![Sexual aberration in the normally constituted,
untainted, mentally healthy individual, reaches this
degree. No case has been demonstrated in which
perversity has been transformed into perversion,—
into a reversal of the sexual instinct.
[101]
With tainted individuals, the matter is quite
different. The latent perverse sexuality is developed
under the influence of neurasthenia induced by
masturbation, abstinence, or otherwise.
Gradually, in contact with persons of the same
sex, sexual excitation by them is induced. Related
ideas are colored with lustful feelings, and awaken
corresponding desires. This decidedly degenerate
reaction is the beginning of a process of physical and
mental transformation, a description of which is
attempted in what follows, and which is one of the
most interesting psychological phenomena that has
been observed. This metamorphosis presents
different stages, or degrees.
I. Degree: Simple Reversal of Sexual Feeling.—
This degree is attained when persons of the same sex
have an aphrodisiac effect, and the individual has a
sexual feeling for them. Character and feeling,
however, still correspond with the sex of the
individual presenting the reversal of sexual feeling.
He feels himself in the active rôle; he recognizes his
impulse toward his own sex as an aberration, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/12833-250722132541-14ee29fe/85/Building-service-provider-networks-1st-Edition-Howard-C-Berkowitz-31-320.jpg)
![combined with skillful treatment, could transform me into a man of
normal feeling.”
Case 95. Ilma S.,[102]
aged 29; single; merchant’s daughter. She
comes of a family having bad nervous taint. Father was a drinker and
died by suicide, as also did the patient’s brother and sister. A sister
suffers with convulsive hysteria. Mother’s father shot himself while
insane. Mother was sickly, and died paralyzed after apoplexy. The
patient never had any severe illness. She is bright, enthusiastic, and
dreamy. Menses at the age of eighteen without difficulty; but
thereafter they were very irregular. At fourteen, chlorosis and
catalepsy from fright. Later, hysteria gravis and an attack of
hysterical insanity. At eighteen, relations with a young man which
were not platonic. This man’s love was passionately returned. From
statements of the patient, it seems that she was very sensual, and
after separation from her lover practiced masturbation. After this she
led a romantic life. In order to earn a living, she put on male
clothing, and became a tutor; but she gave up her place because her
mistress, not knowing her sex, fell in love with her and courted her.
Then she became a railway-employé. In the company of her
companions, in order to conceal her sex, she was compelled to visit
brothels with them, and hear the most vulgar stories. This became so
distasteful to her that she gave up her place, resumed the garments
of a female, and again sought to earn her living. She was arrested for
a theft, and on account of severe hystero-epilepsy was sent to the
hospital. There, inclination and impulse toward the same sex were
discovered. The patient became troublesome on account of
passionate love for female nurses and patients.
Her sexual perversion was considered congenital. With regard to
this the patient made some interesting statements:—
“I am judged incorrectly, if it is thought that I feel myself a man
toward the female sex. In my whole thought and feeling I am much
more a woman. I loved my cousin as only a woman can love a man.
“The change of my feeling originated in this, that, in Pesth,
dressed as a man, I had an opportunity to observe my cousin. I saw
that I had wholly deceived myself in him. That gave me terrible](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/12833-250722132541-14ee29fe/85/Building-service-provider-networks-1st-Edition-Howard-C-Berkowitz-36-320.jpg)
![whole body tremble, and I have to collect myself in order to keep
from crying out.”
Remarks: The foregoing case is certainly one of acquired
contrary sexual instinct, since the sexual instinct and impulse were
originally directed toward the female sex. Sch. became neurasthenic
through masturbation.
As an accompanying manifestation of the neurasthenic neurosis,
lessened impressionability of the erection-centre and consequent
relative impotence came on. As a result of this, sexual sensibility
toward the opposite sex was lessened, with simultaneous persistence
of libido sexualis. The acquired contrary sexual instinct must be
abnormal, since the first touch by a person of the same sex is an
adequate stimulus for the erection-centre. The perverse sexual
feeling became complete. At first Sch. felt like a man in the sexual
act; but more and more, as the change progressed, the feeling and
desire of satisfaction changed to the form which, as a rule,
characterizes the (congenital) urning.
This eviration induces a desire for the passive rôle, and, further,
for (passive) pederasty. It makes a deeper impress on the character.
The character becomes feminine, inasmuch as Sch. now prefers to
move in the society of actual females, has an increasing desire for
feminine occupations, and, indeed, makes use of the arts of the toilet
in order to improve his fading charms and make “conquests.”
The foregoing facts, concerning acquired
contrary sexual instinct and effemination, find an
interesting confirmation in the following ethnological
data:—
Even Herodotus describes a peculiar disease which frequently
affected the Scythians. The disease consisted in this: that men
became effeminate in character, put on female garments, did the
work of women, and even became effeminate in appearance. As an
explanation of this insanity of the Scythians,[103]
Herodotus relates
the myth that the goddess Venus, angered by the plundering of the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/12833-250722132541-14ee29fe/85/Building-service-provider-networks-1st-Edition-Howard-C-Berkowitz-44-320.jpg)
![the chiefs for pederasty. Hammond had an opportunity to examine
two “mujerados.” One had become such seven years before, and was
thirty-five years old at the time. Seven years before, he was entirely
masculine and potent. He had noticed gradual atrophy of the
testicles and penis. At the same time he lost libido and the power of
erection. He differed in nowise, in dress and manner, from the
women among whom Hammond found him. The genital hair was
wanting, the penis was shrunken, the scrotum lax and pendulous,
and the testicles were very much atrophied and no longer sensitive to
pressure. The “mujerado” had large mammæ like a pregnant woman,
and asserted that he had nursed several children whose mothers had
died. A second “mujerado,” aged thirty-six, after he had been ten
years in the condition, presented the same peculiarities, though with
less development of mammæ. Like the first, the voice was high and
thin. The body was plump.[104]
III. Degree: Stage of Transition to
Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica.
A further degree of development is represented
by those cases in which bodily sensation is also
transformed in the sense of a transmutatio sexus. In
this respect the following case is unique:—
Case 99. Autobiography. “Born in Hungary in 1844, for many
years I was the only child of my parents; for the other children died
for the most part of general weakness. A brother came late, who is
still living.
“I come of a family in which nervous and mental diseases have
been numerous. It is said that I was very pretty as a little child, with
blonde locks and transparent skin; very obedient, quiet, and modest,
so that I was taken everywhere in the society of ladies without any
offense on my part.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/12833-250722132541-14ee29fe/85/Building-service-provider-networks-1st-Edition-Howard-C-Berkowitz-46-320.jpg)
Building service provider networks 1st Edition Howard C. Berkowitz
- 1. Building service provider networks 1st Edition Howard C. Berkowitz - PDF Download (2025) https://ebookultra.com/download/building-service-provider- networks-1st-edition-howard-c-berkowitz/ Visit ebookultra.com today to download the complete set of ebooks or textbooks
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- 5. Building service provider networks 1st Edition Howard C. Berkowitz Digital Instant Download Author(s): Howard C. Berkowitz ISBN(s): 9780471099222, 0471099228 Edition: 1st File Details: PDF, 2.73 MB Year: 2002 Language: english
