Building Lighting Automation through the Integration of DALI with Wireless Sensor Networks

F. J. Bellido-Outeirino et al.: Building Lighting Automation through the Integration of DALI with Wireless Sensor Networks 47
Manuscript received 01/15/12
Current version published 03/21/12
Electronic version published 03/21/12. 0098 3063/12/$20.00 © 2012 IEEE
Building Lighting Automation through the Integration of DALI
with Wireless Sensor Networks
Francisco Jose Bellido-Outeirino, Member, IEEE, Jose Maria Flores-Arias, Member, IEEE,
Francisco Domingo-Perez, Aurora Gil-de-Castro and Antonio Moreno-Munoz, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract — This paper focuses on the integration of Digital
Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) devices in wireless
sensor networks. Since different manufacturers usually deal
with one aspect of building automation - e.g. heating ventilation
and air conditioning, lighting control, different kinds of alarms,
etc. - final building automation system has different subsystems
which are finally taken to an integrated building management
system. The cost of this process is consequently increased due to
additional hardware investment. Our main purpose is to
provide the end consumer with an economical fully centralized
system in which home appliances are managed by an IEEE
802.15.4-based wireless sensor network. Not only is it necessary
to focus on the initial investment, but maintenance and energy
consumption costs must also be considered. This paper explains
the developed system along with a brief introduction to usual
building automation protocols. Finally it presents future work in
this field1
.
Index Terms — Building Automation, DALI, Wireless Sensor
Networks, IEEE 802.15.4.
I. INTRODUCTION
A building automation (BA) system (BAS) deals with
monitoring and control of building services, such as heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, alarms, etc.
Not only is it the system bound to operate in HVAC
appliances and lamps, but HVAC and lighting control can also
be obtained by more natural and efficient ways, e.g. starting a
motor to open blinds.
BAS were initially developed to control HVAC systems.
Through time we have gone through several kinds of
controllers, e.g. pneumatics, analog circuits, microprocessors,
etc. At the time of its beginning, BA’s purpose was the
comfort of end consumers and afterwards (early 1970s),
energy efficiency criteria were also considered [1]. Even
though other home systems like lighting should also use
automation, they are usually installed in a different system
1
This work was supported in part by ‘Corporación Tecnológica de
Andalucía’ and ‘Valdemar Ingenieros S. L.’, Spain, through the project
‘Ahorro Energético en el Alumbrado Público’ code 10/467. The work was
also supported by Telvent Energy, Spain, through the project ‘Malaga
Smartcity’ under contract No. 12009028. Smartcity’s budget is in part
financed by the European Regional Development Fund with backing from the
‘Junta de Andalucía’ and the Ministry of Science and Innovation’s Centre for
the Development of Industrial Technology.
All authors are with the Department of Computer Architecture, Electronics
and Electronic Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales,
Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, E-14071 Spain (email: {fjbellido; jmflores;
p62dopef; agil: amoreno}@uco.es).
than HVAC. This division of the two subsystems increases the
end consumer cost due to additional investment in
communication hardware and software for integrating HVAC
and lighting in a single control point.
As it was previously stated, building services are usually
controlled separately, making BA the set of control and
communication technologies which link those different
subsystems and make them work from a centralized
monitoring and control center [2]. The main purpose of having
a single control point which provides access to all building
services is the costs reduction. A remote monitoring allows
the quick detection of failing devices without needing long
searches and wasting personal time. This continuous
monitoring enables a preventive, or predictive as well,
maintenance, which results in a reduction of operational and
maintenance costs. Since it is estimated that the operational
cost of a building is about seven times the initial investment,
taking into consideration the global life-cycle an additional
initial cost is worth the effort [1].
The need of a centralized monitoring control center makes
necessary the integration of all BA applications. The number
of proprietary solutions has increased since the beginning of
BA, but now we have several open standards (BACnet,
LonWorks, KNX, DALI, ZigBee…) which make the
integration process easier.
