Bioterrorism
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Bioterrorism is defined as the unlawful use of biological agents to harm or intimidate populations. This document provides an overview of bioterrorism, including a history of uses dating back to ancient times, classification of biological agents into priority categories (A, B, C), potential delivery methods, and key indicators of a bioterror event. Public health preparation and response focuses on familiarizing medical staff, incorporating into disaster plans, laboratory identification of agents, and coordinating public information.
Bioterrorism
- 1. BIOTERRORISM
- 2. "Bioterrorism” - The unlawful use, or threatened use, of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. The act is intended to create fear and intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological goals. WHAT IS BIOTERRORISM
- 3. OR The use of biological agents to intentionally produce illness or intoxication in a susceptible population
- 4. Biological terrorism dates as far back as ancient Roman civilization. 1346 Siege of Kaffa; plague 1763 French and Indian War; smallpox WW I German program; anthrax, glanders 1925 Geneva protocol bans biological weapons WW II Japanese program; anthrax, plague, cholera, shigella. HISTORY
- 5. 1946 U.S. announces its involvement in bioweapons research 1972 Biological Weapons Convention 1979 Accidental release of B. anthracis spores at bioweapon research center, Sverdlovsk, U.S.S.R 1989-92 Scientists from the former U.S.S.R. involved in biological weapons research defect to the West 2001 Anthrax releases in Florida, New York, New Jercy HISTORY (CONT…)
- 6. 2001 Anthrax attack in America. 2001-2002 Anthrax attack in Pakistan 2003 Ricin letter incidents 2007 Dengue attack in Pakistan (Lahore) 2009-2010 Dengue attack in Pakistan (Lahore) HISTORY (CONT…)
- 7. BIOWEAPON-RELATED DISEASES • Anthrax • Botulism • Brucellosis • Cholera • Food poisoning • Glanders • Hemorrhagic fever • Lassa fever • Melioidosis • Plague • Psittacosis • Q-fever • Salmonellosis • Shigellosis • Smallpox • Tularemia • Typhoid fever • Typhus • Viral encephalitis
- 9. The Centers for Disease Control C (CDC- 2004) have placed agents in one of three priority categories for initial public health preparedness efforts:A, B, or C.Agents
- 10. •Contagious •High death rates and high health impact on the public •ANTHRAX, BOTULISM, SMALLPOX, TULAREMIA, PLAGUE etc…. CLASS -A
- 11. Critical biological agents category A Can be easily disseminated or transmitted person- to-person Cause high mortality, with potential for major public health impact Might cause public panic and social disruption Require special action for public health preparedness Characteristics of CLASS -A
- 13. Variola major (smallpox) Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) Yersinia pestis (plague) Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism) Francisella tularensis (tularemia) Filoviruses Ebola hemorrhagic fever Marburg hemorrhagic fever Arena viruses Lassa (Lassa fever) Junín (Argentine hemorrhagic fever) and related viruses
- 14. Are moderately easy to disseminate Some illness & death rates TYPHUS, WATER SAFETY THREATS, SALMONELLA Cause moderate morbidity and low mortality Require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance CATEGORY- B
- 15. Coxiella burnetti (Q fever); Alpha viruses Venezuelan encephalomyelitis Eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans) Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus enterotoxin B. CATEGORYB -AGENTS
- 16. SUBSET OF LIST BAGENTS INCLUDES PATHOGENS THATARE FOOD- OR WATERBORNE - THESE PATHOGENS INCLUDE Salmonella species •Shigella dysenteriae •Escherichia coli O157:H7 •Vibrio cholera •Cryptosporidium parvum
- 17. CATEGORY C INCLUDES EMERGING PATHOGENS THAT COULD BE ENGINEERED FOR MASS DISSEMINATION IN THE FUTURE Easily available Easily produced and spread Have potential for high death & illness rate Category C agents are pathogens. They are easy to produce and have potential for high morbidity or mortality CATEGORYC
- 18. Nipah virus Hantaviruses Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses Tick-borne encephalitis viruses Yellow fever Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis CLASS-C AGENTS
- 19. Food / Water Aircraft sprayers Vehicle sprayers Hand sprayers Mail Air handling systems Human Vector Animal Vector Biological Weapon Delivery Methods
- 20. Aprimitive biological weapon Delivery device - aerial bomb Thin fragile aluminium cylinders filled with nitrogen under pressure to create an aerosol and release organisms when the bomb lands. Explosive
- 21. Occurrence of vector-borne disease where there is no vector Cluster of sick or dead animals A typical seasonality Geographic Pattern of Illness More respiratory presentation of disease KEYINDICATORS OFA BIOLOGICALTERROR EVENT
- 22. Familiarize medical staff with BT agents Incorporate into Disaster Planning Decontamination & Infection Control Communications with key agencies Laboratory, Respective health authorities of the Nation. Contacts to obtain stockpiled supplies: antibiotics, immune sera, vaccines, etc. Security preparations PREPARATION FOR BTATTACK
- 23. Assess health impacts in the community Environmental health assesses water safety and sanitation Public health nurses coordinate with Shelter Operations Acute communicable disease tracks infectious diseases Injury program tracks injuries and fatalities Health Officer coordinates information for the public and health care providers Public Health Laboratories identify agents (either in- house or through referral to State governments or health authorities ) WHAT DOES PUBLIC HEALTH DO IN ABIOTERRORIST EVENT?