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- 1. Building Services Group Assignment Group members: Elissa Chang 0326909 Boon Li Ying 0323839 Michelle Tung 0324175 Alan Chung JiaZen 0321487 Calvin Wong Ping Ket 0322481 Kiew Chee Yuan 0323297 Tan Jia San 0322406 Lettitia Lois Hiew 0323908 Chin Ke Ni 0324021 Gillian Chong 0323941
- 2. Introduction
- 3. 1.0 Introduction • Case study location: Subang Parade, SS16, Subang Jaya • 4 storey high 1,169,038 sq ft mall
- 4. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
- 5. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM • Achieve thermal comfort and better indoor air quality • Subang Parade Shopping Centre : 4 leveled with over 200 stores • Requires large amount of cooling load to distribute the stores evenly • Centralized air-conditioning system
- 6. OPERATING SYSTEM Cooling Tower Chiller Air Handling Unit (AHU) AirductDiffuserReturn Airduct
- 7. ROOFTOP - COOLING TOWER • Function : to cool the warm water pumped up by the condenser • Using the evaporation of water to remove process heat • Located at the rooftop level of the shopping mall • To fully utilize the natural convection
- 8. ROOFTOP - COOLING TOWER • Packaged cooling tower • Pre-assembled in the factory by Nihon Spindle • Design is shaped like a box • Subang Parade : 6 cooling towers • Each cooling tower can hold up to 800 tons of water
- 10. ROOFTOP - COOLING TOWER • According to MS 1525 code 8.8 : “The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water system such as but not limited to dampers. Temperature and pressure test connection and balancing valves.” Fan Stack CDWR (Condensed Water Return), from chilled water loop CDWS (Condensed Water), ready to re- circulate
- 11. ROOFTOP - WATER TANK • Positioned across/opposite of the cooling tower • Connected together, installed in case of water shortage • To add on/make up the amount of water lost
- 12. PLANT ROOM • Located outside of the shopping mall • Includes chillers, compressors, distributor pumps, condenser pumps, and chiller pumps • There is a control room inside the plant room Control Room Plant Room Entrance Door
- 13. PLANT ROOM
- 14. PLANT ROOM - CHILLED WATER SYSTEM • Chiller - Condenser (grey), Evaporater (black) • Back-up tanks for evaporator • 7 chillers altogether - 4 small (400 tons), 1 medium (800 tons), 2 large (1500 tons) • According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1 : “Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system external to the package, and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water or air through the condenser and cooling tower are not to be included in the consideration of the CDP for the component.”
- 15. PLANT ROOM - CHILLED WATER SYSTEM • Connected with the evaporator • Piping system that pumps to the Air Handling Unit (AHU) • Is covered/wrapped thick - hot
- 16. PLANT ROOM Chilled Water Distribution Pump Condenser Water Pump
- 17. CONTROL ROOM - CONTROL PANELS • Main air-conditioning control desk • Manually controlled • Shows the location of each system • Able to detect which system is not operating or damaged
- 19. AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) ROOM • Device that regulates and circulates air as part of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system • Function : supplies cooled air into the building • Main components : Air Filters, Coils, Dampers, Fans, Mixing Chamber, and Humidifiers
- 20. AHU ROOM • Locations of AHU in lower ground floor • 67 units of manually operated AHU • Each AHU controls the air-conditioning of 5 shops • The air supplied and return is approximately 23℃ • AHU will shut down automatically when fire emergency or manually stopped by pressing a release button located in the control room
- 21. AHU ROOM - THERMOSTAT • The supplied air temperature is controlled by a thermostat • According to MS 155 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation : “All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”
- 22. AHU ROOM - AIR FILTERS • Removes impurities (allergens, dust, dirt particles etc.) • Prevent damage to coils and fan
- 23. AHU ROOM - COOLING COILS • Coils are made of copper tubes, copper/aluminium fins (to aid heat transfer) • Connected to chiller where water is supplied through Chilled Water Supply (CHWS) from chiller • Warm water returned to chiller through Chilled Water Return (CHWR)
- 24. DIFFUSERS - SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS • Distributes equal amount of air into the building • Subang Parade uses 3 types • Found on the ceiling of offices and corridors Multi-direction Diffuser Linear Slot Diffuser Cone Diffuser
- 25. RETURN AIR GRILLES • Transports the air back to AHU room • Covered with metallic grill to cover the duct behind • Prevent big objects from entering the duct that causes damage to AHU • Larger and lesser in numbers compared with diffusers
- 27. Fire Protection System -Active Fire Protection • A component that detects and prevents fire by reacting to action or motion efficiently -Passive Fire Protection • A group of systems that helps in contain or slow down the spread of fire.