- 7. Building Service Provider Networks Howard Berkowitz Wiley Computer Publishing John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- 8. Publisher: Robert Ipsen Editor: Carol A. Long Assistant Editor: Adaobi Obi Managing Editor: Micheline Frederick Text Design & Composition: North Market Street Graphics Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trade- marks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appro- priate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ● ∞ Copyright © 2002 by Howard Berkowitz. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the ser- vices of a competent professional person should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN 0-471-09922-8 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- 9. Wiley Networking Council Series Scott Bradner Senior Technical Consultant, Harvard University Vinton Cerf Senior Vice President, MCI WorldCom Lyman Chapin Chief Scientist, NextHop Technologies, Inc. Books in the Series Howard C. Berkowitz, WAN Survival Guide: Strategies for VPNs and Multiservice Networks 0471-38428-3 Tim Casey, ISP Liability Survival Guide: Strategies for Managing Copyright, Spam, Cache, and Privacy Regulations 0-471-37748-1 Jon Crowcroft & Iain Phillips, TCP/IP and Linux Protocol Implementation: Systems Code for the Linux Internet 0-471-40882-4 Bill Dutcher, The NAT Handbook: Implementing and Managing Network Address Translation 0-471-39089-5 Igor Faynberg, Hui-Lan Lu, & Lawrence Gabuzda, Converged Networks and Services: Internetworking IP and the PSTN 0-471-35644-1 Russ Housley & Tim Polk, Planning for PKI: Best Practices Guide for Deploying Public Key Infrastructure 0-471-39702-4 Geoff Huston, Internet Performance Survival Guide: QoS Strategies for Multiservice Networks 0-471-37808-9 Geoff Huston, ISP Survival Guide: Strategies for Running a Competitive ISP 0-471-31499-4
- 10. Elizabeth Kaufman & Andrew Newman, Implementing IPsec: Making Security Work on VPN’s, Intranets, and Extranets 0-471-34467-2 Dave Kosiur, Understanding Policy-Based Networking 0-471-38804-1 Mark E. Laubach, David J. Farber, & Stephen D. Dukes, Delivering Internet Connections over Cable: Breaking the Access Barrier 0-471-38950-1 Dave McDysan, VPN Applications Guide: Real Solutions for Enterprise Networks 0-471-37175-0 Henry Sinnreich & Alan Johnston, Internet Communications Using SIP: Delivering VoIP and Multimedia Services with Session Initiation Protocol 0-471-41399-2 James P.G. Sterbenz & Joseph D. Touch, High Speed Networking: A Systematic Approach to High-Bandwidth Low-Latency Communication 0-471-33036-1 iv Wiley Networking Council Series
- 11. Dedication To friends and colleagues who have left this layer of existence during the writing of this book: To a protege whose utter unwillingness to quit, and her drive to learn, is an inspiration: Heather Allan To Curt Freemyer, Beckey Badgett, and the rest of the team at Gett: Thanks for all the support. You all have a role in this book. Abha Ahuja, routing area director, IETF Lynn Acquaviva, a dear and inspirational friend
- 13. Networking Council Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xviii Introduction xix Overview of the Book and Technology xix How This Book Is Organized xx Who Should Read This Book xxi Chapter 1 What Is the Problem to Be Solved? 1 The User Culture 2 The Implementer Culture 3 What Services Do Users Want? 4 Sites and Communities of Interest 5 Known Clients to Arbitrary Servers 9 Known Servers to Arbitrary Clients 10 Known Clients to Known Servers under Common Administration 13 Known Clients to Known Servers under Different Administration 18 Responding to New and Converged Service Requirements 24 Fundamental Principle 1: Don’t Break What Already Makes Money 26 Affordable Business-to-Consumer Internet 27 Hosting Centers 27 New Service Provider Models 28 Fundamental Problem 2: Keep Everything Scalable 29 Challenge for Service Providers: Keep It Scalable within the Changing Industry Paradigms 29 Contents vii
- 14. Relationship to Transmission System 30 Interprovider Connectivity 30 Looking Ahead 33 Chapter 2 The Service Provider Landscape 35 History: The Basis for WAN Regulation and Competition 36 Semaphore Scalability 36 Telegraph Scalability 36 Telephone Scalability 38 Models Evolve 38 Traditional Telephony Models: Organizational Aspects 39 Enterprise Network Models 42 Service Provider Models 47 Modern Models 51 What Are All These Devices Doing? 57 Control Planes: IP Equivalents to SS7 Success 57 IP versus Provider-Operated IP versus Public Internet 57 Routing, as Opposed to Routing: Internet versus Telco Traditions 58 Provider Relationships: Peers and the Trail of Tiers 72 An Introduction to Scalability Issues in the Modern Internet 73 CIDR-Style Provider Aggregation 74 Geographic and Other Aggregation Schemes 75 Overloading State into the Routing System: An Introduction 77 Looking Ahead 78 Chapter 3 Services, Service Level Agreements, and Delivering Service 79 Defining Services: The Context for Policy 80 Layers of Management: TMN 81 Public versus Private 83 Bandwidth 83 Availability Policies 84 SLAs 85 Availability and SLAs 85 QoS and SLAs 87 Absolute Latency 87 Jitter 88 Loss Probability 88 First Class, Business, Economy, or Baggage? 90 Connectivity Policies 1: Load Sharing, Fault Tolerance, Multilinking, and Multihoming 91 Connectivity Policies 2: Intranet, Extranet, and Internet—To Say Nothing of IPv6 92 Customer Service 93 viii Contents
- 15. Representative Service Requirements 94 Case Study: Basic Internet Access: Huffle, Puffle, and Cetera 94 Case Study: Multihoming to Multiple PoPs 98 Case Study: Intranet/Extranet/Internet 100 Case Study: Home and Office Internet, Cooperating Local ISP and Content Providers 104 Looking Ahead 107 Chapter 4: Translating Service Definitions to Technical Requirements: Policies 109 The Delicate Balance: “But I Wanna Learn BGP!” 111 Returning to Policies 112 Policy Notation with RPSL 114 AS Expressions 115 Routes 116 Router Expressions and Peering Sets 118 Influencers of Route Selection 119 AS Paths 120 Policy and Ownership 120 The Availability of Policies 121 Specifying Routing Policies and Actions 123 Advertising/Export Policies 124 General Route Installation 126 Acceptance/Import Policies 128 Proprietary Policy Notations 130 JunOS 130 Cisco: An Indirect Notation 131 Representative Requirements for Routing Policies 133 Defaults and Beyond 133 Multilinking and Multihoming 134 Multihoming to Multiple POPs of a Single ISP 136 Multihoming to Two ISPs 138 Transit 140 Bilateral Peering among Major Providers 145 Peering at a Multilateral Exchange Point 147 Security Policies 148 Service Level Policies 148 QoS Policy Propagation 150 Accounting Policies 151 The IP-VPN Address Family and Routing Notation 153 Routing Distinguishers 153 Using Routing Distinguishers in Extended RPSL 154 Complex VPN Case Study 154 The Emerging VPN Strategy 155 Contents ix
- 16. The Real Requirements 155 Handling Extranets 157 Looking Ahead 158 Chapter 5 Administration, Addressing, and Naming 159 Technical and Cultural Assumptions about Addressing 159 Registered and Private Space 161 Kinds of Public Address Space 162 Principles for Use of Public Address Space 163 Dynamic Address Assignment 166 NAT and Other Midboxes 167 Addressing Aspects of Multihoming 170 Route Aggregation 171 Planning Aggregation Schemes 171 The RPSL Components Attribute 174 Route Injection 178 Working with Registries 179 ARIN 179 RIPE-NCC 180 Representative Templates from ARIN 180 Representative Templates from RIPE-NCC 182 Managing Your Address Space 184 Once You Have the Address Space 184 Document Your Current Practice 186 Requesting More Space 194 Autonomous Systems 195 Registering a Routing Policy 196 Evolution of the AS Number 197 IPv6 Address Allocation 197 IPv6 Address Structure 198 The Aggregatable Unicast Address 199 Renumbering 203 Looking Ahead 204 Chapter 6 Carrier Facilities: Getting Physical 205 Carrier Business Models 206 Carrier Classness 207 Service Provider—Vendor Relationships 209 Supplier Attributes 209 Equipment Attributes 209 Network Attributes 211 The Facility Conundrum 211 x Contents T E A M F L Y
- 17. Non-Facility-Dependent Service Providers 212 ISPs and IP Service Providers 213 Content Carriers and Hosting Centers 213 Traditional and Startup Telcos 214 Exchange Point Facilities 215 Carrier-Quality Installations 215 The Building and Its Environs 215 Equipment Mounting and Physical Density Issues 216 Power, Power, I Want Power 217 HVAC and the Carrier Environment 219 Fire Protection, and Protection against Fire Protection 220 Physical Security 223 The Human Resource and Its Management 225 Provisioning: Starting the Technical Operation 226 Operations: Trouble Reporting, Monitoring, and Problem Response 226 Network Operations Centers 226 Customer Support Practices 228 Operational Aspects of Network Security 230 Looking Ahead 231 Chapter 7 The Provider Edge: Layer 1, Layer 2, and the PSTN 233 The First-Meter, First-100-Meter, First-Mile, and Second-Mile Problems 234 Historical Switching and Transmission Architecture 234 Terminology for Separated Control and Switching 236 Traditional Carrier Service Types and Interworking 237 Components of Traditional Telephony 238 The Traditional First Meter 238 The Traditional First 100 Meters 238 The Traditional First Mile 239 The “Traditional” Second Mile: Multiplex Management 240 Modem Wholesaling, Virtual POPs, and the Beginning of Media Gateways 247 Technical Efficiency Considerations 247 Regulatory Concerns 248 Other Commercial Wholesaling Alternatives 250 Emerging Technologies 250 Do 800-Pound Gorillas Run at Gigabit Rates? 251 Interfaces Other than Ethernet 251 The New First Meter 253 Niches for 100-Meter Services 253 New First-Mile Services 255 Media Gateways and the New Second Mile 262 Long-Haul Niches 269 Contents xi