Our work focuses on the development of a prototype to be
used in a wireless sensor network (WSN) which also
integrates DALI protocol. Since DALI is a well-established
standard and it has been adopted by major electronic ballasts’
suppliers it is very easy to find DALI compliant devices.
Despite it is designed for lighting control, DALI has also been
adapted to other applications, such as motor or fan controllers,
proximity alarms, etc. [3]. Adapting the standard to a WSN
allows integrating DALI devices as a part of the WSN,
expanding the traditional DALI bus and removing wires
(DALI devices require a dedicated bus for data transmission),
which results in a reduction of installation costs. A WSN as
part of a home automation system is also known as a wireless
home automation network [4], it allows monitoring and
control applications for home end user and energy efficiency.
Section II provides a short review of different standards and
protocols (wired and wireless) which are being applied
nowadays. Some contributions in this field are also indicated.
A description of the implementation of our system can be
found in section III. Section III also stated how the system
was tested and the significance of tests. Finally, section IV
provides a conclusion.

48 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 58, No. 1, February 2012
II. STATE-OF-THE-ART
This section contains an overview of actual wired and
wireless solutions which are used in BAS. Different standards
and protocols have been classified into wired and wireless
technologies. This section also references some recent works
in the BA field and explains the decision of the use of DALI
protocol along with WSNs.
A. Wired Technologies
X-10, which was developed in the 1970s, is considered to
be the first home automation standard [5]. The standard uses
the power line system to send and receive signals (although
not all types of X-10 devices support two-way
communication). X-10 sends a 120 KHz carrier to send data
over 50/60 Hz power lines. Its main advantage is the low cost
of the installation system. Since X-10 devices are power line
controlled expensive wire installations are avoided. The main
drawbacks are the limited instruction set (e.g. it cannot send a
direct dim level), the higher cost of two-way devices and
controllers and its susceptibility to noise disturbances.
Nowadays, the main BA fieldbus systems are BACnet,
LonWorks and KNX.
The development of BACnet began in 1987 and ended in
1995, when it became an ASHRAE/ANSI standard.
BACnet stands for Building Automation and Control
networks. It was developed for BAS, in particular for
HVAC. In 2003 it was adopted as a standard by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO
16484). It is also an international standard in more than 30
countries, including all EU countries [1]. Different devices
of the same BAS can share data between them. Every
BACnet device contains virtual objects which control or
present the device, e. g. value, schedule, input, output, etc.
BACnet includes a set of standard objects, however,
manufacturer can add optional properties to this standard
objects. This option allows the development of new
applications within the standard. Nevertheless, this
improvement of the flexibility may result in an
incompatibility issue between different manufactures [2].
BACnet is compatible with a wide range of networking
standards and supports almost any kind of wire. It is also IP
compatible, so BACnet devices can be controlled with
standard Web browsers. Main BACnet disadvantages are
that it is a very complex protocol and it results expensive in
applications with a large number of devices. Control
devices are also expensive to implement [6].
LonWorks consists of several processors called “Neuron
chips” which implement the LonTalk communication
protocol. Neuron chips are developed by Echelon but LonTalk
protocol is available for general-purpose processors. The
communication protocol was accepted as an ANSI standard
(ANSI/EIA-709) in 1999 and as a European standard (EN
14908) in 2005 [1]. A LonWork network is formed by devices
(nodes) which support the LonTalk protocol and can
communicate between them and with the central control
system using network variables (NVs). Those NVs define
some parameters about the device, in a similar way to
BACnet’s objects. LonWorks data can also be displayed in
Web browsers. LonWorks disadvantages are the cost,
complexity and the incompatibility between manufacturers
who design LonWorks-based devices without strictly
following the standard [2].
