BRICSfinalreport

1
PROJECT REPORT 2016
On
Submitted to
Ms.Ruchira Saini
(Deputy Director-Agriculture)
FICCI
By
Eshana Mukherjee
(B.A.Economics, JMI)
Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi-110025

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DECLARATION
This is to declare that, I, Eshana Mukherjee, a student of B.A.Honors Economics
(2015-2018), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, have given original date and information
to the best of my knowledge in the project titled “BRICS”, and that no part of this
information has been used for any other assignment but for the partial fulfilment of the
requirements towards the completion of the said project report.
Dated: ESHANA MUKHERJEE
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Eshana Mukherjee is a bonafide student of Bachelors in
Economics (2015-2018), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi and has participated as summer
trainee in our company for the period 15th June -15th July 2016. She has completed her
summer project titled BRICS.
Dated: Ms.Ruchira Saini
Deputy Director-Agriculture
FICCI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere and deepest gratitude and indebtedness to
the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry for giving me an opportunity to
work with this company as a summer trainee, which has been a pleasant and enriching
experience.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Ms.Ruchira Saini, Deputy Director-
Agriculture Division, Ms.Sarita Koli, Assistant Director-Agriculture Division, Ms.Babita Bharti,
Research Associate-Agriculture Division and Mr. Pravesh Sharma, FICCI Advisor and Managing
Director, Sabziwala, Shambhavi Tech Farms Pvt. Ltd. for their keen interest, inspiring guidance,
constant encouragement, constructive criticism, practical exposure and sharing of their time,
wisdom and knowledge which have indeed paved the way for this project to materialize.
I am also grateful to the organization for giving me an opportunity to attend the
Conference on Innovations in Agricultural Mechanization- Development of linkage
among R&D Institutes-Institutes-Farmers on 7th July’2016 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
I am satisfied with the final outcome of the project and pleased that it has been completed
successfully. The project helped me gain knowledge of the agricultural scenarios of these five
countries, by virtue of being associated with an esteemed and professional organization.
Under the guidance of the officials, the project report was started and duly completed in
the given time frame.
I would also like to thank Simran Kaur, my partner and also a summer trainee at FICCI,
who helped a lot with the completion of the project report.
Lastly, I want to thank my parents for keeping me motivated and helping me throughout
the project and the training.
Regards,
Place: New Delhi
Dated: Eshana Mukherjee

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ExecutiveSummary
BRICS is a platform fordialogue and cooperation among the five countries with 43% of the global
population representing almost 3 billion people and have a combined share of 20% in world GDP,
equivalent to a nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion.
The goal of this platform is to promote peace, security and development in the multipolar,
interconnected and complex globalized world.The BRICS countries represent Asia, Africa,Europe and
Latin America, thus making their cooperation transcontinental and especially valuable and significant.
The BRICS countries are prepared – on the basis of universally recognized norms of international law
and multilateral approach to decision-making – to cooperatewith other countries, both developed and
developing, to address the problems facing the worldtoday and seize new opportunities.
The cooperation within BRICS is aimed at establishing and developing the transportation and
communication systems, contributing to the growthof national economies, development of international
trade and meeting the modern security and environmental requirements. The BRICS cooperation includes
joint projects, exchange of experience and joint research in the field of agriculture, transport,
communication, information and communication technologies, and cooperation in the field of design,
construction, modernization, operation of transport and communications infrastructure; establishment of
logistics complexes and hubs, the use of transit capacities of the BRICS countries etc; training for the
construction and operation of infrastructure.
Food security and access to food are essential forsustainable growth. The growing population,
increasing burden on the environment, destabilization and deregulation of the global foodmarket affect
the food security severely.The BRICS countries, as the largest agricultural powers that have certain
potential forraising the agricultural production couldplay an important role in the near future on the
global agricultural market as a driving forceof growthin agricultural production.
The main areas of BRICS cooperation in the field of agriculture are the following:
 contributing to the international and national foodsecurity;
 expanding mutual trade in agricultural products;
 coordinating positions on international trade in agricultural products;
 joint elaboration and adoption of new agricultural equipment and advanced agricultural
technologies, including biotechnology;
 promoting investment in agricultural production;
 ensuring safety of foodproducts;
 exchanging experience on accreditation of organic products;
 raising the agricultural productivity and sustainability;
 exchanging information on national policy and practices in specific agricultural industries;
 Organizing training in the field of agricultural production etc.
The stable and robust agricultural development of the BRICS countries is of great significance to world
foodsecurity whichis committed to developing agriculture actively,strengthening coordination and
cooperation, as wellas helping other developing countries to improve food productivity while ensuring
domestic food security and generation of income and jobs in rural areas, paying particular attention to
smallholder farmers, women and youth, so as to make joint effortsto improve world foodsecurity.

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1. OVERVIEWOFBRICS
1.1 Agriculture-BRICS Perspective
1.2 Key Agricultural SubSectors
1.3 Comparisonof PopulationComposition
1.4 ComparisonofLandResources
1.5 ComparisonofLandUse
1.6 ContributionofAgricultural Sectorto Total GDP
2. AGRICULTURE INBRAZIL
2.1 Brazil’s Agriculture
2.2 Climate and Topography
2.3 Top 10 Productionof Agro Commodities
2.4 Top 10 Import- Export Agro Commodities
3. AGRICULTURE INRUSSIA
3.1 Russia’s Agriculture
4. AGRICULTURE INCHINA
4.1 China’s Agriculture
4.4 Top 10 Import- ExportAgro Commodities
5. AGRICULTURE INSOUTHAFRICA
5.1 South Africa’s Agriculture
6. AGRICULTURE ININDIA
6.1 India’s Agriculture
7. INDIA’S TRADE WITHBRICS COUNTRIES
7.1 Overview;Exports;Imports-ChinaandBrazil
7.2 Trendsin Agricultural TradebetweenIndia-China
8. SWOT ANALYSIS