- 18. PSTN Integration 270 Edge Control for Individual Subscribers 270 Telephone System Capacity Planning 272 Internal Provider Control: SS7 Connectivity to the PSTN (ISP as CLEC or IXC) 274 Interprovider Control 278 Looking Ahead 279 Chapter 8 Transporting the Bits: The Sub-IP and Physical Intraprovider Core 281 Basic Layer 1 Resilient Media 282 Advanced Grooming and Merging 284 Incumbent Carrier Facilities 286 Evolving from TDM Networks 286 Backhaul 287 Layer 2 Overlays 288 Where Does Ethernet Fit in All This? 289 Inverse Multiplexing 290 Evolution to First-Generation Optical Facilities 290 SONET Architecture 292 SONET Speed Hierarchy 293 Packet over SONET 294 Models for Survivability 294 Protection and Restoration 295 Preemption and Extra Traffic 295 Reversion and Regrooming 296 SONET Recovery 297 What Are Carrier Goals for New Optical Technologies? 298 Optical Service Offerings 298 Characteristics and Constraints of Optical Networks 299 Facilities-Based Services 300 Connection-Oriented Services 301 Optical Virtual Private Networks 303 New Facilities 303 WDM 304 Resilient Packet Rings (RPRs) 305 Free-Space Metro Optical 306 Broadband Wireless Radio 306 Evolution or New Species? Circuits without Resources, ATM without Cells, and GMPLS 307 Issues of non-PSC LSRs 308 GMPLS Requirements for LSP Identification 308 Special Considerations for Lambda Switch—Capable (LSC) LSRs 308 xii Contents
- 19. IP over Optical 309 Looking Ahead 310 Chapter 9 Basic BGP and the Customer Side of Exterior Routing 313 BGP Never Stands Still 314 BGP, iBGP, and eBGP 316 So What Does BGP Do? 318 The BGP Stack 320 Protocol Interactions 321 Negotiable Capabilities 324 Attributes 329 A First Look at iBGP 337 RIBs and Routes 338 Acceptance Policies and BGP 339 BGP Route Selection Algorithms: IETF and Variants 340 General Route Installation 340 Advertising Policies and BGP 342 Customer Configuration Requirements Overview 343 Multilinking and Multihoming: The Customer Side 344 Motivations for Multilinking 345 Non-BGP Multihoming 345 Motivations for BGP Multihoming to One Provider 346 Motivations for Multihoming to Multiple Providers 346 Starting Simply: Defaults 347 Asymmetrical Routing 347 Multihoming to Multiple POPs of a Single ISP 348 Multihoming to a Single Provider using PA Space 349 RFC 2270 352 Multihoming to Two ISPs 355 Scaling Potatoes 355 AS Path Expressions 358 Selecting and Influencing Outbound Paths 359 Selecting and Influencing Inbound Paths 361 Importing and Exporting among Routing Protocols 363 Importing Default into an IGP 364 Blackhole Routes 366 Looking Ahead 367 Chapter 10 Subscriber to Provider, and Subscriber to Subscriber Edge: IP 369 Taking Orders 370 Provisioning 371 AAA and Security Functions in the POP 375 Contents xiii
- 20. POPs and Layer 2 Switches 379 Demultiplexing Layer 2 Access Services 380 POP Internal Backbone 381 Multicast Enabling 382 Scalability with MPLS 382 Basic POP Design with Dedicated Customer Access 382 Intra-POP Routing 383 IGPs for POPs 383 iBGP in the POP 384 POP Design for Dial-up and Other Switched Access 387 Scalability Issues: Protecting the Routing System 387 Registry Level 387 Peer Groups 388 Routing Security Breaches from Inappropriate Use of RIP 388 Authentication 390 Prefix Limit 390 Outbound Route Filtering and Graceful Restart 390 Scalability Issues: Protecting Routed Traffic 391 Ingress Filtering and Reverse Path Verification 391 Rate Limiting 392 The Role of Firewall Services 392 IPv6 393 The Provider Side of Basic Customer Requirements 393 Single Homing, Single Link 393 Single-Homed Multilink 393 Multihoming to Single Provider Using PA Address Space: Provider Side 394 Multihoming to Single Provider Using PI Address Space: Provider Side 394 Multihoming to Multiple Providers, Customer Uses Your PA Space 394 Multihoming to Multiple Providers, Customer Uses Another Provider’s PA Space 396 Multihoming to Multiple Providers, Customer Uses PI Space 398 Complex Fault-Tolerant Routing with Mutual Design between Provider and Customer 398 Case Study: RFC 1998 with Internal Links 398 Case Study: Enterprise Providing Basic Transit 401 To Confederate or Not to Confederate 402 Service Level Classification and the ISP Challenge: When to Oversubscribe, When to Overprovision 411 Forwarding Equivalence Classes 413 What Interferes with Quality? 414 Provider Management of Incoming Traffic from the Subscriber 415 Scheduling Outgoing Traffic to the Core 416 Looking Ahead 417 xiv Contents
- 21. Chapter 11 The Intraprovider Core: IP/MPLS 419 Developing Requirements: Pipes, Hoses, and Trunks 421 Applying Pipes and Hoses 423 Motivations for Traffic Engineering 425 Core and Interprovider Hierarchy 425 From the Edge to the Core 427 Core Routing Scalability 427 Interior BGP Routing Scalability 428 IGP Scalability Issues 435 Core Design Issues in Transition 445 Is Explicit Routing a Step Backward? 445 The Role of Sub-IP 446 Traffic Trunks 447 Recent Background 448 The Almost-Worst and Worst Cases 449 Per-Hop Merging Behavior 452 Merging with Multiple Service Classes 454 Tunneled Trunks 454 Core Fault Tolerance 456 What Can Go Wrong? 457 Survivability Concepts and Requirements 457 Understanding Recovery Time 461 Sub-IP Core Technologies 465 CCAMP 465 MPLS 465 GSMP 467 Traffic Engineering Deployment 467 BGP-free Cores 471 Looking Ahead 471 Chapter 12 The Provider-to-Provider Border 473 Interprovider Economics: The Most Important Part 474 The Trail of Tiers 475 Basic Economic Models 477 Special Cases 481 Interconnection Strategies: The Second-Most Important Part 483 Potatoes between Providers 483 Mutual Backup 485 What Should You Advertise and Accept? 485 Scope of Advertising 488 From Whom Do You Get Routes? When Should They Be Re-advertised? 492 Describing Aggregation in RPSL 494 Transit with PA Space 496 Contents xv
- 22. eBGP Scalability and Survivability 497 Filtering Strange Beings: Smurfs and Martians 498 Quantitative Protections 500 Minimizing Churn 502 Exchange Point Design and Operation 503 Route Servers and the NSFNET 504 Layer 3 versus Layer 2 Exchanges 505 Exchange Point Evolution 506 Local Exchanges 507 Layer 2 Alternatives 508 Switches for the Ideal Large Exchange 510 Special Connectivity 514 Looking Ahead 515 Chapter 13 VPNs and Related Services 517 When Management Is Outsourced 518 Evolution from Outsourced Management to VPNs 519 Endpoints and Midboxes 520 Customer Domains 520 CE and PE Devices 523 P Devices 524 User Perception of VPN Types and Capabilities 525 Membership and Security Policy 526 Operational Policy 529 Kinds of User Information Carried 530 VPN Internal Services 531 Membership and Its Relationship to Signaling 532 Carrying the Data 533 Interprovider Connectivity 537 Provider-Provisioned VPN Technologies 538 Multiple Virtual Routers 538 L2 VPNs 539 RFC 2547: MPLS/BGP Virtual Transport Service 542 Case Study: VPN Connectivity Strategy 550 The Emerging VPN Strategy 550 The Real Requirements 550 Handling Extranets 551 Potential Technical Solutions for Magic Images 551 An L2 VPN solution 552 An MVR Solution 552 A BGP/MPLS Solution 553 Conclusion 554 References 555 Index 561 xvi Contents
- 23. The Networking Council Series was created in 1998 within Wiley’s Computer Publishing group to fill an important gap in networking literature. Many current technical books are long on details but short on understanding. They do not give the reader a sense of where, in the universe of practical and theoretical knowledge, the technology might be useful in a particular organization. The Networking Council Series is concerned more with how to think clearly about networking issues than with promoting the virtues of a particular technology— how to relate new information to the rest of what the reader knows and needs, so the reader can develop a customized strategy for vendor and product selec- tion, outsourcing, and design. In Building Service Provider Networks by Howard Berkowitz, you’ll see the hallmarks of Networking Council books—examination of the advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses of market-ready technology, useful ways to think about options pragmatically, and direct links to business prac- tices and needs. Disclosure of pertinent background issues needed to under- stand who supports a technology and how it was developed is another goal of all Networking Council books. The Networking Council Series is aimed at satisfying the need for perspec- tive in an evolving data and telecommunications world filled with hyperbole, speculation, and unearned optimism. In Building Service Provider Networks you’ll get clear information from experienced practitioners. We hope you enjoy the read. Let us know what you think. Feel free to visit the Networking Council web site at www.wiley.com/networkingcouncil. Scott Bradner Senior Technical Consultant, Harvard University Vinton Cerf Senior Vice President, MCI WorldCom Lyman Chapin Chief Scientist, NextHop Technologies, Inc. Networking Council Foreword xvii