KNX (Konnex) resulted from the merger of three bus
systems, the European Installation Bus (EIB), BatiBUS and
European Home System (EHS) in order to create a single
European standard [1]. It was adopted as a European
Standard (EN 50090) in 2003, and it became an
International Standard (ISO/IEC 14543-3) in 2006. It is also
a Chinese Standard (GB/Z 20965) and a US Standard
(ANSI/ASHRAE 135), [7]. KNX supports twisted-pair,
power line, wireless (KNX RF) and IP (KNXnet/IP)
communications. A KNX-network usually follows a two-tier
model. Field networks keep the communication with
sensors, actuators and controller to perform control and
monitoring tasks. On the other hand, management nodes are
connected to these field networks by a common backbone,
having a global view of the entire network [8]. According to
KNX surveys, KNX is the most used technology for home
and building control. In the literature we can find energy
efficiency proposals using KNX [7] and a wireless
integration system designing a KNX-ZigBee gateway [9].
A comparison of the three main systems can be found in
[10]. It states that KNX is the best solution in home
automation, whereas the best solution for buildings where a
more solid approach is required, e.g. building offices, BACnet
is the most flexible solution.
Finally, Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
standard focuses on a single aspect of BA, lighting control.
Section III describes thoroughly the DALI bus
implementation. It was originally defined in annex E.4 of IEC
60929-2003 Standard as a digital control for tubular
fluorescent lamps. It became an independent standard (IEC
62386) in 2009 and it expanded it application range to high
intensity discharge (HID) lamps, LEDs, incandescent lamps,
etc. Several manufacturers have developed some DALI-
compliant devices including controllers for motors and fans
and proximity alarms [3]. We opted to use DALI to implement
out system because it is a very simple and easy to build
standard, moreover, it allows a two-way communication
which provides us with feedbacks about the status of
individual DALI devices. The main DALI drawback is the
initial separation of lighting control from other BA services.
However, there are some proposals in order to integrate the
DALI bus with general purpose sensors in order to have a
single network for lighting, HVAC, alarms and environmental
monitoring [11].
B. Wireless Technologies
Installation costs can be reduced applying wireless
technologies, which reduce the work spent on sensor cabling.
Wireless nodes must be able to work for a long period of time

(years) running on batteries. BA does not require high traffic
load, so we must consider the energy consumption to the
detriment of data-rate. As a consequence, Wi-Fi (IEEE
802.11) and Bluetooth are not suitable for home automation at
the field level [1].
IEEE 802.15.4 deals with low-rate wireless personal area
networks; its aim is the standardization of the two lower layers
of OSI protocol stack – physical (PHY) and Medium Access
Control (MAC) layers. As it does not define the network layer
it does not include any routing mechanism, so the only
available network topologies are star and peer-to-peer. This
last issue becomes a problem in large buildings, where a
single point can reach every node due to the presence of
obstacles and the coexistence with other wireless network
(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth…). Last IEEE 802.15.4 Standard version
dates from 2011.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers are used by the
ZigBee Alliance to develop the ZigBee wireless technology,
adding the network (NWK) layer and the application (APL)
layer. A ZigBee node can have three different roles,
coordinator, router or end device. ZigBee NWK layer allows
IEEE 802.15.4 networks to form tree and mesh topologies. As
for APL profiles regarding BA, there exist the ZigBee Home
Automation Application Profile (focusing on lighting, HVAC
and security) and the ZigBee Smart Energy Profile (focusing
on energy demand response and load management) [4]. Co-
existence and interoperability of ZigBee and Wi-Fi (they both
work in the 2.4 GHz ISM band) has been studied and tested.
A ZigBee home automation system in which ZigBee is
implemented in the field level whereas Wi-Fi is used in the
management level is shown in [12]. Another work [13], [14]
applies ZigBee standard to automatically manage consumer
devices, making them part of a self-configured, self-organized
sensor network in order to make home automation more
comfortable.