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1. OverviewofBRICS
1.1 Agriculture -BRICS Perspective
In the developing countries, agriculture continues to play a prominent role in economic development.
The BRICS countries account forabout 40 per cent of worldpopulation and around 25 per cent of
world GDP in Purchasing PowerParity terms in 2010.
They have a key role to play in the post-crisis global economy.
The BRICS economy rose from11percent of global GDP in 1990 to 25 percent in 2011 and is poised to
reach 40 percent by 2050. Growth and diversity coexist in the community as a whole. While all
countries in the BRICS community enjoyed higher growth for a large part of the last decade, each
country is also known fordistinctiveness. Russia is a commodity-driveneconomy,China is a
powerhouse of exports, India is a domestic demand-driven economy,Brazil has much developed
economic structure and South Africa represents the fast-growing region of Africa. Growthis the
common glue that makes this community a powerfuland prominent forcein the global economy.All the
fivecountries in the BRICS community play an important role in G20 shaping global economic policy
and financial stability.
Agriculture is benefiting from technologicalinnovation and there is a growing recognition among the
governments as wellas the donor agencies about agriculture being the mainstay of economic growth
policies. The acknowledgement of the sector's role in development and growth lays a fresh impetus for
fostering investments in agriculture whichwill lead to a rise in productivity and income generation.
.
The world's most important cereal crops are wheat, rice and corn. Rice, being the source of more than
one-fifthof the world's calorieconsumption, assumes the position of the most important foodcrop. The
Asian countries lead the rice production in the world.China is the largest producer, followedby India.
. Wheat, the second most important crop, covers the maximum area under cultivation.China again is
the largest producer followedby India and Russia. Corn acts as a staple cropfor a majority of the Sub-
Saharan Africa and is a major source of carbohydrates, protein, iron and minerals. China is the second
largest producer, only to be followedby Brazil.
1.2 Key AgricultureSub-SectorsinBRICS countries
In Brazil, major sub-sectors are horticulture, cereals, poultry and plantation crops like sugarcane and
palm. These are also major importing and exporting commodities of Brazil. In terms of production,
Sugarcane and Soyabean are the major crops of Brazil. The top 10 agro products imported to Brazil in
2013 were Wheat, Maize, Malt, Rice, Beans, Soyabeans, potatoes, onion hallots and oil.
In Russia, major sub-sectors identified are cereals, poultry, sugar and horticulture. These are the major
producing and exporting commodities of the country. In terms of production, cereals are the most
important sub-sector in Russia.
In India, horticulture, foodgrain production, pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane and poultry are the major
agricultural sub sectors. Fruits and Vegetables together contribute about 92% of the total horticultural
production in the country.Poultry is the fastest growing sector in India today.
In China, cereals, horticulture, poultry and livestockproduction are the major sub-sectors. Soyabeans
and foodprep nes are the major import and export commodities. China is one of the major cereal
producing countries in the world.

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In South Africa,sugarcane and maize are the top twocommodities in terms of production. In terms of
production, oranges, apples and grapes are the major horticultural crops exported fromthe country.
Cereals is the top most imported commodity in South Africa.
1.3 ComparisonofPopulationCompositioninBRICS Countries :
Source: World Bank
The above graph compares the total population composition between the five BRICS countries
indicating both the rural and urban consumers for the agro commodities. China leads the list with
the total population at 1.36 billion in the year 2014 while India withpopulation of 1.29. Followed
by Brazil at 0.21billion, Russia at 0.14 billion and South Africa0.05 billion.
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
Brazil Russia India China South
Africa
Total Population (Billions) 0.21 0.14 1.29 1.36 0.05
PopulationCompositionin2014

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1.4 Comparisonof LandResources ofBRICS :
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph indicated the various land resources available in a country. Russia has the leading
country area, a 1,709.80 million He. It also has the maximum forest area under it. Russia is followed
by China in terms of land area, 956.3 million He as compared to Brazil’s 851.50 million He. Though
Brazil has more forest area than China. India has 328.7 million He only and South Africahas 121.9
million He. China has the most agricultural area followedby Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa.
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
1,600.00
1,800.00
Africa
Country area 851.50 1,709.80 328.7 956.3 121.9
Agricultural area 275.30 214.60 179.6 514.5 96.3
Forest 497.40 815.10 69.9 202.1 9.241
Land resourcesin2011(MillionHa)

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1.5 ComparisonofLandUseofBRICS as in2011:
Source: FAOSTAT
India has the maximum available arable land for use at 53% , while Brazil and Russia have the
leading available area of forests out of the total land area with59.50% and 49.80% respectively.
Whereas China and South Africa have the maximum land use under permanent meadows and
pastures.
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Africa
Permanent Crops 0.80% 0.10% 4.20% 1.60% 0.30%
Forest 59.50% 49.80% 23.50% 21.50% 7.60%
Arable land 8.60% 7.30% 53% 11.30% 9.90%
Other land 7.50% 37.10% 16% 23.90% 12.90%
Permanent Meadows and
pastures
23.50% 5.70% 3.50% 41.70% 69.20%
Land Usein 2011

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1.6 ComparisonofcontributionofAgricultureinGDP:
Source: IndexMundi, World Development Indicators
India’s agricultural sector has contributed the most, among the BRICS countries, to the total GDP of
the country’s economy witha 17.83 % contribution. This is followedby China at 9.17%, then Brazil
at 5.22 % , Russia at 4.17% and South Africa at 2.6%.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Africa
% in GDP 5.22 4.17 17.83 9.17 2.6
ContributionofAgi sectorinGDP(2013)