- 24. Many have contributed to my growth in learning to build networks. It’s hard to count the number of colleagues in the North American Network Operations Group and Internet Engineering Task Force who have helped me understand issues and with whom I brain- stormed issues. Thanks to Sean Donelan, Susan Harris, Sue Hares, Vijay Gill, Kevin Dubray, Yakov Rekhter, Frank Kastenholz, Lyman Chapin, Scott Bradner, Sean Doran, and Geoff Huston. Major support came from my employer, Gett Communications and Gett Labs. My previous employer, Nortel Networks, gave me many opportunities for thinking about, arguing about, and screaming about provider issues. Let me thank colleagues including my immediate team of Francis Ovenden, Kirby Dolak, and Silvana Romagnino. Other valuable insight came from Nortel colleagues including Avri Doria, Elwyn Davies, Fiffi Hellstrand, Ken Sundell, Ruth Fox, and Dmitri Krioukov. The BGP convergence team in the IETF Benchmarking Working Group was another strong sounding board, where I am delighted to credit Padma Krishnaswamy, Marianne Lepp, Alvaro Retana, Martin Biddiscombe, and (again) Elwyn Davies and Sue Hares. There are too many people on the Babylon research team to give individual credit, but let me single out Loa Andersson, Tove Madsen, and Yong Jiang, and again Avri Doria. CertificationZone.com, and Paul Borghese’s site and mailing list groupstudy.com, have been an excellent forum to understand the learning process. Let me thank Paul, as well as other contributors including Chuck Larrieu, John Neiberger, Peter van Oene, Erik Roy, and Priscilla Oppenheimer. My home life stayed sane through a fourth book largely through the skill of my house- keeper and assistant, Mariatu Kamara, and my distinguished feline editorial assistant, Clifford—even if he did have a hairball on the copy edit of Chapter 10. Carol Long of Wiley has been incredibly supportive in this project and throughout my publishing career. This is my fourth full book, and the first one where the production and copy editors have made the process better rather than more frustrating. Thanks to pro- duction editor Micheline Frederick and copy editor Stephanie Landis for adding value to the book. Finally, I cannot sufficiently praise the contributions of Annlee Hines, my peer reviewer on this book. Acknowledgments xviii
- 25. Arthur C. Clarke defined any sufficiently advanced technology as indistinguishable from magic. A great many network service customers seem to believe in magical solu- tions, and, unfortunately, too many salespeople are willing to promise magical solu- tions. Service provider engineers often face the need to meet a less than logical require- ment. Their customers might have posed more logical requirements had they read my WAN Survival Book, which focuses on the customer side of the WAN service relation- ship. Nevertheless, many customers and their sales representatives have not done this, so this book needed to be written. Building Service Provider Networks could perhaps have been titled Engineering Design of Magic Networks. It gives approaches for implementing the provider side of a network offering with a service level agreement (SLA) without being afraid to mention technologies that, to put it politely, are just solidifying from conceptual vaporware. It will mention when arguments for certain technologies are at least partially based on fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD). Overview of the Book and Technology Systematic communications systems involving the transfer of messages without the need to handle paper have certainly been with us for at least two centuries, going back to Napoleonic semaphore systems. Less systematic remote communications go back to smoke signals. Electrical communications began in 1844, and were in regular commercial use by the late nineteenth century. Electrical and electronic communications were largely controlled by technical monopolies, so innovation was paced by the operational needs of the major carriers and their ability to absorb and deploy new technology. When telecommunications divestiture and widespread deregulation began in the 1970s, the rate of new technology introduction increased dramatically, interacting with customer perceptions to create incredible demand for both feasible and infeasi- ble services. xix Introduction
- 26. Other documents randomly have different content
- 27. vita sexualis; in still more complete cases, the whole psychical personality, and even the bodily sensations, are transformed to correspond with the sexual perversion; and, in the complete cases, the physical form is correspondingly altered. The following division of the various phenomena of this psycho-sexual anomaly is made, therefore, in accordance with these clinical facts:— A. Homo-sexual Feeling as an Acquired Manifestation.—The determining condition here is the demonstration of perverse feeling for the same sex; not the proof of sexual acts with the same sex. These two phenomena must not be confounded with each other; perversity must not be taken for perversion. Perverse sexual acts, not dependent upon perversion, often come under observation. This is especially true with reference to sexual acts between persons of the same sex, particularly pederasty. Here paræsthesia sexualis is not necessarily at work; but hyperæsthesia, with physical or mental impossibility of natural sexual satisfaction. Thus we find homo- sexual intercourse in impotent masturbators or debauchees, or faute de mieux in sensual men and women in imprisonment, on ship-board, in garrisons, bagnios, boarding-schools, etc.
- 28. There is an immediate return to normal sexual intercourse as soon as obstacles to it are removed. Very frequently the cause of such temporary aberration is masturbation and its results in youthful individuals. Nothing is so prone to contaminate—under certain circumstances, even to exhaust—the source of all noble and ideal sentiments, which arise of themselves from a normally developing sexual instinct, as the practice of masturbation in early years. It despoils the unfolding bud of perfume and beauty, and leaves behind only the coarse, animal desire for sexual satisfaction. If an individual, spoiled in this manner, reaches an age of maturity, there is wanting in him that æsthetic, ideal, pure, and free impulse which draws one toward the opposite sex. Thus the glow of sensual sensibility wanes, and the inclination toward the opposite sex becomes weakened. This defect influences the morals, character, fancy, feeling, and instinct of the youthful masturbator, male or female, in an unfavorable way, and, under certain circumstances, allows the desire for the opposite sex to sink to nil; so that masturbation is preferred to the natural mode of satisfaction. Sometimes the development of higher sexual feelings toward the opposite sex suffers, on account
- 29. of hypochondriacal fear of infection in sexual intercourse; or on account of an actual infection; or they suffer as a result of a faulty education which points out such dangers and exaggerates them. Again (especially in females), fear of the result of coitus (pregnancy), or abhorrence of men, by reason of mental or moral weakness, may direct into perverse channels an instinct that makes itself felt with abnormal intensity. But too early and perverse sexual satisfaction injures not merely the mind, but also the body; inasmuch as it induces neuroses of the sexual apparatus (irritable weakness of the centres governing erection and ejaculation; defective pleasurable feeling in coitus), while, at the same time, it maintains the imagination and libido in continuous excitement. Almost every masturbator at last reaches a point where, frightened on learning the results of the vice, or on experiencing them (neurasthenia), or led by example or seduction to the opposite sex, he wishes to free himself of the vice and re-instate his vita sexualis. The moral and mental conditions are the most unfavorable possible. The pure glow of sexual feeling is destroyed; the fire of sexual instinct is wanting, and self-confidence, no less; for every masturbator is more or less timid and cowardly. If the youthful sinner at last comes to make an attempt
- 30. at coitus, he is either disappointed because enjoyment is wanting, on account of defective sensual feeling, or he is lacking in the mental strength necessary to accomplish the act. The fiasco has a fatal effect, and leads to absolute psychical impotence. A bad conscience and the memory of past failures prevent success in any further attempts. The constant libido sexualis, however, demands satisfaction; but this moral and mental perversion separates him further and further from women. For various reasons, however (neurasthenic complaints, hypochondriacal fear of the results, etc.), the individual is kept from masturbation. Occasionally, under such circumstances, there may be bestiality. Intercourse with the same sex is then near at hand,— as a result of occasional seduction or of the feelings of friendship which, on the level of pathological sexuality, easily associate themselves with sexual feelings. Passive and mutual onanism then becomes the equivalent of the avoided act. If there is a seducer,—which, unfortunately, is so frequent,—then the cultivated pederast is produced,—i.e., a man who performs quasi acts of onanism with persons of his own sex, and, at the same time, feels and prefers himself in an active rôle corresponding with his real sex; who is mentally indifferent not only to persons of the opposite sex, but also to those of his own sex.
