosensors •Colorimetric for color: Measure change in light adsorption as reactants are converted to products. •Photometric for light intensity: Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or photodiode systems. www.manimo.it/Prodotti/
- 26. Piezo-Electric Biosensors The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of absorbed material. Piezo-electric devices use gold to detect the specific angle at which electron waves are emitted when the substance is exposed to laser light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate under the influence of an electric field.
- 27. Electrochemical Biosensors • For applied current: Movement of e- in redox reactions detected when a potential is applied between two electrodes.
- 28. Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Steps involved in electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors: Formation of the DNA recognition layer Actual hybridization event Transformation of the hybridization event into an electrical signal
- 29. Potentiometric Biosensor – For voltage: Change in distribution of charge is detected using ion-selective electrodes, such as pH-meters.
- 30. Optical Biosensors •Colorimetric for color Measure change in light adsorption •Photometric for light intensity Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or photodiode systems.
- 31. Calorimetric Biosensors If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic, two thermistors may be used to measure the difference in resistance between reactant and product and, hence, the analyte concentration.
- 32. Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Steps involved in electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors: Formation of the DNA recognition layer Actual hybridization event Transformation of the hybridization event into an electrical signal
- 33. Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis and genome mutation detection Types DNA Biosensors • Electrodes • Chips • Crystals DNA biosensor
- 39. Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2006; 386, 1025-1041) Agricultural monitoring (Journal of American Science, 2010; 6, 353-375) Microbial biosensors (Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2011; 26, 1788-1799) Applications of Biosensors
- 40. Applications of Biosensors DNA Sensors; Genetic monitoring, disease Immunosensors; HIV, Hepatitis,other viral diseas, drug testing, environmental monitoring… Cell-based Sensors; functional sensors, drug testing… Point-of-care sensors; blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids, drugs, hormones, proteins, other… Bacteria Sensors; (E.coli, streptococcus, other): food industry, medicine, environmental, other. Enzyme sensors; diabetics, drug testing, other.
- 41. Applications of Nanobiosensors Biological Applications • DNA Sensors; Genetic monitoring, disease • Immunosensors; HIV, Hepatitis,other viral diseas, drug testing, environmental monitoring… • Cell-based Sensors; functional sensors, drug testing… • Point-of-care sensors; blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids, drugs, hormones, proteins, other… • Bacteria Sensors; (E-coli, streptococcus, other): food industry, medicine, environmental, other. • Enzyme sensors; diabetics, drug testing, other. Environmental Applications • Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity • Agricultural monitoring • Ground water screening • Ocean monitoring
- 42. Future Application Cancer Monitoring • Nanobiosensors play a very important role for early cancer detection in body fluids. • The sensor is coated with a cancer-specific antibody or other Bio- recognation ligands. The capture of a cancer cell or a target protein yields electrical, optical or mechanical signal for detection. [Professor Calum McNeil detection of cancer proteins that cause MRSA] Identification of Biomarkers ↓ Validation of Cancer Biomarkers ↓ Cancer Biomarkers ↓ Ligands / Probes Developments ↓ Cancer Diagnostics Biosensor ← Detector ↓ Point of Care Cancer Diagnostics