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2. AgricultureinBrazil
2.1 Brazil’sAgriculture
The agriculture of Brazil is historically one of the principal bases of Brazil's economy.Its initial focus
was sugarcane. Brazil eventually became the world'slargest exporter of coffee,soybeans, beef,
sugarcane, and ethanol. Also wheat, rice, corn, cocoaand citrus are significant products.
Brazil is a well endowed country with high biodiversity which contributes to the country’smassive
agriculture industry.
There are about 6 million agricultural enterprises in the country.With about one quarter of the labor
forcein Brazil employed by the agriculture industry, only 50 million hectare of land is used out of the
available 400 million hectare land.
The sector contributes 14% of the GDP(In2013 the contribution was of 5.5%.) , and all the agricultural
chain 27%, employing almost 17,900,000 people. Of these, 67% are male and 14% are under 14 years
of age. From the total of 5,175,489 million farms, 4,367,902 farms in Brazil have land plots with less
than 10 hectares. However,small farms occupy only 24.3% of the total farmland.
Average farm size is not very informative in so vast a country.Two thirds of the farms in Brazil are
under 100 ha. In Southern Brazil the average is 92 ha while in "Centro-Oeste" it is 897 ha. On the other
hand, 1% of farms were larger than 1,000 hectares, occupying45.1% of all land used in agriculture.In
2013 the contribution was of 5.5%.
In Southern Brazil, 46% of farmers earn less than US$ 100/year/farm (liquid revenue), the gross
revenue being US$ 318/ha (all activities comprised, but this is only US$ 150/ha in "Pernambuco"state,
to illustrate the variability). Tounderstand how farmers can survive with such a low income it should
be mentioned that 64% of commercial farmers have other off-farm sources of revenue.
In Brazil the poultry farming employs than 3.6 million people direct or indirectly, and accounts for
around 1.5% of the National Gross Domestic Product.
The sector is represented by dozens of thousands of integrated producers, hundreds of processing
companies and dozens of exporters.
Its social importance is also verified by its strong presence in Brazil’s countryside, mainly in the
Southern and Southeastern states. In many cities, poultry production is the main economic activity.
In 2011 the Brazilian production reached 13.058 million tons, what places Brazil among the three
largest producers worldwide,along withUnited States and China.
Out of this production, approximately 69% remains in the domestic market, proving the strength of this
industry for the country. The poultry meat per capita consumption in Brazil is of 39 kilograms a year.
In the exports, Brazil keeps, since 2004, its position as largest exporter, having ended 2011 with 3.9
million tons shipped to more than 150 countries.
With this performance, the Brazilian chickenmeat increased even its presence on the tables of
consumers in Brazil and throughout the world.i
The Brazilian cattle market is very large: even with India and China presenting the biggest beef herds in
the world, Brazil is the country that has the biggest commercial one. Over80% of the Brazilian animals
correspond to Zebu breeds and the rest to taurine breeds.
Between the Zebu herds in Brazil, Nelore is the breed that corresponds to 90% of these animals.The
concentration of Zebu cattle stretches all overthe country territory, while the southern regions in
Brazil, such as Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul are occupied by the Taurine type of cattle.
In the social aspect, cattle beef industry generates about 360 000 direct jobsas wellas thousands of
jobs among inputs suppliers, moving almost USD 2 billion in domestic inputs. Summarizing, the cattle

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beef industry in the country is important to the domestic consumption and for Brazilian economy due
to exports and employment creation.1
2.2 ClimateandTopography
SouthernBrazil
A semi-temperate or moderate, climate. Soils here are fertile and the higher rainfall levels ensure that
crops are wellirrigated and fed. In addition to the natural resources of Southern Brazil, this area is also
home to more advanced farming technology and farmers with extensive experience. Therefore, this
region produces most of the country’sgrains, export crops and oilseeds.
NortheastBrazil (including some of the Amazon Basin)
This agricultural area is far drier and less equipped. It often succumbs to droughts, and lacks
infrastructure, capital and good soil, due to minimal rainfall. This area is occupiedmainly by
subsistence farmers (whosurvive off of their produce).However, there are certain crops from this
region that are essential for export; such as cocoa,tropical fruits and forest products.
Central Brazil has, for generations, been considered to be unsuitable for farming. However,this area
(partly knownas cerrados) is now booming, being used extensively for mechanized cropagriculture.
Vast expanses of this land are still to be developed, being used only in pasture, but having the potential
to produce excellent farming and exporting crops.
2.3 ProductionofTop10Commodities :Quantity Wise
Source: FAOSTAT:
1 http://www.brazilianchicken.com.br/home/nossahistoria
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
81.72 80.27
34.26
21.48 17.55
12.44 11.78 9.83 6.89
Quantity wiseProductionofTop10CommoditiesinBrazil (2013)minus
Sugarcane
Production (in million tonnes)

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The above graph shows that Soyabean and maize are the major agri commodity being produced in
Brazil after Sugarcane with a production of 768 million tonnes. Horticulture crops like bananas, ,
oranges etc have shown increase in production in the FY13.
Productionof Top10 Commodities: Value Wise
Source: FAOSTAT
In terms of value ,Soybeans and Maize are the major commodities along with Sugarcane whichare
produced in China in FY13. The value of Meat production and Horticulture crops has went up.
2.4 ExportandImport ofTop10 Agri Commodities:
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
81.72 80.27
34.25
17.54 12.43 11.78 9.83
3.27 2.96
Quantity wiseProductionofTop10CommoditiesinBrazil (2013)
minusSugarcane
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Soybea
ns
Maize Sugar,R
aw,Cent
rifugal
Cake,So
ybeans
Sugar
refined
Meat,ch
icken
Coffee,g
reen
Oil,soy
bean
Wheat Meat,ca
ttle.bon
eless(b
eef &
veal)
Quantity ( in million tonnes) 42.796 26.624 21.521 13.333 5.632 3.552 1.699 1.362 1.188 1.174
Value (in 1000 US$) 22.812 6.307 9.163 6.787 2.678 7.003 4.582 1.365 0.348 5.331
ExportofTop10 CommoditiesinBrazil (2013)

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Source: FAOSTAT
Soybean was the maximum exported agro commodity witha quantity of 42.796 million tonnes at a
value of 22.812 thousand US$ in the year 2013. It was followedby Maize (26.624 million tonnes),
Sugar (raw,21.521 million tonnes), cake & soybeans (13.333 million tonnes), sugar ( refined, 5.632
million tonnes) , meat (chicken,3.552 million tonnes), coffee( 1.699 million tonnes), soybean oil (
1.362 million tonnes), wheat ( 1.188 million tonnes) and meat(cattle, 1.174 million tonnes).
Import of Top 10 Agri Commodities:
Source: FAOSTAT
The top 10 agro products imported to Brazil in 2013 were Wheat, Maize, Malt, Rice, Beans, Soyabeans,
potatoes, onion hallots and oil. Wheat being the top most imported commodity had a quantity of 7.272
million tonnes imported into the country at a total value of 2.414 thousand US$. The quantity imported
of other products in the list was less than 1 million.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Wheat Maize Malt Rice Barley Beans,
dry
Soybea
ns
Potatoe
s,froze
n
Onion,s
hallots,
green
Oil,pal
m
Value (in 1000 US$) 2.414 0.159 0.527 0.372 0.128 0.285 0.127 0.282 0.108 0.201
Import ofTop10CommoditiesinBrazil (2013)