- 31. Sexual aberration in the normally constituted, untainted, mentally healthy individual, reaches this degree. No case has been demonstrated in which perversity has been transformed into perversion,— into a reversal of the sexual instinct. [101] With tainted individuals, the matter is quite different. The latent perverse sexuality is developed under the influence of neurasthenia induced by masturbation, abstinence, or otherwise. Gradually, in contact with persons of the same sex, sexual excitation by them is induced. Related ideas are colored with lustful feelings, and awaken corresponding desires. This decidedly degenerate reaction is the beginning of a process of physical and mental transformation, a description of which is attempted in what follows, and which is one of the most interesting psychological phenomena that has been observed. This metamorphosis presents different stages, or degrees. I. Degree: Simple Reversal of Sexual Feeling.— This degree is attained when persons of the same sex have an aphrodisiac effect, and the individual has a sexual feeling for them. Character and feeling, however, still correspond with the sex of the individual presenting the reversal of sexual feeling. He feels himself in the active rôle; he recognizes his impulse toward his own sex as an aberration, and
- 32. finally seeks aid. With episodical improvement of the neurosis, at first even normal sexual feelings may re- appear and assert themselves. The following case seems well suited to exemplify this stage of the psycho-sexual degeneration:— Case 94. Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct.—“I am an official, and, as far as I know, come of an untainted family. My father died of an acute disease; my mother is living and is quite nervous. A sister has been very intensely religious for some years. “I myself am tall, and, in speech, gait, and manner, give a perfectly masculine impression. Measles is the only disease I have had; but since my thirteenth year I have suffered with so-called nervous headache. My sexual life began in my thirteenth year, when I became acquainted with a boy somewhat older than myself, with whom I took pleasure in mutual fondling of the genitals. I had the first ejaculation in my fourteenth year. Seduced to onanism by two older school-mates, I practiced it partly with others and partly alone; in the latter case, however, always with the thought of persons of the female sex. My libido sexualis was very great, as it is to-day. Later, I tried to win a pretty, stout servant-girl who had very large mammæ; id solum assecutus sum, ut me praesente superiorem corporis sui partem enudaret mihique concederet os mammasque osculari, dum ipsa penem meum valde erectum in manum suam recepit eumque trivit. “Notwithstanding my urgent demand for coitus, she would not allow it; but she finally permitted me to touch her genitals. “After going to the University, I visited a brothel and succeeded without especial effort. “There an event occurred which brought a change in me. One evening I accompanied a friend home, and in a mild state of intoxication I grasped him ad genitalia. He made but slight opposition. I then went up to his room with him, and we practiced mutual masturbation. From that time we indulged in it quite
- 33. frequently; in fact, it came to immissio penis in os, with resultant ejaculations. But it is strange that I was not at all in love with this person, but passionately in love with another friend, near whom I never felt the slightest sexual excitement, and whom I never connected with sexual matters, even in thought. My visits to brothels, where I was gladly received, became more infrequent; in my friend I found a substitute, and did not desire sexual intercourse with women. “We never practiced pederasty, and that word was not even known between us. From the beginning of this relation with my friend, I again masturbated more frequently, and naturally the thought of females receded more and more into the background, and I thought more and more about young, handsome, strong men with the largest genitals. I preferred young fellows, from sixteen to twenty-five years old, without beards, but they had to be handsome and clean. Young laborers dressed in trousers of Manchester cloth or English leather, particularly masons, especially excited me. “Persons in my own position had hardly any effect on me; but, at the sight of one of those strapping fellows of the lower class, I experienced marked sexual excitement. It seems to me that the touch of such trousers, the opening of them, and the grasping of the penis, as well as kissing the fellow, would be the greatest delight. My sensibility to female charms is somewhat dulled; yet in sexual intercourse with a woman, particularly when she has well-developed mammæ, I am always potent without the help of imagination. I have never attempted to make use of a young laborer, or the like, for the satisfaction of my evil desires, and never shall; but I often feel the longing to do it. I often impress on myself the mental image of such a man, and then masturbate at home. “I am absolutely devoid of taste for female work. I rather like to move in female society, but dancing is repugnant to me. I have a lively interest in the fine arts. That my sexual sense is partly reversed is, I believe, in part due to greater convenience, which keeps me from entering into a relation with a girl; as the latter is a matter of too much trouble. To be constantly visiting houses of prostitution is, for
- 34. æsthetic reasons, repugnant to me; and thus I am always returning to solitary onanism, which is very difficult for me to avoid. “Hundreds of times I have said to myself that, in order to have a normal sexual sense, it would be necessary for me, first of all, to overcome my irresistible passion for onanism,—a practice so repugnant to my æsthetic feeling. Again and again I have resolved with all my might to fight this passion; but I am still unsuccessful. When I felt the sexual impulse gaining strength, instead of seeking satisfaction in the natural manner, I preferred to masturbate, because I felt that I would thus have more enjoyment. “And yet experience has taught me that I am always potent with girls, and that, too, without trouble and without the help of imagining masculine genitals. In one case, however, I did not attain ejaculation because the woman—it was in a brothel—was devoid of every charm. I cannot avoid the thought and severe self-accusation that, to a certain extent, my contrary sexuality is the result of excessive onanism; and this especially depresses me, because I am compelled to acknowledge that I scarcely feel strong enough to overcome this vice by the force of my own will. “As a result of my relations with my fellow-student and school- mate for years, mentioned in this communication,—which, however, began while we were at the University, and after we had been friends for seven years,—the impulse to unnatural satisfaction of libido has grown much stronger. I trust you will permit the description of an incident which occupied me for months:— “In the summer of 1882, I made the acquaintance of a companion six years younger than myself, who, with several others, had been introduced to me and my acquaintances. I very soon felt a deep interest in this handsome man, who was unusually well proportioned, slim, and full of health. After a few weeks of association, this feeling became friendship, and at last passionate love, with feelings of the most intense jealousy. I very soon noticed that, in this, sexual excitation was also very marked; and, notwithstanding my determination, aside from all others, to keep myself in check in relation to this man, whom I respected so highly
- 35. for his superior character, one night, after free indulgence in beer, as we were enjoying a bottle of champagne in my room and drinking to good, true, and lasting friendship, I yielded to the irresistible impulse to embrace him, etc. “When I saw him, next day, I was so ashamed that I could not look him in the face. I felt the deepest regret for my action, and accused myself bitterly for having thus sullied this friendship, which was to be and remain so pure and precious. In order to prove to him that I had lost control of myself only momentarily, at the end of the semester I urged him to make an excursion with me; and after some reluctance, the reason of which was only too clear to me, he consented. Several nights we slept in the same room without any attempt on my part to repeat my action. I wished to talk with him about the event of that night, but I could not bring myself to it; even when, during the next semester, we were separated, I could not induce myself to write to him on the subject; and when I visited him, in March, at X., it was the same. And yet I felt a great desire to clear up this dark point by an open statement. In October of the same year, I was again in X., and this time found courage to speak without reserve; indeed, I asked him why he had not resisted me. He answered that, in part, it was because he wished to please me, and, in part, owing to the fact that he was somewhat apathetic as a result of being a little intoxicated. I explained to him my condition, and also gave him “Psychopathia Sexualis” to read, expressing the hope that by the force of my own will I should become fully and lastingly master of my unnatural impulse. Since this confession, the relation between this friend and me has been the most delightful and happy possible; there are the most friendly feelings on both sides, which are heart-felt and true; and it is to be hoped that they will endure. “If I should not improve my abnormal condition, I am determined to put myself under your treatment; the more because, after a careful study of your work, I cannot count myself as belonging to the category of so-called urnings; and, too, because I have the firm conviction, or hope, at least, that a strong will, assisted and
- 36. combined with skillful treatment, could transform me into a man of normal feeling.” Case 95. Ilma S.,[102] aged 29; single; merchant’s daughter. She comes of a family having bad nervous taint. Father was a drinker and died by suicide, as also did the patient’s brother and sister. A sister suffers with convulsive hysteria. Mother’s father shot himself while insane. Mother was sickly, and died paralyzed after apoplexy. The patient never had any severe illness. She is bright, enthusiastic, and dreamy. Menses at the age of eighteen without difficulty; but thereafter they were very irregular. At fourteen, chlorosis and catalepsy from fright. Later, hysteria gravis and an attack of hysterical insanity. At eighteen, relations with a young man which were not platonic. This man’s love was passionately returned. From statements of the patient, it seems that she was very sensual, and after separation from her lover practiced masturbation. After this she led a romantic life. In order to earn a living, she put on male clothing, and became a tutor; but she gave up her place because her mistress, not knowing her sex, fell in love with her and courted her. Then she became a railway-employé. In the company of her companions, in order to conceal her sex, she was compelled to visit brothels with them, and hear the most vulgar stories. This became so distasteful to her that she gave up her place, resumed the garments of a female, and again sought to earn her living. She was arrested for a theft, and on account of severe hystero-epilepsy was sent to the hospital. There, inclination and impulse toward the same sex were discovered. The patient became troublesome on account of passionate love for female nurses and patients. Her sexual perversion was considered congenital. With regard to this the patient made some interesting statements:— “I am judged incorrectly, if it is thought that I feel myself a man toward the female sex. In my whole thought and feeling I am much more a woman. I loved my cousin as only a woman can love a man. “The change of my feeling originated in this, that, in Pesth, dressed as a man, I had an opportunity to observe my cousin. I saw that I had wholly deceived myself in him. That gave me terrible
- 37. heart-pangs. I knew that I could never love another man; that I belonged to those who love but once. Of similar effect was the fact that, in the society of my companions at the railway, I was compelled to hear the most offensive language and visit the most disreputable houses. As a result of the insight into men’s motives, gained in this way, I took an unconquerable dislike to them. However, since I am of a very passionate nature and need to have some loving person on whom to depend, and to whom I can wholly surrender myself, I felt myself more and more powerfully drawn toward intelligent women and girls who were in sympathy with me.” The contrary sexual instinct of this patient, which was clearly acquired, expressed itself in a stormy and decidedly sensual way, and was further augmented by masturbation; because constant oversight in hospitals made sexual satisfaction with the same sex impossible. Character and occupation remained feminine. There were no manifestations of viraginity. According to information lately received by the author, this patient, after two years of treatment in an asylum, was entirely freed from her neurosis and sexual perversion, and discharged cured. Case 96. X., aged 19; mother nervous; two sisters of mother’s father were insane. Patient of nervous temperament; well endowed mentally; well developed; normally formed. When he was twelve years old, he was seduced into mutual onanism by an elder brother. After this, the patient continued the vice alone. In the last three years, during the act of masturbation, he had had peculiar fancies in the sense of “contrary sexual instinct.” He fancies himself a female; as, for example, a ballet-dancer in the act of coitus with an officer or circus rider. These perverse fancies
- 38. have accompanied the act of masturbation since the patient became neurasthenic. He understands the harm of masturbation, fights desperately against it, but always gives up to the impulse. If he is able to withstand the impulse for a few days, a normal desire for sexual intercourse with females is awakened; but a certain fear of infection holds these desires in check, and always drives him again to masturbation. It is worthy of remark that this unfortunate’s lascivious dreams concerned only females. In the course of the last few months, the patient had become very neurasthenic and hypochondriacal. He feared tabes. I advised treatment of the neurasthenia, suppression of masturbation, and marital cohabitation, if possible, after improvement of the neurasthenia. Case 97. Mr. X, aged 35, single, official; mother insane, brother hypochondriacal. Patient was healthy, strong, of lively sensual temperament. He had manifested powerful sexual instinct abnormally early, and masturbated while yet a small boy. He had coitus the first time at the age of fourteen, he says, with enjoyment and complete power. When fifteen years old, a man sought to seduce him, and performed manustupration on him. X. experienced a feeling of repulsion, and freed himself from the disgusting situation. At maturity he committed excesses in libido, with coitus; in 1880 he became neurasthenic, being afflicted with weakness of erection and ejaculatio præcox. He thus became less and less potent, and no longer experienced pleasure in the sexual act. At this time of sexual decadence, for a long time, he still had what was previously foreign to him, and is still incomprehensible to him,—an inclination for sexual intercourse with immature girls of the age of twelve or thirteen. His libido increased as virility diminished. Gradually he developed inclination for boys of thirteen or fourteen. He was impelled to approach them.