IEEE 802.15.4 layers are also used as a base for the
transmission of IPv6 packets with the open standard
6LoWPAN (released in 2007). The choice of either
6LoWPAN or ZigBee is decided by the need of IP
interoperability and packet size. Since 6LoWPAN performs
fragmentation ZigBee can achieve better performance in small
packet size applications [15].
A comparison between the two IEEE 802.15.4-based
standards and other wireless technologies (Z-Wave,
INSTEON and Wavenis) can be found in [4].
Our system makes use of IEEE 802.15.4 networks to
control DALI devices. We decided to implement an IEEE
802.15.4-based WSN instead of using ZigBee [16] to work
directly over PHY and MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4. The
main ZigBee disadvantage is that it is not an interoperable
protocol among different manufacturers. As we needed at
least a tree network topology we opted to implement our own
network layer working with an IEEE 802.15.4 network. The
development of our own ZigBee-based routing mechanism
provides us with a proprietary network layer which can be
implemented with fully IEEE 802.15.4-compliant devices
from several manufacturers, achieving interoperability. Next
section describes our system.
III. SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND METHODS
A. Implementing the DALI WSN Controller
DALI is based upon the master-slave principle; the master
sends messages (frames) to any slave device in the system.
Those messages contain an address and a command, thus
only the addressed ballast will react to the message. A
message sent by the master is called a forward frame; it
consists of 19 bits at 1200 bps using a bi-phase encoding
(Manchester Differential). The first bit is a start bit, the next
8 bits are the slave address and the next 8 are the command.
There last two stop bits are not in Manchester code. There
are query commands that make the DALI device enter into
active mode and send a backward frame to the master, this is
an 11 bits frame with the same characteristic than the
forward frame, one start bit, 8 bits with the data response
(status, actual level, etc.) and two stop bits. In the address
byte of the forward frame only six bits are used for
individual addressing. The address byte has the following
structure (each letter represents a single bit): YAAAAAAS,
where Y takes the value ‘0’ when a short address is used and
the value ‘1’ for a group address or broadcast; A is the
significant address bit and S is ‘0’ when the command is a
direct level command (e.g. a dimming value or a speed rate)
or ‘1’ when it is a DALI command. A master can only have
64 slaves as it can only address 64 directions (six A bits).
This last concern can increment DALI installation cost in
large buildings, since we need different loops to control more
than 64 devices individually.
Our approach consists of implementing a DALI master
controller using an IEEE 802.15.4-based WSN. Nodes which
compose the WSN have a microcontroller unit (MCU) and an
IEEE 802.15.4-compliant transceiver. The DALI
communication protocol is implemented in the MCU. In our
system we have the DALI devices as slaves and the nodes as
masters, controlled by the personal area network PAN
coordinator attached to a PC host. The coordinator accesses to
any DALI device using the node MAC (8 bytes) or network (2
bytes) address instead of the DALI slave address, enhancing
the number of connected devices. With this process we also
skip the long DALI address allocation process.
Our first attempt was focuses on street lighting, developing
a WSN to control DALI outdoor ballasts [17]. We used an
868 MHz transceiver with a transmission power of +25 dBm.
The transceiver was controlled using a commercial Arduino-
based development board. Having a long rage and strong RF
penetration was a primary issue in street lighting. The system
was very easy to develop but the cost was too high and,
moreover, we were limited to the board’s manufacturer.
Since DALI devices manufacturers have created more
DALI devices expanding the initial only-lighting protocol

we decided to take the previous idea to BA in order to
achieve a WSN-based centralized control and monitoring
for in home and in building lighting system. Future works
will integrate this system along with HVAC, security, etc.
at minimum cost. The selected wireless module integrates
the STMicroelectronics STM32W108 system-on-chip,
which integrates a 2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4-compliant
transceiver, an ARM Cortex-M3 microprocessor and other
peripherals to design 802.15.4-based systems. The module
can be ordered with different configuration, such as a
power amplifier to achieve a transmission power of +20
dBm, three protocol stacks, ZigBee-Pro, RF for Consumer
Electronics (RF4CE) and a proprietary stack which only
contains a simple IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers. As
stated in last paragraph of section II we opted to use the last
protocol stack to develop our own system over IEEE
802.15.4. Changing from an 868 MHz to a 2.4 GHz
frequency band we made our system to be used worldwide
(868 MHz band is only allows in Europe, whereas 2.4 GHz
is universally accepted).