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3. AgricultureinRussia
3.1 Russia’sAgriculture
Though Russia is primarily an Industrial economy,the agriculture industry is huge. The agriculture
industry in Russia accounts forabout 6% of the total national GDP.Also, agriculture is one of the largest
employment providing industries in Russia. Agriculture industry provides employment opportunities
to more than 16% of the Russian population.
In the mid-1990s, about 15 percent of the working population was occupied in agriculture, with the
proportion dropping slowly as the younger population left rural areas to seek economic opportunities
elsewhere.
Russia is a major regional and global agricultural producer and consumer. The Russian fishing industry
is the world'sfourth-largest, behind Japan, the United States, and China. Russia accounts forone-
quarter of the world'sproduction of fresh and frozenfish and about one-third of world output of
canned fish. Russia has a major forestry industry, possessing one-quarter of the world's forests.
By 1997, about 280,000 private farms had sprung up in Russia; but, forevery 100 new farms
registered, 96 were going bankrupt. Very small farms, created not by breaking up collectivefarms but
by pooling family allotments, have done better. Evenunder Stalin, families were allowedto keep plots.
Since 1991, their number has risen from18m to more than 30m. The typicalone is about 60 square
metres (645 square feet) in size and produces fruit and vegetables. But neighbors can join forces to
create mini-farms of twoor three acres, capable of supporting livestock.
In 2016 beef production is forecastto decline 3.3 percent to 3.310 MMT CWE as cattle
inventories decrease 1.6 percent due to stagnation of the Russian dairies whichsupply most cattle for
slaughter. The forecastfor beef imports is 630,000 MMT CWE,flat year-on-year. Imports account for32
percent of total beef supplies and push prices up while beef consumption will decline by 2 percent after
a 14 percent drop in 2015. Porkproduction is forecastto increase 2 percent to 2.675 MMTCWE as
leading companies continue to expand and as pork imports decline 13 percent to 355,000 MT CWE.
Porkconsumption is forecast to remain flat as lower pork prices are attractive forconsumers, but
poor economic conditions restrain demand.
The poultry industry is expected tointensify in the second half of 2016 as large producers consider
acquiring smaller companies that are struggling with low poultry prices. Major companies that
previously focusedexclusively on crop production may begin to show interest in buying poultry
businesses.
Russia’s leading companies have modernized their poultry plants and have their ownfeed production
units. This helps them to earn better-than-average margins and be more flexible in pricing than their
smaller competitors but these activitiescan lead to repeated short-term wholesale price fluctuations. 2
3.2 Climateand Topography
Although Russia is a snow-cladnation, it has a huge area of land meant for cultivationof crops. Russia
has well over23 million hectares of cultivable land
2
http://www.economist.com/node/169334
http://countrystudies.us/russia/60.htm
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Europe/Russia-AGRICULTURE.html

17
Cropped fields are expected to increase to 49 million hectares (490,000 sq km) as opposed to the
current 46 million.
In the European part of Russia, the most productive land is in the Central Chernozem Economic Region
and the Volga Economic Region, whichoccupy the grasslands between Ukraine and Kazakhstan. More
than 65 percent of the land in those regions is devoted to agriculture. In Siberia and the Far East, the
most productive areas are the southernmost regions. Fodder crops dominate in the colder regions, and
intensity of cultivationgenerally is higher in European Russia. The last expansion of cultivated land
occurredin the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the Virgin Lands program of Nikita Khrushchev
opened land in southwestern Siberia (and neighboring Kazakhstan) for cultivation.
The frost-free growing season ranges from a few weeks in the north to many months in the south. In
much of Russia the soil is not fertile enough and the growing season is not long enough to produce
enough grain to provide foodfor the entire year. Under Stalin in the 1950s, an effortwas made to
increase arable land by chopping down the forests in Siberia and plowing the steppes. These efforts
bore little fruit.
The “BlackEarth” in the central and southern parts of Russia is one of the most fertile wheat-growing
areas in the world. Chernozem, literally black earth, is a type of rich, black soil indigenous to large parts
of Ukraine and southwestern Russia. In some places it is six feet deep. The breadbasket of the Soviet
Union was in southern Russia between the Ukraine and the Caspian Sea, particularly inn rich black-
earth farming belt in the Volga River basin.
3.3 ProductionofTop10Agri Commodtities:Quantity Wise
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph shows that Wheat is the major agri commodity produced in Russia during
FY13. The production is of 52.09MT followedby 39.32MT and 30.28MT production of
Sugarbeet and Milk(Wholefresh cow).SunflowerSeed being one t]of the top commodity
produced has a production of 10.55MT in 2013.
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
52.09
39.32
30.28 30.19
15.38
11.63 10.55
4.93 3.44 3.35
Quantity wiseProductionofTop10CommoditiesinRussia(2013)

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ProductionofTop10Commodities:ValueWise
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph consists the layout of production of top 10 agri commodities in terms of value. Wheat
accounted for52.09US$Millions, Sugar beet-39.32US$Million, Milk(Wholefresh cow)-30.28US$Million,
Potatoes-30.19US$Million,SunflowerSeed-10.55US$Million. Meat is also among the top produced
commodities accounting 3.44US$Million for Chicken Meat, 2.78US$Million for Pig Meat and
1.60US$Million forCattle Meat.
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00 52.09
39.32
30.28 30.19
10.55
3.44 2.78 2.64 2.28 1.60
ValueWiseProdcutionofTop10CommoditiesinRussia(2013)
Production (in tonnes)

19
Source: FAOSTAT
Sugar(refined) was the maximum exported agro commodity with a quantity of 0.339 million tonnes at a
value of 0.203 thousand US$ in the year 2013. It was followedby Food prep nes (0.322 million tonnes),
Beverages (non alcoholic,0.313million tonnes), Cider ( 0.217 million tonnes ), Cake & soybeans (0.126
million tonnes), beef of barley( 0.113 million tonnes) , beverages (alcoholic,0.091 million tonnes), Food
wastes ( 0.089 million tonnes), Confectionary sugar ( 0.069 million tonnes), Fructose ( 0.055 million
tonnes).
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Suga
r
Refi
ned
Foo
d
prep
nes
Beve
rage
s,
non
alco
holic
Cide
r,etc
Cake
,Soy
bean
s
Beef
of
Barl
ey
Beve
rage
s,
distil
led
alco
holic
Foo
d
wate
s
Suga
r
conf
ectio
nary
Fruc
tose
and
syru
p,ot
her
Value (in 1000 US$) 0.203 1.023 0.309 0.164 0.071 0.072 0.146 0.065 0.136 0.029
ExportofTop10Agri Commodities inRussia(2013)