- 39. Quodsi ei occasio data est ut tangere posset pueros qui ei placuere, penis vehementer se erexit tum maxime quum crura puerorum tangere potuisset. Abhinc feminas non cupivit. Nonnunquam feminas ad coitum coëgit sed erectio debilis, ejaculatio præmatura erat sine ulla voluptate. Now only youths interested him. He dreamed about them and had pollutions. After 1882 he now and then had opportunity concumbere cum juvenibus. This led to powerful sexual excitement, which he satisfied by masturbation. It was only exceptional for him to venture to touch his bed-fellow and indulge in mutual masturbation. He shunned pederasty. For the most part, he was compelled to satisfy his sexual needs by means of solitary masturbation. In the act he called up the vision of pleasing boys. After sexual intercourse with such boys, he always felt strengthened and refreshed, but morally depressed; because there was consciousness of having performed a perverse, indecent, and punishable act. He found it painful that his disgusting impulse was more powerful than his will. X. thinks that his love for his own sex has resulted from great excess in natural sexual intercourse, and bemoans his situation. On the occasion of a consultation, in December, 1889, he asked whether there were any means to bring him back to a normal sexual condition, since he had no real horror feminæ, and would very gladly marry. This intelligent patient, free from degenerative signs, presented no abnormal symptoms except those of sexual and spinal neurasthenia of moderate degree. II. Degree: Eviration and Defemination.—If, in cases of contrary sexual instinct thus developed, no restoration occurs, then deep and lasting transformations of the psychical personality may occur. The process completing itself in this way may be briefly designated eviration. The patient
- 40. undergoes a deep change of character, particularly in his feelings and inclinations, which become those of a female. After this, he also feels himself to be a woman during the sexual act, has desire only for passive sexual indulgence, and, under certain circumstances, sinks to the level of a prostitute. In this condition of deep and more lasting psycho-sexual transformation, the individual is like the (congenital) urning of high grade. The possibility of a restoration of the previous mental and sexual personality seems, in such a case, excluded. The following case is a classical example of this variety of lasting acquired contrary sexual instinct:— Case 98. Sch., aged 30, physician, one day told me the story of his life and malady, asking explanation, and advice concerning certain anomalies of his vita sexualis. The following description gives, for the most part verbatim, the details of the autobiography; only in some portions is it shortened:— “My parents were healthy. As a child I was sickly; but with good care I thrived, and got on well in school. When eleven years old, I was taught to masturbate by my playmates, and gave myself up to it passionately. Until I was fifteen, I learned easily. On account of frequent pollutions, I became less capable, did not get on easily in school, and was uncertain and embarrassed when called on by the teacher. Frightened by my loss of capability, and recognizing that the loss of semen was responsible for it, I gave up masturbation; but the pollutions became even more frequent, so that I often had two or three in a night. In despair, I now consulted one physician after another. None were able to help me. “Since I grew weaker and weaker, by reason of the loss of semen, with the impulse to sexual satisfaction growing more and more
- 41. powerful, I sought houses of prostitution. But I was there unable to find satisfaction; for, even though the sight of a naked female pleased me, neither orgasm nor erection occurred; and even manustupration by the puella was not capable of inducing erection. Scarcely would I leave the house, when the impulse would seize me again, and I would have violent erections. I grew ashamed before the girls, and ceased to visit such houses. Thus a couple of years passed. My sexual life consisted of pollutions. My inclination toward the opposite sex grew less and less. At nineteen I went to the University. The theatre had more attractions for me. I wished to become an actor. My parents were not willing. At the Capital I was compelled now and then to visit girls with my comrades. I feared such a situation; because I knew that coitus was impossible for me, and because my friends might discover my impotence. Therefore, I avoided, as far as possible, the danger of becoming the butt of jokes and ridicule. “One evening, in the opera-house, an old gentleman sat near me. He courted me. I laughed heartily at the foolish old man, and entered into his joke. Exinapinato genitalia mea prehendit, quo facto statim penis meus se erexit. Frightened, I demanded of him what he meant. He said that he was in love with me. Having heard of hermaphrodites in the clinics, I thought I had one before me, and became curious to see his genitals. The old man was very willing, and went with me to the water-closet. Sicuti penem maximum ejus erectum adspexi, perterritus effugi. “This man followed me, and made strange proposals which I did not understand, and repelled. He did not give me any rest. I learned the secrets of male love for males, and felt that my sexuality was excited by it. But I resisted the shameful passion (as I then regarded it), and, for the next three years, I remained free from it. During this time I repeatedly attempted coitus with girls in vain. My attempts to free myself of my impotence by means of medical treatment were also vain. Once, when my libido sexualis was troubling me again, I recalled what the old man had told me: that male-loving men were accustomed to meet on the E. Promenade.
- 42. “After a hard struggle, and with beating heart, I went there, made the acquaintance of a blonde man, and allowed myself to be seduced. The first step was taken. This kind of sexual love was satisfactory to me. I always preferred to be in the arms of a strong man. The satisfaction consisted of mutual manustupration; occasionally in osculum ad penem alterius. I was then twenty-three years old. Sitting, together with my comrades, on the beds of patients in the clinic during the lectures, excited me so intensely that I could scarcely listen to the lectures. In the same year I entered into a formal love-relation with a merchant of thirty-four. We lived as man and wife. X. played the man, and fell more and more in love. I gave up to him, but now and then I had to play the man. After a time I grew tired of him, became unfaithful, and he became jealous. There were terrible scenes, which led to temporary separation, and finally to actual rupture. (The merchant afterward became insane, and died by suicide.) “I made many acquaintances, and loved the most ordinary people. I preferred those having a full beard, and who were tall and of middle age, and able to play the active rôle well. I developed a proctitis. The professor thought it was the result of sitting too much while preparing for examinations. I developed a fistula, and had to undergo an operation; but this did not cure me of my desire to allow myself to be used passively. I became a physician, and went to a provincial city, where I had to live like a nun. I developed a desire to move in ladies’ society, and was gladly welcomed there; because it was found that I was not so one-sided as most men, and was interested in toilettes and such feminine things. However, I felt very unhappy and lonesome. Fortunately, in this town, I made the acquaintance of a man, a ‘sister,’ who felt like me. For some time I was taken care of by him. When he had to leave, I had an attack of despair, with depression, which was accompanied by thoughts of suicide. “When it became impossible for me to longer endure the town, I became a military surgeon in the Capital. There I began to live again, and often made two or three acquaintances in one day. I had never
- 43. loved boys or young people; only fully-developed men. The thought of falling into the hands of the police was frightful. Thus I have escaped the clutches of the blackmailer. At the same time, I could not keep myself from the satisfaction of my impulse. After some months I fell in love with an official of forty. I remained true to him for a year, and we lived like a pair of lovers. I was the wife, and was formally courted by the lover. One day I was transferred to a small town. We were in despair. The last night was spent in continually kissing and caressing one another. “In T. I was unspeakably unhappy, in spite of some ‘sisters’ whom I found. I could not forget my lover. In order to satisfy my sexual desire, which cried for satisfaction, I chose soldiers. Money obtained men; but they remained cold, and I had no enjoyment with them. I was successful in being re-transferred to the Capital. There, there was a new love-relation, but much jealousy; because my lover liked to go into the society of ‘sisters,’ and was proud and coquettish. There was a rupture. I was very unhappy and very glad to be transferred from the Capital. I now stayed in C., alone and in despair. Two infantry privates were brought into service, but with the same unsatisfactory result. When shall I ever find true love again? “I am over medium height, well developed, and look somewhat aged; and, therefore, when I wish to make conquests I use the arts of the toilet. My manner, movements, and face are masculine. Physically I feel as youthful as a boy of twenty. I love the theatre, and especially art. My interest in the stage is in the actresses, whose every movement and gesture I notice and criticise. “In the society of gentlemen I am silent and embarrassed, while in the society of those like myself I am free, witty, and as fawning as a cat, if a man is sympathetic. If I am without love, I become deeply melancholic; but the favors of the first handsome man dispel my depression. In other ways I am frivolous; anything but ambitious. My profession is nothing to me. Masculine pursuits do not interest me. I prefer novels and going to the theatre. I am effeminate, sensitive, easily moved, easily injured, and nervous. A sudden noise makes my