A DALI control interface voltage level must consider a
voltage between 9.5 V and 22.5 V a high signal, whereas a
voltage in the ±6.5 V interval is taken as a low signal. As
the microcontroller digital outputs are CMOS (0–3.3 V) it
is necessary to design an interface circuit to take the 3.3 V
to the corresponding interval of a high signal. Our intention
is to make a circuit as small and cheap as possible, so we
only use 12 V to supply the DALI ballast control interface,
Fig. 1 shows the adapting level circuit (DI1 and DO1 are
digital inputs and outputs).
Fig. 1. Bidirectional interface circuit between MCU and DALI.
B. Network Topology
The RF module only supports point-to-point and point-to
multipoint communications, so the only network topology
allowed is the star configuration.
In a control lighting system is essential that the PAN
coordinator could reach to any node, this requirement makes
the star topology completely useless, so we needed to modify
the network layer only a bit to ensure a tree topology.
The network layer created is very simple, it consists of
storing two tables in the coordinator and in any node of the
network. The coordinator contains information of any node
and is stored in the PC host memory. This table contains the
MAC address of the node and every router that is in the way
of the node. Another field of this table is the child number that
the node represents for its father. The table stored in any node
contains only the MAC addresses of its children in an order
given by the coordinator. This way of creating the network
allows the coordinator to use a source routing packet
transmission, in which the coordinator put in the packet the
addresses of the nodes where the message must pass, but
instead of the full address we use only the number of the
child, so it can be used as an index by the nodes to select the
next hop.
The node reacts depending on whether the received
message is a DALI message or network message according to
the flowchart showed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Microcontroller program flowchart
C. Testbed
We implemented a graphical user interface (GUI) in order
to test the wireless sensor network and control the lighting.
The GUI is installed in the computer host where the
coordinator is plugged in via USB. The user can send
commands to the PAN coordinator using this GUI; allowing
the user to switch on and off the lamps, dim and check some
lamp parameters like the dimming level, lamp status, control
gear or lamp failures, etc. Fig. 3 shows the GUI.
Fig. 3. GUI used for DALI lighting control with WSN

Although it was designed for lighting purposes it does not
suppose any effort to use is as a general BAS. In other words,
up and down commands or direct levels can be also used for
setting a fan speed or a blind position.
System under test included several nodes with or without a
DALI ballast connected to them. We used ballast for 70 W
HID lamps with DALI control interface.
The system has been tested in laboratories of our facilities.
The overall performance shows a good coexistence in such a
hostile environment (2.4 GHz ISM band is crowded with Wi-
Fi and Bluetooth networks).
The number of DALI devices under control was
significantly increased, not only could we have a single DALI
device with any sensor node, but a node could also control up
more than one ballasts by making use of its MAC or network
address and also the DALI short addresses.
IV. CONCLUSION
A new remote management system for buildings lighting
automation has been presented. With the use of wireless
sensor networks we could be able to extend DALI initial
capacity of 64 devices to a number big enough to be used in
real scenarios such as residential areas and large buildings
without additional investments in different DALI loop. The
control through the PAN coordinator of the wireless sensor
network also enables a centralized control system.
The use of DALI devices with wireless sensor network
allows a half-duplex communication which can provide many
parameters about the lighting and lamp status, this is very
useful for saving energy and maintenance purposes, as it can
detect any single lamp fault allowing a predictive maintenance
and group replacement or schedule power consumptions rules
enabling the integration of the lighting system in home and
buildings into Smart Grid approaches, since we can monitor
and act over them.