20
Import ofTop10Agri Commodities:
Source: FAOSTAT
The top 10 agro products imported to Russia in 2013 were Apples, Bananas, Soyabeans, Wheat,
Tomatoes, Tangerines, Oil(palm),Wine, Cake(soyabean) and Meat( cattle, boneless Apples being the
top most imported commodity had a quantity of 1.352 million tonnes imported into the country at a
total value of 0.789 thousand US$.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Apples Banana
s
Soybea
ns
Wheat Tomato
es
Tangeri
nes,
mander
ines,cle
metine
s,
satsum
as
Oil,pal
m
Wine Cake,
Soybea
ns
Meat,
cattles,
boneles
s(beef
& veal)
Value (in 1000 US$) 0.789 0.996 0.675 0.234 1.104 0.81 0.693 1.224 0.403 2.493
Import ofTop10Agri CommoditiesinRussia(2013)

21
4. AgricultureinChina
4.1 China’sAgriculture
Agriculture is an important economic sector of China, employing over 300 million farmers. China feeds
22 percent of the worldpopulation with only ten percent of the planet's arable land. China has the
world'slargest agricultural output. Since 1949 China has lost one fifthof its arable land. There is
545,960 square kilometres of irrigated land in China.
Citrus is a major cash cropin southern China. Mandarins are the most popular citrus in China, with
roughly double the output of oranges. China is the leading producer of cotton,whichis grown
throughout. China is very mountainous. A lot of slopes and hillsides have terraces built on them so
crops, particularly rice, can be grown on them. In barren Qinghai province,the only locally-grownfood
is raised in crude greenhouse made from plastic stretched over a bamboo frame.
China has a large livestockand poultry population, with pigs and fowlsbeing the most common. China
accounts forabout one-third of the total fish production of the world. Chinahas more than 400 million
cattle, sheep and goats. Agriculture employs 33.6 percent of China's labor forcein 2012.3
The average size of holdings in China is 1.33ha.4
China's climate ranges from subarctic to tropical. Its topography includes the world's highest peaks,
tortuous but picturesque river valleys, and vast plains subject to life- threatening but soil-enriching
flooding. Central plains stretch fromthe highlands eastward and southward to the sea. Agriculture
predominates in this vast area, generally favoured by a temperate or subtropical climate. The
meticulously tilled fields are evidence in part of the government's continuing concern overfarm output
and the food supply.
About 34 percent of China is covered by pastures and 14 percent by forests. Mountains cover58
percent of China. Deserts cover28 percent. Plains and basins coveraround 35 percent.
Wheat, corn, soybeans, barley, kaoliang (sorghum), millet are grownin the north and central China.
About 75% of China's cultivated area is used for foodcrops. Rice is the dominate crop in the south.
Some places produce double crops of rice. Wheat is the second most-prevalent grain crop. Most crops
for export are grown in the coastal areas. These areas have relatively good roads and access to ports
used forexporting produce.5
Oil seeds are important in Chinese agriculture, supplying edible and industrial oils and forming a large
share of agricultural exports. In North and Northeast China, Chinese soybeans are grown to be used in
tofu and cooking oil. China is also a leading producer of peanuts, which are grown in Shandong and
Hebei provinces.6
3 www.cia.gov
4
blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/.../agriculture-journal-china-versus-india-by-the-numbers
5 Factsanddetails.com,

22
The Northern Plain is home to 65 percent of China's agriculture but only 24 percent of it has water. It
produces half of China's wheat and corn. It suffered from lowerwater table caused by too much
pumping of water.
4.3 ProductionofTop10Commodities: Quantity Wise
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph shows that cereals and horticulture crops are the major commodities produced in
the year 2013. Maize with quantity of 219MT is the top most commodity followedby Rice,paddy
with 205MT. Horticulture commodities like Potatoes-96MT,Watermelons-73MT of production is
noticed.
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
219.0
205.0
162.0
130.0
122.0
96.0
73.0 70.0
54.0 53.0
Quantity wiseProductionofTop10Agri CommoditiesinChina(2013)
Production in million tonnes

23
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph indicates that Rice is the major commodity with the value of 205US$Million.
Horticulture crops-Apples, Tomatoes, Mushrooms and trufflesvalue 40US$Million,21US$Million
and 7US$Millionrespectively. Poultry and Livestockproduction is increasing with value accounting
54US$Million forPig Meat, 25US$Millionfor Eggs, 13US$Million for Chicken Meat and 6US$Million
for Cattle Meat.
0
50
100
150
200
250
205
162
122
54
40
25 21 13 7 6
ValuewiseProductionofTop10CommoditiesinChina(2013)
Value in US$Million

24
Source: FAOSTAT
Food prep nes was the maximum exported agro commodity with a quantity of 1.65million tonnes at
a value of 3.8 US$Million in the year 2013. It was followedby Garlic (1.62million tonnes), Fruit
(1.27 million tonnes), cake & soybeans (1.07 million tonnes), vegetables (preserved 1 million
tonnes) , Tomatoes (0.98 million tonnes), Food waste ( 0.93million tonnes), Vegetables (frozen,
0.82 million tonnes), and Waters.ice (0.8million tonnes).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Food
prep
nes
Garli
c
Fruit,
prep
ared
nes
Cake,
soyb
eans
Appl
es
Veget
ables,
prese
rved
nes
Toma
toes,
paste
Food
wast
es
Veget
ables,
froze
n
Wate
rs,ice
etc
Quanityin Million tonne 1.65 1.62 1.27 1.07 1.03 1 0.98 0.93 0.82 0.8
Value in US$Million 3.8 1.39 2.13 0.63 1.07 1.69 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.53
China-ExportQuantityand ValueofTop10Agri Commodities(2013)