- 44. whole body tremble, and I have to collect myself in order to keep from crying out.” Remarks: The foregoing case is certainly one of acquired contrary sexual instinct, since the sexual instinct and impulse were originally directed toward the female sex. Sch. became neurasthenic through masturbation. As an accompanying manifestation of the neurasthenic neurosis, lessened impressionability of the erection-centre and consequent relative impotence came on. As a result of this, sexual sensibility toward the opposite sex was lessened, with simultaneous persistence of libido sexualis. The acquired contrary sexual instinct must be abnormal, since the first touch by a person of the same sex is an adequate stimulus for the erection-centre. The perverse sexual feeling became complete. At first Sch. felt like a man in the sexual act; but more and more, as the change progressed, the feeling and desire of satisfaction changed to the form which, as a rule, characterizes the (congenital) urning. This eviration induces a desire for the passive rôle, and, further, for (passive) pederasty. It makes a deeper impress on the character. The character becomes feminine, inasmuch as Sch. now prefers to move in the society of actual females, has an increasing desire for feminine occupations, and, indeed, makes use of the arts of the toilet in order to improve his fading charms and make “conquests.” The foregoing facts, concerning acquired contrary sexual instinct and effemination, find an interesting confirmation in the following ethnological data:— Even Herodotus describes a peculiar disease which frequently affected the Scythians. The disease consisted in this: that men became effeminate in character, put on female garments, did the work of women, and even became effeminate in appearance. As an explanation of this insanity of the Scythians,[103] Herodotus relates the myth that the goddess Venus, angered by the plundering of the
- 45. temple at Ascalon by the Scythians, had made women of these plunderers and their posterity. Hippocrates, not believing in supernatural diseases, recognized that impotence was here a causative factor, and explained it, though incorrectly, as due to the custom of the Scythians, by attributing it to disease of the jugular veins induced by excessive riding. He thought that these veins were of great importance in the preservation of the sexual powers, and that when they were severed, impotence was induced. Since the Scythians considered their impotence due to divine punishment, and incurable, they put on the clothing of females, and lived as women among women. It is worthy of note that, according to Klaproth (“Reise in den Kaukasus,” Berlin, 1812, v, p. 285) and Chotomski, even at the present time impotence is very frequent among the Tartars, as a result of riding unsaddled horses. The same is observed among the Apaches and Navajos of the Western Continent, who ride excessively, scarcely ever going on foot, and are remarkable for small genitals and mild libido and virility. Sprengel, Lallemand, and Nysten recognized the fact that excessive riding may be injurious to the sexual organs. Hammond reports analogous observations of great interest concerning the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. These descendants of the Aztecs cultivate so-called “mujerados,” of which every Pueblo tribe requires one in the religious ceremonies (actual orgies in the spring), in which pederasty plays an important part. In order to cultivate a “mujerado,” a very powerful man is chosen, and he is made to masturbate excessively and ride constantly. Gradually such irritable weakness of the genital organs is engendered that, in riding, great loss of semen is induced. This condition of irritability passes into paralytic impotence. Then the testicles and penis atrophy, the hair of the beard falls out, the voice loses its depth and compass, and physical strength and energy decrease. Inclinations and disposition become feminine. The “mujerado” loses his position in society as a man. He takes on feminine manners and customs, and associates with women. Yet, for religious reasons, he is held in honor. It is probable that, at other times than during the festivals, he is used by
- 46. the chiefs for pederasty. Hammond had an opportunity to examine two “mujerados.” One had become such seven years before, and was thirty-five years old at the time. Seven years before, he was entirely masculine and potent. He had noticed gradual atrophy of the testicles and penis. At the same time he lost libido and the power of erection. He differed in nowise, in dress and manner, from the women among whom Hammond found him. The genital hair was wanting, the penis was shrunken, the scrotum lax and pendulous, and the testicles were very much atrophied and no longer sensitive to pressure. The “mujerado” had large mammæ like a pregnant woman, and asserted that he had nursed several children whose mothers had died. A second “mujerado,” aged thirty-six, after he had been ten years in the condition, presented the same peculiarities, though with less development of mammæ. Like the first, the voice was high and thin. The body was plump.[104] III. Degree: Stage of Transition to Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica. A further degree of development is represented by those cases in which bodily sensation is also transformed in the sense of a transmutatio sexus. In this respect the following case is unique:— Case 99. Autobiography. “Born in Hungary in 1844, for many years I was the only child of my parents; for the other children died for the most part of general weakness. A brother came late, who is still living. “I come of a family in which nervous and mental diseases have been numerous. It is said that I was very pretty as a little child, with blonde locks and transparent skin; very obedient, quiet, and modest, so that I was taken everywhere in the society of ladies without any offense on my part.
- 47. “With a very active imagination—my enemy through life—my talents developed rapidly. I could read and write at the age of four; my memory reaches back to my third year. I played with everything that fell into my hands,—with leaden soldiers, or stones, or ribbons from a children’s store; but a machine for working in wood, that was given to me as a present, I did not like. I liked best to be at home with my mother, who was everything to me. I had two or three friends, with whom I got on good-naturedly; but I liked to play with their sisters quite as well, who always treated me like a girl, which at first did not embarrass me. I must have already been on the road to become just like a girl; at least, I can still well remember how it was always said: ‘He is not intended for a boy.’ At this I tried to play the boy,—imitated my companions in everything, and tried to surpass them in wildness. In this I succeeded. There was no tree or building too high for me to reach its top. I took great delight in soldiers. I avoided girls more, because I did not wish to play with their play- things; and it always annoyed me that they treated me so much like one of themselves. “In the society of mature people, however, I was always modest, and, also, always regarded with favor. Fantastic dreams about wild animals—which once drove me out of bed without waking me— frequently troubled me. I was always very simply, but very elegantly, dressed, and thus developed a taste for beautiful clothing. It seems peculiar to me that, from the time of my school-days, I had a partiality for ladies’ gloves, which I put on secretly as often as I could. Thus, when once my mother was about to give away a pair of gloves, I made great opposition to it, and told her, when she asked why I acted so, that I wanted them myself. I was laughed at; and from that time I took good care not to display my preference for female things. Yet my delight in them was very great. I took especial pleasure in masquerade costumes,—i.e., only in female attire. If I saw them, I envied their owners. What seemed to me the prettiest sight was: two young men, beautifully dressed as white ladies, with masks on; and yet I would not have shown myself to others as a girl for anything; I was so afraid of being ridiculed. At school I worked very
- 48. hard, and was always among the first. From childhood my parents taught me that duty came first; and they always set me an example. It was also a pleasure for me to attend school; for the teachers were kind, and the elder scholars did not plague the younger ones. We left my first home; for my father was compelled, on account of his business,—which was dear to him,—to separate from his family for a year. We moved to Germany. Here there was a stricter, rougher manner, partly in teachers and partly in scholars; and I was again ridiculed on account of my girlishness. My school-mates went so far as to give a girl, who had exactly my features, my name, and me hers; so that I hated the girl. But I later came to be on terms of friendship with her after her marriage. My mother tried to dress me elegantly; but this was repugnant to me, because it made me the object of joke. So, finally, I was delighted when I had correct trousers and coats. But with these came a new annoyance. They irritated my genitals, particularly when the cloth was rough; and the touch of tailors while measuring me, on account of their tickling, which almost convulsed me, was unendurable, particularly about the genitals. Then I had to practice gymnastics; and I simply could do nothing at all, or only indifferently the things that girls cannot do easily. While bathing I was troubled by feeling ashamed to undress; but I liked to bathe. Until my twelfth year I had a great weakness in my back. I learned to swim late, but ultimately so well that I took long swims. At thirteen I had pubic hair, and was about six feet tall; but my face was feminine until my eighteenth year, when my beard came in abundance and gave me rest from resemblance to woman. An inguinal hernia that was acquired in my twelfth year, and cured when I was twenty, gave me much trouble, particularly in gymnastics. Besides, from my twelfth year on, I had, after sitting long, and particularly while working at night, an itching, burning, and twitching, extending from the penis to my back, which the acts of sitting and standing increased, and which was made worse by catching cold. But I had no suspicion whatever that this could be connected with the genitals. Since none of my friends suffered in this way, it seemed strange to me; and it required the greatest patience to endure it; the more owing to the fact that my abdomen troubled me.