- 28. Active Fire Protection -Smoke Detector • Photoelectric smoke detector functions to detect fire and sends off warning • Located at the corridor within the mall -Fire control room • Functions to monitor actual situations and controlling fire alarm system • Located at ground floor of the mall
- 29. Fire Alarm System -Manual Call Point • Designed to function by raising the alarm bell manually • Located at lift lobbies -Alarm Bell • Functions to give off warning during events of fire • Located at lift lobbies -Fireman’s Switch • Functions to disengage power from electrical equipment • Located at staircase and corridor of the mall
- 30. Fire Protection System -Fireman Intercom Station • Provides communication during emergency incidents • Located at the emergency staircase and fire control room -Sprinkler Pump Room • Functions as main control room for water sprinkler system • Sprinkler box consisting switches in pump room -Water Sprinkler System • Functions to suppress fire in buildings • Two types which are pendent sprinkler and upright sprinkler • Located within the corridor of the mall and fire escape stairway
- 31. Fire Protection System -Smoke Extraction Fan • Functions to extract smoke produced during the events of fire • Located at the rooftop -Portable Fire Extinguisher • Functions to extinguish fires produced in small areas • ABC dry powder fire extinguishers are being used • Located at lift lobbies, electrical and machinery rooms, and corridor within the mall -Fire Hose Reel • Functions to extinguish fire by ensuring supply of water • Located at lift lobbies
- 32. Fire Protection System -Fire Pump Room • Consists of jockey pump, duty pump, and standby pump -Jockey Pump • Functions to control the pressure in sprinkler pipes -Duty Pump • Functions to generate enough pressure of water to maintain the water pumping process -Standby Pump • Functions as the same as duty pump
- 33. Passive Fire Protection -Fire Escape Plan • Functions to show the location of emergency staircases to provide faster evacuation • Located at lift lobbies.
- 34. Passive Fire Protection -Emergency Exit Signage • Assist occupants within the building to find the emergency escape route • Located above every fire door within the mall -Fire Emergency Staircase • A special exit that provides faster evacuation when events of fire occurs
- 36. 3.1 Escalators • In Subang Parade, there are 4 floors not including roof top • Two types of escalators in Subang Parade: Crisscross and Parallel escalators
- 37. Location of traction elevator Location of escalators FIRST FLOOR BASEMENT FLOOR
- 38. 3.1 Escalators 1. Crisscross • 7 crisscross escalators in Subang Parade • Minimize structural space requirements by “stacking“ escalators that go in one direction
- 39. 3.1 Escalators 2. Parallel • 2 parallel escalators in Subang Parade • Required more floor space than the crisscross arrangement (less often used)
- 40. 3.2 Elevators -Gear traction elevator is used in Subang Parade • Function: Carry passengers in a building with more than 4 storeys • Total 9 groups serving the whole mall (7 groups connected directly to car park, 2 groups connected floors in the mall) • The major components: Motor (Machine Room), Lift Car, Landing, Hoistway and Pit • Travel speed: Up to 500 feet per minute • Load carrying: Up to 30,000 pound (13,600 Kgs)
- 41. 3.3 Motor Room (Machine Room) (a) Geared traction machine • Function: Ensure high quality, accurate, smooth ride for the elevator with an appropriate drive and control system
- 42. 3.3 Motor Room (Machine Room) (b) Controller / Control Panel • Function: Controls and monitor the operation of the lift which receive signals from users through car operating panels • Mounted against the wall
- 43. 3.3 Motor Room (Machine Room) ( c ) Overspeed Governor • Function: Bring the car to stop when car exceeding 40% of the rated speed
- 44. 3.4 Lift cars (a) Door Safety Devices • It is the passenger detection devices for the safety and comfort of users • 2 types of door safety devices: Laser and touch panel • In Subang Parade, they are using both devices for their elevators
- 45. 3.4 Lift cars (b) Door Operator
- 46. 3.4 Lift cars ( c ) Operating Panels • A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating control, such as call register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other buttons or key switches are required for operation
- 47. 3.5 LIFT DOOR (LANDING DOOR) The type of lift door used in Subang Parade is two speed, centre opening. The elevator in Subang Parade.