25
Import ofTop10Agri Commodities:
Source: FAOSTAT
The top 10 agro products imported to China in 2013 were Soybeans, cassava dried, maize, oil,palm,
sugar, cotton lint, dregs, rapeseed, and rice. Soybeans being the top most imported commodity had a
quantity of 65.5 million tonnes imported into the country at a total value of 39.3US$Million.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Soybean
s
Cassava
dried
Maize Wheat Oil,
palm
Sugar
Raw
Centrifu
gal
Cotton
lint
Dregs
from
brewing
,
distillati
on
Rapesee
d
Rice–
total
(Rice
milled
equivale
nt)
Quanityin Million tonne 65.5 7.4 7.3 6.8 6.1 4.6 4.3 4.2 3.6 2.7
China-ImportQuantity and Value ofTop10Agri Commodities(2013)

26
5. AgricultureinSouthAfrica
5.1 SouthAfrica’sAgriculture
South Africa is a rich and diverse country. South Africa has a dual agricultural economy,with both
well-developed commercial farming and more subsistence-based production in the deep rural
areas. Agriculture as a percentage of GDP has decreased over past fourdecades, currently
contributing around 2%.It’s estimated that around 8,5-million people are directly or indirectly
dependent on agriculture for their employment and income.
South Africa is the world's13th largest sugar producer.
Cotton is cultivatedin Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Northern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and North West. It
constitutes about 74% of natural fibre and 42% of all fibre processed in South Africa.Cotton is
grown under irrigation as well as in dryland conditions. Seventy-fivepercent of local production is
harvested by hand.
Livestockis the largest agricultural sector in South Africa,with a population of some 13.8-million
cattle and 28.8-million sheep. The dairy industry is important to South Africa's job market, with
over 4 000 milk producers employing about 60 000 farmworkers and indirectly providing jobs to
some 40 000 people. South Africaproduces 85% of its meat requirements. South Africa's annual
poultry meat production is around 960 000 tons. Broiler production contributes about 80% to total
poultry meat production, with the rest made up of mature chickenslaughter (culls),small-scale and
backyardpoultry production, ducks, geese, turkeys and other specialised white meat products.
South Africa accounts foraround 65% of world sales of ostrich products - leather, meat and
feathers.
The average size of holdings in South Africais 1.5ha.7
Agriculture employs 4 percent of SA's labour forcein 2014.8
South Africa has seven climatic regions, from Mediterranean to subtropical to semi-desert.
While 12% of South Africa'sland can be used for cropproduction, only 22% of this is high-potential
arable land. The country can be divided into distinct farming regions, and farming activities range
from intensive crop production in winter rainfall and high summer rainfall areas, to cattle ranching
in the bushveld and sheep farming in the more arid regions.
It is estimated that 25% of South Africa’s soils are highly susceptible to wind erosion. These include
the sandy soils of the North West and the Free State - the areas that produce 75% of the country’s
maize.
The grain industry is one of the largest in South Africa,producing between 25% and 33% of the
country'stotal gross agricultural production. The largest area of farmland is planted with maize,
followedby wheat and, to a lesser extent, sugarcane and sunflowers.
Maize is produced mainly in North West province, the Free State, the Mpumalanga Highveld and the
7 PUreport
8 www.cia.gov

27
KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Local consumption of maize amounts to about 8mt, and the surplus is
exported.9
Wheat is produced in the winter rainfall areas of the Western Cape and the eastern parts of the Free
State.
Barley is produced mainly on the southern coastal plains of the Western Cape. The Oudtshoorn
district is responsible for about 90% of the lucerne seed produced in South Africa.
Sorghum is cultivated in the drier parts of summer rainfall areas such as Mpumalanga, the Free
State, Limpopo, North West and Gauteng.10
5.3 ProductionofTop10Commodities :Quantity Wise
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph indicates that Sugarcane (18MT) is the major agri commodity produced in South
Africa in the FY13.Horticulture crops are also among top commodities with Grapes( 1.85MT),
Oranges(1.67MT), Apples(0.81MT) and Potatoes(2.25MT) of production.
9 Wwf.sa
10 www.southafrica.info
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
18
12.5
3.4
2.25 1.88 1.85 1.67 1.5 0.81 0.79
Quantity wiseProductionofTop10Agri CommoditiesinSouth
Africa(2013)
Production in Million tonnes

28
Source: FAOSTAT
In terms of Value wise production, Plantation crop-Sugarcane is the major agri commodity with the
total value of 18US$Million.Followed by Maize with12.5US$Million. The rest of the top commodities
accountless than 4US$Million during the year 2013.
Source: FAOSTAT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
18
12.5
3.4
2.25 1.85 1.5 0.811 0.79 0.54 0.135
ValuewiseProductionofTop10Agri CommoditiesinSouthAfrica
(2013)
Value in US$Million
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Maize Orange
s
Wine Apples Sugar
Raw
Centrif
ugal
Sugar
refined
Flour,
maize
Grapes Grapefr
uit (inc.
pomelo
s)
Wheat
SouthAfrica-ExportQuantityand ValueofTop10Agri Commodities
(2013)

29
Maize was the maximum exported agro commodity witha quantity of 2.6million tonnes at a value of
0.76 US$Millionin the year 2013. It was followedby Oranges (1.17million tonnes), Wine(0.6 million
tonnes), Apples (0.48million tonnes), Sugar(Raw centrifugal 0.46 million tonnes) , Sugar (Refined, 0.38
million tonnes), Grapes ( 0.28million tonnes), Grapefruit( 0.26million tonnes), and Wheat (0.22million
tonnes).
Import ofTop10Commodities:
Source: FAOSTAT
The top 10 agro products imported to China in 2013 were Wheat, Rice, Cake and Soybeans, OilPalm,
Sugar Raw, Sugar refined, OilSoybean, Molasses and Cottonseed. Wheat being the top most imported
commodity had a quantity of 1.4 million tonnes imported into the country at a total value of
0.42US$Million.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Wheat Rice –
total
(Rice
milled
equival
ent)
Cake,
soybea
ns
Oil,
palm
Sugar
Raw
Centrif
ugal
Meat,
chicke
n
Sugar
refined
Oil,
soybea
n
Molass
es
Cake,
cottons
eed
South Africa- Import Quantity and Value of Top 10 Agri Commodities
(2013)