- 49. “In sexualibus I was still perfectly innocent; but now, as at the age of twelve or thirteen, I had a definite feeling of preferring to be a young lady. A young lady’s form was more pleasing to me; her quiet manner, her deportment, but particularly her attire, attracted me. But I was careful not to allow this to be noticed; and yet, I am sure that I should not have shrunk from the castration-knife, could I have thus attained my desire. If I had been asked to say why I preferred female attire, I could have said nothing more than that it attracted me powerfully; perhaps, too, I seemed to myself, on account of my uncommonly white skin, more like a girl. The skin of my face and hands, particularly, was very sensitive. Girls liked my society; and, though I should have preferred to have been with them constantly, I avoided them when I could; for I had to exaggerate in order not to appear feminine. In my heart I always envied them. I was particularly envious when one of my young girl friends got long dresses and wore gloves and veils. When, at the age of fifteen, I was on a journey, a young lady, with whom I was boarding, proposed that I mask as a lady and go out with her; but, owing to the fact that she was not alone, I did not acquiesce, much as I should have liked it. Others stood on very little ceremony with me. While on this journey, I was pleased at seeing boys in one city wearing blouses with short sleeves, and the arms bare. A lady elaborately dressed was like a goddess to me; and if even her hand touched me coldly I was happy and envious, and only too gladly would have put myself in her place in the beautiful garments and lovely form. Nevertheless, I studied assiduously, and passed through the Realschule and the Gymnasium in nine years, passing a good final examination. I remember, when fifteen, to have first expressed to a friend the wish to be a girl. In answer to his question, I could not give the reason why. At seventeen I got into fast society; I drank beer, smoked, and tried to joke with waiter-girls. The latter liked my society, but they always treated me as if I wore petticoats. I could not take dancing lessons, they repelled me so; but if I could have gone as a mask, it would have been different. My friends loved me dearly; I hated only one, who seduced me into onanism. Shame on those days, which injured me for life! I practiced it quite frequently, but in it seemed to myself like a double
- 50. man. I cannot describe the feeling; I think it was masculine, but mixed with feminine elements. I could not approach girls; I feared them, but they were not strange to me. They impressed me as being more like myself; I envied them. I would have denied myself all pleasures if, after my classes, at home I could have been a girl and thus have gone out. Crinoline and a smoothly-fitting glove were my ideals. With every lady’s gown I saw I fancied how I should feel in it, —i.e., as a lady. I had no inclination toward men. But I remember that I was somewhat lovingly attached to a very handsome friend with a girl’s face and dark hair, though I think I had no other wish than that we both might be girls. “At the high-school I finally once had coitus; hoc modo sensi, me libentius sub puella concubuisse et penem meum cum cunno mutatum maluisse. To my astonishment, too, the girl had to treat me as a girl, and did it willingly; but she treated me as if I were she (she was still quite inexperienced, and, therefore, did not laugh at me). “When a student, at times I was wild, but I always felt that I assumed this wildness as a mask. I drank and duelled, but I could not take lessons in dancing, because I was afraid of betraying myself. My friendships were close, but without other thoughts. It pleased me most to have a friend masked as a lady, or to study the ladies’ costumes at a ball. I understood such things perfectly. Gradually I began to feel like a girl. “On account of unhappy circumstances, I twice attempted suicide. Without any cause I once slept fourteen days, had many hallucinations (visual and auditory at the same time), and was with both the living and the dead. The latter habit of thought remains. I also had a friend (a lady) who knew my hobby and put on my gloves for me; but she always looked upon me as a girl. Thus I understood women better than other men did, and in what they differed from men; so I was always treated more feminarum,—as if they had found in me a female friend. On the whole, I could not endure obscenity, and indulged in it myself only out of braggadocio when it was necessary. I soon overcame my aversion to foul odors and blood, and even liked them. I was wanting in only one respect: I could not
- 51. understand my own condition. I knew that I had feminine inclinations, but believed that I was a man. Yet I doubt whether, with the exception of the attempts at coitus, which never gave me pleasure (which I ascribe to onanism), I ever admired a woman without wishing I were she; or without asking myself whether I should not like to be the woman, or be in her attire. Obstetrics I learned with difficulty (I was ashamed for the exposed girls, and had a feeling of pity for them); and even now I have to overcome a feeling of fright in obstetrical cases; indeed, it has happened that I thought I felt the traction myself. After filling several positions successfully as a physician, I went through a military campaign as a volunteer surgeon. Riding, which, while a student, was painful to me, because in it the genitals had more of a feminine feeling, was difficult for me (it would have been easier in the female style). “Still, I always thought I was a man with obscure masculine feeling; and whenever I associated with ladies, I was still soon treated as an inexperienced lady. When I wore a uniform for the first time, I should have much preferred to have slipped into a lady’s costume, with a veil; I was disturbed when the stately uniform attracted attention. In private practice I was successful in the three principal branches. Then I made another military campaign; and during this I came to understand my nature; for I think that, since the first ass, no beast of burden has ever had to endure with so much patience as I have. Decorations were not wanting, but I was indifferent to them. “Thus I went through life, such as it was, never satisfied with myself, full of dissatisfaction with the world, and vacillating between sentimentality and a wildness that was for the most part affected. “My experience as a candidate for matrimony was very peculiar. I should have preferred not to marry, but family circumstances and practice forced me to it. I married an energetic, amiable lady, of a family in which female government was rampant. I was in love with her as much as one of us can be in love,—i.e., what we love we love with our whole hearts, and live in it, even though we do not show it as much as a genuine man does. We love our brides with all the love
- 52. of a woman, almost as a woman might love her bridegroom. But I cannot say this for myself; for I still believed that I was but a depressed man, who would come to himself, and find himself out by marriage. But, even on my marriage-night, I felt that I was only a woman in man’s form; sub femina locum meum esse mihi visum est. On the whole, we lived contented and happy, and for two years were childless. After a difficult pregnancy, during which I was in mortal fear of death, the first boy was born in a difficult labor,—a boy on whom a melancholy nature still hangs; who is still of melancholy disposition. Then came a second, who is very quiet; a third, full of peculiarities; a fourth, a fifth; and all have predisposition to neurasthenia. Since I always felt out of my own place, I went much in gay society; but I always worked as much as human strength would allow. I studied and operated; and I experimented with many drugs and methods of cure, always on myself. I left the regulation of the house to my wife, as she understood house-keeping very well. My marital duties I performed as well as I could, but without personal satisfaction. Since the first coitus, the masculine position in it has been repugnant, and, too, difficult for me. I should have much preferred to have the other rôle. When I had to deliver my wife, it almost broke my heart; for I knew how to appreciate her pain. Thus we lived long together, until severe gout drove me to various baths, and made me neurasthenic. At the same time, I became so anæmic that every few months I had to take iron for some time; otherwise I would be almost chlorotic or hysterical, or both. Stenocardia often troubled me; then came unilateral cramps of chin, nose, neck, and larynx; hemicrania and cramps of the diaphragm and chest-muscles. For about three years I had a feeling as if the prostate were enlarged, —a bearing-down feeling, as if giving birth to something; and, also, pain in the hips, constant pain in the back, and the like. Yet, with the strength of despair, I fought against these complaints, which impressed me as being female or effeminate, until three years ago, when a severe attack of arthritis completely broke me down. “But before this terrible attack of gout occurred, in despair, to lessen the pain of gout, I had taken hot baths, as near the
- 53. temperature of the body as possible. On one of these occasions it happened that I suddenly changed, and seemed to be near death. I sprang with all my remaining strength out of the bath: I had felt exactly like a woman with libido. Too, at the time when the extract of Indian hemp came into vogue, and was highly prized, in a state of fear of a threatened attack of gout (feeling perfectly indifferent about life), I took three or four times the usual dose of it, and almost died of haschisch poisoning. Convulsive laughter, a feeling of unheard of strength and swiftness, a peculiar feeling in brain and eyes, millions of sparks streaming from the brain through the skin,—all these feelings occurred. But I could not force myself to speak. All at once I saw myself a woman from my toes to my breast; I felt, as before while in the bath, that the genitals had shrunken, the pelvis broadened, the breasts swollen out; a feeling of unspeakable delight came over me. I closed my eyes, so that at least I did not see the face changed. My physician looked as if he had a gigantic potatoe instead of a head; my wife had the full moon on her nates. And yet I was strong enough to briefly record my will in my note-book when both left the room for a short time. “But who could describe my fright, when, on the next morning, I awoke and found myself feeling as if completely changed into a woman; and when, on standing and walking, I felt vulva and mammæ! When at last I raised myself out of bed, I felt that a complete transformation had taken place in me. During my sickness a visitor said: ‘He is too patient for a man.’ And the visitor gave me a plant in bloom, which seemed strange, but pleased me. From that time I was patient, and would do nothing in a hurry; but I became tenacious, like a cat, though, at the same time, mild, forgiving, and no longer bearing enmity,—in short, I had a woman’s disposition. During the last sickness I had many visual and auditory hallucinations,—spoke with the dead, etc.; saw and heard familiar spirits; felt like a double person; but, while lying ill, I did not notice that the man in me had been extinguished. The change in my disposition was a piece of good fortune which came over me like lightning, and which, had it come with me feeling as I formerly did,
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