The tree network topology implemented over fully IEEE
802.15.4-compliant modules is able to cover a wide area. Both
common frequency bands (868MHz and 2.4GHz) have been
implemented and tested. Interoperability is assured
implementing the developed NWK layer in other MCUs
which control any IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver. The
implemented routing mechanism is very robust and supports
easy and quick reconfiguration of the network.
Future system development will be focus on the integration
of the other BA services in the DALI-WSN system. HVAC
and security DALI-compliant solutions can be acquired in the
market. Since they are based on IEC 62386 and are controller
by normal DALI bus they are also applicable to our system,
but we can applied other sensors and actuators in the free
ports of the nodes’ MCUs. The use of these low-cost radio
devices with their processing units and the integration of
different sensors and DALI protocol may result in the single
chips solution for BASs commented in [18].
Future work will include a comparative study between the
proposed system and other wired system, focusing on energy
efficiency, Smart Grid capabilities and installation and
maintenance costs. We will take also into consideration the
higher flexibility of wireless systems against wired systems.
Further implementations will be done in order to extend
the proposed system to other standards or technologies of
lamps, luminaries or lightning communication and control
protocols.
Finally, the application or User Interface may be
developed in deep in order to support functionality for Smart
Grid at home and buildings, for energy saving and for its
integration into a broad Home Automation or Building
Automation scenario, pursuing also the improvement of the
user experience.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Francisco J. Bellido Outeiriño (M’08) is a full professor
at the Department of Computer Architecture and
Electronics Engineering, University of Córdoba, Spain.
Received his Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees in “Industrial
Electronics and Automation” from the University of
Cordoba, Spain, in 2007 and 2002. Since 2001 he belongs
to the Industrial Electronics and Smart Grids R&D Group.
He is a member of the CE Society and has served as TPC
member and reviewer in several International Conferences. He have had a
long-standing interest in the role and applications of newest wireless
technologies to a broad scope of facilities, from home networking, to energy
management, Smart Grids or AAL
José M. Flores Arias (M’11) received his M.Sc. degree in
Industrial Electronics and Automation from the University
of Cordoba, Spain, in 2000 and he is currently a Ph.D.
student. He is author and co-author of several journal and
conference papers. His research interests are the design and
application of power electronics converters.
Francisco Domingo Pérez was born in Cordoba, Spain,
in 1988. He is a Ph.D. student at University of Cordoba.
He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Industrial
Electronics in 2009 and 2011 from the University of
Cordoba. Copy and paste this paragraph, with picture, for
additional authors. His research field is wireless sensor
networks and smart grids.
Aurora Gil de Castro received her M.Sc. degree in
Industrial Electronics and Automation from the
University of Cordoba, Spain, in 2009 and she is
currently a Ph.D. student. She is author and co-author of
several journal and conference papers. Her research
interests are power quality, smart grids and street lighting.
Prof. Gil de Castro is a full time professor at the
Department of Computer Architecture and Electronics Engineering,
University of Córdoba, Spain.
Antonio Moreno Muñoz (SM’11) is a full professor at
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Universidad de Córdoba, Spain, where he is Chair of the
Industrial Electronics and Power Quality R&D Group.
Nowadays he is the head of the Department. Dr. Moreno-
Muñoz received his Ph.D. and B.Sc. degrees from UNED
“Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia”, Spain
in 1998 and 1992. From 1981 to 1992 he was with RENFE, the Spanish
National Railways Company. Since 1992 he has been with Universidad de
Córdoba. His research interests are focused on power quality, power
electronics, electronic instrumentation, and usability of complex systems. He
has authored 3 monographs; 1 Hand-book for engineer and students; about 40
Scientific Articles in Journals and Conference Proceedings or Records, most
of then in Spanish. Recently he has edited a book wiht Springer focused on
EMC and power quality.

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