30
6. AgricultureinIndia
6.1 India’sAgriculture
Agriculture, withits allied sectors, is unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in India, more
so in the vast rural areas. It also contributes a significant figure to the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).Sustainable agriculture, in terms of foodsecurity, rural employment, and environmentally
sustainable technologies such as soil conservation, sustainable natural resource management and
biodiversity protection, are essential forholistic rural development. Indian agriculture and allied
activities have witnessed a green revolution, a white revolution, a yellow revolution and a blue
revolution.
Indian agriculture continues to directly or indirectly support more than 50 per cent of the Indian
population. In the recent years, there has been a secular decline in the contribution of agriculture to
the national. Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy.
The large population dependent on agriculture is one of the prime reasons that this sector attracts
huge attention of policy makers. Agriculture sector is important and it needs support. The sector
needs huge fillip for the followingreasons: productivities in all major crops have stagnated, no
significant improvement in agriculture infrastructure, land holdings continue to be fragmented, and
risk mitigation options have not improved. In absolute terms, the capital formation in agriculture
and allied activities in 2012-13 was overRs. 1.62 lakh crore.11
The agriculture and allied sectors contributed approximately 13.9% of India’s GDP during 2013-14.
As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics, India is the world'slargest producer of many
fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, major spices, select fibrous crops such as jute, staples such
as millets and castor oil seed. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's
major food staples.
India is the world'ssecond or third largest producer of several dry fruits, agriculture-
based textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut,sugarcane and
numerous vegetables. India ranked in the world'sfive largest producers of over 80% of agricultural
produce items, including many cash crops such as coffeeand cotton,in 2010.[7] India is one of the
world'sfive largest producers of livestockand poultry meat, with one of the fastest growthrates, as
of 2011.
The average income a farmer earns fromfarming activities, including what he keeps forhis family’s
consumption, is 20,000 rupees a year in 17 states across the country. This means the monthly
income of a farmer in these states is a paltry 1,666 rupees.
60.3 percent of India's land area is agricultural land. “At 157.35 million hectares, India holds the
second largest agricultural land globally.” Only,the United States has more agricultural land than
India.
11 Annual Report 2013-14, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation).

31
The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale
and varied topography, making generalisations difficult.India hosts six major climatic subtypes,
ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical
regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have
starkly different microclimates. The nation has four seasons: winter (January and February),
summer (March, April and May), a monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a post-
monsoon period (October,November and December).
6.3 ProductionofTop10Commodities:Quantity Wise
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph shows Sugarcane and Rice are the major agri commodity produced withthe quantity
of 341.20MT and 159.20MT respectively. Buffaloand Cow milk production is high with 70MT and
60.60MT respectively.
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
341.20
159.20
93.51
70.00 60.60
45.34 33.21 27.58 23.29 19.30
Quantity wiseProductionofTop10Agri CommoditiesinIndia(2013)

32
Source: FAOSTAT
The above graph shows Sugarcane and Rice are the major agri commodity produced withthe quantity
of 341.20MT and 159.20MT respectively. Buffaloand Cow milk production is high with 70MT and
60.60MT respectively.
6.4 ExportandImport ofTop10 Commodities:
Source: FAOSTAT
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
341.20
159.20
93.51
70.00 60.60 45.34 27.58 18.23 18.00 6.05
ValuewiseProductionofTop10CommoditiesinIndia(2013)
Production (in million tonnes)'
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Rice–
total
(Rice
milled
equival
ent)
Wheat Cake,
soybea
ns
Maize Cotton
lint
Cake,
rapese
ed
Onions,
dry
Sugar
refined
Oil,
castor
beans
Sugar
Raw
Centrif
ugal
Qtyin Million tonnes 11.30 6.50 5.19 4.75 2.37 1.48 1.48 1.34 0.63 0.61
India-ExportQuantity and ValueofTop10Agri Commodities(2013)

33
The above graph shows that Rice is the major commodity exported in the year 2013 witha quantity of
11.30MT and 8.21US$Million value. Wheat and Soybean account 1.91 and 2.87US$Million in the FY13.
Oil export has decreased from last year. The quantity produced was 0.63MT.
Import of Top 10 Commodities:
Source: FAOSTAT
The major commodities imported in the year 2013 were Oil –Palm oil (8.38MT),Soybean (1.1MT) and
Sunflower oil (1.06MT)which valued 6.95, 1.1 and 1.2US$Millionrespectively.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Oil,
palm
Sugar
Raw
Centri
fugal
Peas,
dry
Oil,
soybe
an
Oil,
sunflo
wer
Beans
, dry
Cashe
w
nuts,
with
shell
Lentil
s
Chick
peas
Rubbe
r
natur
al dry
Qtyin Million tonnes 8.38967 1.24413 1.23025 1.10789 1.06849 0.88575 0.82993 0.67966 0.53833 0.33139
Value in US$Millions 6.95926 0.55293 0.56116 1.19178 1.21834 0.66757 0.81161 0.43511 0.32385 0.89143
India-Import Quantity and ValueofTop10Agri Commodities(2013)

34
7. India’stradewith BRICS
7.1 Overview
Agricultural tradebetweenIndiaandBrazil
Brazil is the leading exporter of staples like soy, sugarcane, coffee,orange juice and beef, making it the
fourth largest exporter of foodglobally. It is also a major producer of tobacco,cellulose, cottonand
cashew.
 Imports from Brazil to India that had grown sharply in 2012 from3.2 billion USD to 5.6 billion
USD fell backas sharply over in 2013 due mainly to reduction in crude oil exports of Brazil
 Brazil's share in Indian export market was about 2.6 per cent whereas Brazil's share in Indian
imports is about 1.3 per cent.
 Other top Indian products exported to Brazil are: polyester yarn, chemical products, drugs and
cottonyarn. Most of these products registered growth in 2013.
 The bulk of Brazil’s exports to India is made up of crude oil (35.9%), raw sugar (28%)and
copper (11%) followedby laminates of iron and steel, and soya oil.
 Like Petroleum, the top fiveBrazilian exports to India viz.sugar, soybean oil crude, sulphide
copper ores and other copper ores and concentrates; all showed a negative growth in 2013 over
the year 2012.
Agricultural tradebetweenIndiaandChina
China has become India's largest trade partner and India is China's seventh largest export destination.
 GDP of agriculture and allied sectors in India was recorded at US$ 259.23 billion in FY15.
 Economic cooperation between India and China in the last decade has been a remarkable from
very modest beginning of USD 2 billion in 2000-01 to USD 70 billion.
 India has emerged as a major agricultural exporter, with exports climbing from just over $5
billion in 2003 to a record of more than $39 billion in 2013. India became the world’s seventh-
largest exporter of agricultural products in 2013.
Exports
In the year 2014-15, India’s total export of agricultural commodities to China was of the order of US $
1513.31 million.
Source: D/o Commerce
S No. Commodity 2014-15 (in USD million)
1. Frozen Fish 53.06
2. Shrimps and Prawns 32.84
3. Ground nuts 34.22
4. Sesamum seeds 62.42
5, Others 17.39
6. Muclgs and Thickeners 85.63
7. Cotton linters 23.73
8. Castor oil 215.87
9. Pomfret 35.79