- 48. 3.5 LIFT DOOR (LANDING DOOR) -Key Switch Panel • Located at the control room of Subang Parade • Function: Control the car of the lift when there is an emergency or lift breakdown occurs • The passengers can contact the control room through the ring button in the lift in case of emergency • Technicians are able to know clearly when emergency or lift breakdown occurs through the key switch panel
- 49. 3.5 LIFT DOOR (LANDING DOOR) Key Switch Panel
- 51. Blue = High Voltage Room Green = Transformer Room Red = Low Voltage Room Electricity Supply System
- 52. The TNB Power Station then receives electricity flow then transfer to the Vacuum Circuit Breaker in High Voltage Room. Vacuum Circuit Breaker helps to protect the three phase transformer when it is overloaded The transformers received 11kV voltage of power and further steps down to 415V before it transferred to the Low Voltage Room. The main switch board in Low Voltage Room received power supply and further distributed to the rest of sub-switchboard in Subang Parade through riser. Electricity Distribution
- 53. Plan view of High Voltage Room, Transformer Room & Low Voltage Room
- 54. High Tension Switchgear Switch and control the flow of electricity within the electrical system. Provide protection electrical circuit and equipment from current overloading, short circuit current and insulation failure. Receive electricity from TNB and transfer to Transformers Room Vacuum Circuit Breaker A device that interrupts and electric circuit to prevent unwarranted current, caused by a short circuit 27 set of Vacuum Circuit Breaker High Voltage Room
- 55. Step- down transformers stepped down high voltage current from 11kV to 415V. 17 transformer in Subang Parade. Receive voltage current from High Voltage Room and distribute lower voltage current to next room, Low Voltage Room. Current temperature is 42˚c, had reached 60˚c before. Once reach 80˚c the transformer will start make noise and straight power trip once reach 90˚c. Transformers Room
- 56. Main Switch Board A large assembly of panels which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits Control the entire electricity supply of the building, distribute power to sub- switchboard and other system. Contains switches, fuses, metering, air circuit breaker and other instrumentation. Having 3 set of Main Switch Board Low Voltage Room
- 57. Backup System Provide sufficient electricity to the building when there are power failure. Using diesel fuel to run. Repair once every 2 year Maintenance cost about Rm22,000.00 each time
- 58. For safety purpose, technician are required to wear protective clothing before maintenance. Safety Issue in Electrical System Room Fire protection system is installed in each room with using a bank of high pressure spun steel cylinders contained CO² .
- 59. Sub-switch board Similar functionality of the main switch board which is to connect and disconnect the electric supply from the main switchboard. Located in lower ground level and distribute electricity to each level of building through electrical riser.
- 60. Red= AHU, 9 nos Green= A/C, 3 nos Blue= Elevator, 7 nos Location of sub-switchboard in lower ground floor
- 61. Electrical Components: Electrical conductor(1), Electrical Conduit(2), Raceway(3) & Electrical riser(4) (1): Are commonly round cross-section and are usually made out of metals either copper or aluminium. (2): Used to protect the enclosed wiring from mechanical injury and damage from surrounding atmosphere (3): Enclosed component that forms a physical pathway for electrical wiring (4): To carry electrical wiring to upper floors in orderly and distribute them to each floor
- 63. P1. Inappropriate Wire Installation • The wiring in conductor pipe are not sealed up and exposed to the air • It might cause rat gnawing the insulating cover of electrical and exposing the bare wires, cockroaches and ants nesting inside the place
- 64. P1. Inappropriate Wire Installation • An excessive number of wires inside the trunking make the wiring inside trunking to be crowded • The excessive wires in trunking will build-up of heat inside the trunking • Household pests and excessive wires can harm the cabling, which can lead to electrical faults, shocks or even fires
- 65. R1: Inappropriate Wire Installation • Connect back the exposed wire with using fire-proof flexible pipe to protect the exposed wires • Technician may need to inspect the condition of cable insulation before connection • Install additional trunking for the excessive wires in trunking • Number of cables which drawn into a conduit or trunking should not exceed 45% of space factor (less than half full of cable) • The electrical systems require the periodic maintenance in addition to non- scheduled maintenance in case there are some unpredictable events • To keep the system operating at an acceptable level of service to the public
- 66. P2. Cleanliness of the HVAC System • Low cleanliness level in HVAC systems will reduce the life expectancy of the equipment • Also impacting the indoor air quality and energy efficiency of the HVAC systems. • Cleaning should be undertaken whenever visual inspections indicate that there is substantial visible mold growth inside ducts • Ducts are infested with rodents or insects • They are clogged with excessive amounts of dust and debris Duct before cleaning Duct after cleaning
- 67. R2: Cleanliness of the HVAC System • Using a Rotobrush air duct cleaning method combines physical scrubbing to remove dust • Sanitizing the ducts will help kill off mold spores and bacteria • Improve the indoor air quality and the heating or cooling system is more efficient Rotobrush
- 68. P3. Condenser Fan Motor • When it goes bad, the HVAC unit will often work initially then stop • A bad motor that suddenly start working again and if not bolted in place will spin out of control causing damage
- 69. R3. Condenser Fan Motor • Check the resistance of it using a meter, if shows high resistance it should be replaced • Regular maintenance and checking at least yearly especially in hot and humid climates, make sure that every bolts in tighten up before turning it on • Fans should be checked for alignment and to see whether they are in a good condition and function well or not • Request cleaner to clean the fan motors and fan blades
- 70. Thank you!