35
10. Cotton 722.26
India’s total agri export to China 1513.31
 India’s principal exports during this period were cotton, castor oil, guargum, seasamum seed,
frozen fishes, prawn& shrimp,groundnut, etc.
Imports
India’s agricultural import from China was of US $ 308.1 million.
Source: D/o Commerce
S No. Commodity 2014-15 (in USD million)
1. Kidney beans. White beans 72.26
2. Apples 65.24
3. Pears 7.38
4. Waste of human hair 6.37
5, Wheat gluten 9.16
6. Other : extracts : 9.2
7. Bamboos 6.94
8. Other apple juice 6.7
9. Active yeasts 6.66
10. Animal feeding 37.25
India’s total agri import from China 308.1
India’s principal imports during this period were kidney beans, apples, preparation used in animal
feeding, wheat glutens, bamboos, etc.
7.2 Trendsinagriculture tradebetweenIndia-China
Source: Comtrade
Averageagriculturetariff
264 273 310 304 308
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
India’sagricultureexportto chinaisshowingdecreasingtrend.
Export
Import

36
Average agriculture tariff rate of India and China are 33.5% and 9.9 % respectively.
Potential agricultureitemsofIndia’sexportto China
China imports the followingagriculture items from other countries in the world whichIndia has also
potential to export.
 Live plant
 Coconuts, banana, dried grapes
 Wheat, barley , rice, sorghum
 Soya beans oilseeds
 Coconut oil
 Cane Sugar
 Oil-cake
Growth
India’s export growthover the past decade has been the highest of any country, withan annual rate of
more than 21 percent, comparing, China’s grew by 12 percent .
Source: GTA
Key LearningfromIndia
1. Practising extensive farming- Less labour, mechanisation can be used more effectively,greater
efficiency,lowerrequirements of inputs, local environment and soil are not damaged by overuse of
chemicals,etc.
2. Improvements in food safety measures for healthy and quality food- Efficientquality control and
foodsafety include health, hygiene standards or regulations to avoidthe spread of animal and plant
diseases and epidemics.
3. Enhancing awareness about market and transportation- A digital platform for
enabling farmers to sell their produce at a better rate anywhere in the country and Kisan Suvidha App.
21.3
11.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
India China
Annual average% increaseinagri export(2003-
2013)

37
4. Sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural production-Organic farming, biological
pesticides, minimizing agricultural pollution ,etc.
5. Methods to overcomewater scarcity issues- water management practices-reusing and recycling,
better irrigation technique ,producing less water requiring crops,etc.
6. Effectivepolicies,development initiatives and subsidies by government.
Key LearningfromChina
1. Techniques forproducing better yield varieties of crops- germplasm sources, new batch of high-
yield, super high-yield, adversity-resistant crop breeds have been successfully cultivated and extended
for application
2. Use of nuclear technology, exposing seeds to low doses of gamma rays, to improve yield. It could
postpone sprouting, whichallowed garlic to be preserved in normal temperatures for longer.
3. Methods of preventing post harvest losses-e.g. degreening rooms forcitrus fruits
4. Technology to improve cold storage warehouses- extended by combining refrigeration witha
controlled environment consisting of a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
5. Increase international relations and trade- China’s import & export in agriculture totalled US$ 90.19
billion.
6. Investment in irrigation facilities, warehousing and coldstorage.
7. Development in farm mechanisation- New 200hp models with semi-powershift transmissions.

38
8. SWOT analysis
Countries Strengthin
agriculture
Gaps Cooperation
Brazil Immense resources
Major exporter of
crops and oilseeds
Global sugarcane
leader
Zero Hunger Strategy
Degraded soil in
maximum area
Lackof resource
conservation
Lackof financial
support system
Lackof infrastructure
Involvementof
institutions for funds
Development of
strategy toincrease
soil utility
Collaborate with
companies to provide
good storage houses
and infrastructure
Russia Boost in livestock
breeding
Major producer of
Wheat and Barley
Great opportunity in
Brewery Industry
Major exporter of
sunflower seed and
grains
Lackof processing
units
Large negative trade
balance
Focus on sustainable
agriculture, food
security and nutrition
Use of biotechnology
in agriculture and
foodproduction
Development in
precision machinery
India Large cultivableland
Highest area under
irrigation
Cheap labour
Vibrant biotechsector
Largest producer of
Millets and Pulses
Low yield
Less value addition
Large amount of post
harvest losses
No access to modern
technology
Lackof quality
infrastructure and
storage houses
Better yielding
varieties of crops
Development of post
harvest technology
Development of
drought tolerant
crops
China Major producer of rice
Major livestock
producer
Largest importer of
soybean
Non-availability of
arable land
Shortage of food
Lackof information
about market and
transportation
Lackof necessary
machinery
Misuse of veterinary
drugs
Use of land extensive
crops
Improvement in food
safety measures
Promoting BRIC
companies tie ups for
enhancing awareness
Initiation of inter
country linkages for
advancement in
agriculture
South Africa Major producer of
maize and wheat
Major exporter of
fruits,flowersand
wines
World class
infrastructure.
Uneven and unreliable
rainfall
Low skilled labour
Frequent changes in
weather patterns
Exploitation of land-
water resources.
An agreement to
collaborate in skilled
labour
Development for
sustainable use of
resource

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